- Coupling of an Acyl Migration Prodrug Strategy with Bio-activation to Improve Oral Delivery of the HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor Atazanavir
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HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs), which include atazanavir (ATV, 1), remain important medicines to treat HIV-1 infection. However, they are characterized by poor oral bioavailability and a need for boosting with a pharmacokinetic enhancer, which results in additional drug-drug interactions that are sometimes difficult to manage. We investigated a chemo-activated, acyl migration-based prodrug design approach to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of 1 but failed to obtain improved oral bioavailability over dosing the parent drug in rats. This strategy was refined by conjugating the amine with a promoiety designed to undergo bio-activation, as a means of modulating the subsequent chemo-activation. This culminated in a lead prodrug that (1) yielded substantially better oral drug delivery of 1 when compared to the parent itself, the simple acyl migration-based prodrug, and the corresponding simple l-Val prodrug, (2) acted as a depot which resulted in a sustained release of the parent drug in vivo, and (3) offered the benefit of mitigating the pH-dependent absorption associated with 1, thereby potentially reducing the risk of decreased bioavailability with concurrent use of stomach-acid-reducing drugs.
- Subbaiah, Murugaiah A. M.,Meanwell, Nicholas A.,Kadow, John F.,Subramani, Lakshumanan,Annadurai, Mathiazhagan,Ramar, Thangeswaran,Desai, Salil D.,Sinha, Sarmistha,Subramanian, Murali,Mandlekar, Sandhya,Sridhar, Srikanth,Padmanabhan, Shweta,Bhutani, Priyadeep,Arla, Rambabu,Jenkins, Susan M.,Krystal, Mark R.,Wang, Chunfu,Sarabu, Ramakanth
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Read Online
- A novel, potent, and orally bioavailable thiazole HCV NS5A inhibitor for the treatment of hepatitis C virus
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A medicinal chemistry program based on the small-molecule HCV NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir has led to the discovery of dimeric phenylthiazole compound 8, a novel and potent HCV NS5A inhibitor. The subsequent SAR studies and optimization revealed that the cycloalkyl amide derivatives 27a-29a exhibited superior potency against GT1b with GT1b EC50 values at picomolar concentration. Interestingly, high diastereospecificity for HCV inhibition was observed in this class with the (1R,2S,1′R,2′S) diastereomer displaying the highest GT1b inhibitory activity. The best inhibitor 27a was found to be 3-fold more potent (GT1b EC50 = 0.003 nM) than daclatasvir (GT1b EC50 = 0.009 nM) against GT1b, and no detectable in vitro cytotoxicity was observed (CC50 > 50 μM). Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that compound 27a had an excellent pharmacokinetic profiles with a superior oral exposure and desired bioavailability after oral administration in both rats and dogs, and therefore it was selected as a developmental candidate for the treatment of HCV infection.
- Yeh, Teng-Kuang,Kang, Iou-Jiun,Hsu, Tsu-An,Lee, Yen-Chun,Lee, Chung-Chi,Hsu, Sheng-Ju,Tian, Ya-Wen,Yang, Hui-Yun,Chen, Chiung-Tong,Chao, Yu-Sheng,Yueh, Andrew,Chern, Jyh-Haur
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p. 245 - 268
(2019/02/19)
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- PROTEASE INHIBITORS HAVING ENHANCED FEATURES
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Provided herein (among other things) are protease inhibitor compounds having enhanced features, along with methods for administering such compounds. For example, the subject compounds can be administered without concomitant administration of a CYP3A4 inhibitor, have increased therapeutic index and/or increased potency, and are low-resistance inducing in nature.
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Paragraph 0136
(2017/02/28)
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- New potent biaryl sulfate-based hepatitis C virus inhibitors
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The discovery of a new series of potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors containing biaryl sulfone or sulfate cores is reported. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on inhibitors containing various substitution patterns of the sulfate or sulfone core structure established that m-,m′- substituted biaryl sulfate core-based inhibitors containing an amide moiety (compound 20) or an imidazole moiety (compound 24) showed extremely high potency. Compound 20 demonstrated double-digit pM potencies against both genotype 1b (GT-1b) and 2a (GT-2a). Compound 24 also exhibited double-digit pM potencies against GT-1b and sub nM potencies against GT-2a. Furthermore, compounds 20 and 24 exhibited no cardiotoxicity in an hERG ligand binding assay and showed acceptable plasma stability and no mutagenic potential in the Ames test. In addition, these compounds showed distinctive additive effects in combination treatment with the NS5B targeting drug sofosbuvir (Sovaldi). The results of this study showed that the compounds 20 and 24 could be effective HCV inhibitors.
- You, Youngsu,Kim, Hee Sun,Bae, Il Hak,Lee, Seung Gi,Jee, Min Hyeok,Keum, Gyochang,Jang, Sung Key,Kim, B. Moon
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- 9,9,10,10-TETRAFLUORO-9,10-DIHYDROPHENANTHRENE HEPATITIS C VIRUS INHIBITOR AND APPLICATION THEREOF
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The present invention belongs to the field of chemical pharmaceuticals, and specifically relates to compounds represented by formula I having a 9,9,10,10-tetrafluoro-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene structure and being able to inhibit hepatitis C virus activity, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, solvate, crystal or prodrug of said compounds, a pharmaceutical composition containing said compounds, and an application of said compounds or composition in the preparation of a drug. The compounds of the present invention have a good HCV inhibitory effect.
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Paragraph 0154-0156
(2016/10/31)
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- ANTI-VIRAL COMPOUNDS
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Compounds effective in inhibiting replication of Hepatitis C virus (“HCV”) are described. This invention also relates to processes of making such compounds, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds to treat HCV infection.
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Paragraph 0233; 0244
(2015/11/24)
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- Potent hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors containing a benzidine core
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Here we report the discovery of a series of potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors based on the benzidine prolinamide backbone. Taking a simple synthetic route, we developed a novel inhibitor structure, which allows easy modification, and through optimization of the capping group, we identified compound 6 with highly potent anti-HCV activity. Compound 6 is nontoxic and is anticipated to be an effective HCV drug candidate.
- Bae, Il Hak,Choi, Jin Kyu,Chough, Chieyeon,Keum, Sun Ju,Kim, Heesun,Jang, Sung Key,Kim, B. Moon
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supporting information
p. 255 - 258
(2014/04/03)
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- PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF N-ALKOXYCARBONYL-tert-LEUCINES
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A high quality N-alcoxycarbonyl-tert leucine can be efficiently and stably produced with an easy procedure by reacting tert-leucine with an N-alcoxycarbonylating agent in the presence of water, wherein the use amount of the N-alcoxycarbonylating agent is not less than 0.90 times by mole and not more than 1.00 times by mole relative to the tert-leucine, with maintaining the pH of the reaction mixture in the range of not less than 9 and not more than 13 using a basic agent. In addition, an N-alcoxycarbonyl-tert-leucine can be efficiently extracted from the basic aqueous solution thereof under a mild condition using a water-immiscible solvent by mixing a hydroxide. Furthermore, the two crystal forms of N-butoxycarbonyl-tert-leucine can be controlled by adjusting the water amount in crystallization step, and the compound can be stably produced in an industrial production.
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- HEPATITIS C INHIBITOR COMPOUNDS
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Compounds of Formula (I) and (II) wherein R1, R2, R3, R6, A and A' are defined herein. The compounds are useful as inhibitors of the function of NS5A protein encoded by HCV for the treatment of hepatitis C viral infection.
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Page/Page column 31
(2012/05/04)
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- TETRACYCLIC XANTHENE DERIVATIVES AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES
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The present invention relates to novel Tetracyclic Xanthene Derivatives of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein A, Y1, Y2, Z, Ra, Rb, R1a, R1b and R2 are as defined herein. The present invention also relates to compositions comprising at least one Tetracyclic Xanthene Derivative, and methods of using the Tetracyclic Xanthene Derivatives for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient.
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Page/Page column 35
(2012/10/07)
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- NOVEL AZA-PEPTIDES CONTAINING 2,2-DISUBSTITUTED CYCLOBUTYL AND/OR SUBSTITUTED ALKOXY BENZYL DERIVATIVES AS ANTIVIRALS
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The present invention relates to novel aza-peptides containing 2,2-disubstituted 5 cyclobutyl and/or substituted alkoxy benzyl derivatives of formula (I) and compositions for inhibiting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and process for making the compounds.
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Page/Page column 34
(2011/07/30)
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- PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF 3,4-EPOXY-2-AMINO-1-SUBSTITUTED BUTANE DERIVATIVES AND INTERMEDIATE COMPOUNDS THEREOF
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The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of threo-3,4-epoxy-2-amino-1-substituted butane derivatives represented by general Formula I which comprises reacting compound of Formula III or salt thereof with an active ester of acid of Formula IV and treating the product thereof with base. The carbon atom bonded to the radical R3 in Formula I and IV is in the (R)-, (S)- or (R,S)-configuration. The compounds of Formula I and III, particularly in their (2S,3R) configuration are useful intermediates for the preparation of atazanavir bisulfate.
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Page/Page column 6-7
(2011/08/04)
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- PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF ATAZANAVIR SULFATE SUBSTANTIALLY FREE OF DIASTEREOMERS
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The present invention provides atazanavir sulfate substantially free of diastereomeric impurities. The present invention also provides atazanavir sulfate having D-tertiary leucine analogues less than 0.1%. The present invention further relates to an improved process for preparing atazanavir sulfate, substantially free of its diastereoisomeric impurities, which comprises of reacting diamino compound (IV) with N-methoxycarbonyl-(L)-tertiary-leucine (V) having D-isomer less than 0.1 % to obtain atazanavir base; conversion of atazanavir base to atazanavir sulfate by reacting with sulfuric acid and crystallization of atazanavir sulfate from suitable organic solvent(s).
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Page/Page column 15; 16
(2011/10/03)
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- LINKED DIBENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES
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The present invention discloses linked dibenzimidazole derivatives, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or prodrugs thereof, which inhibit RNA-containing virus, particularly the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Consequently, the compounds of the present invention interfere with the life cycle of the hepatitis C virus and are also useful as antiviral agents. The present invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the aforementioned compounds for administration to a subject suffering from HCV infection. The invention also relates to methods of treating an HCV infection in a subject by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds of the present invention.
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Page/Page column 109-110
(2010/08/18)
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- PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF 3,4-EPOXY-2-AMINO-1-SUBSTITUTED BUTANE DERIVATIVES AND INTERMEDIATE COMPOUNDS THEREOF
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The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of threo-3,4-epoxy-2- amino-1-substituted butane derivatives represented by general Formula I which comprises reacting compound of Formula III or salt thereof with an active ester of acid of Formula IV and treating the product thereof with base. The carbon atom bonded to the radical R3 in Formula I and IV is in the (R)-, (S)- or (R,S)-configuration. The compounds of Formula I and III, particularly in their (2S,3R) configuration are useful intermediates for the preparation of atazanavir bisulfate.
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Page/Page column 16-17
(2010/01/29)
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- An efficient and practical synthesis of the HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir via a highly diastereoselective reduction approach
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An efficient and practical synthesis of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor Atazanavir was developed by employing the diastereoselective reduction of ketomethylene aza-dipeptide isostere 10 as the key and final step. The high diastereoselectivity of the amino ketone reduction by lithium tri-iert-butoxyaluminum hydride in diethyl ether to afford the desired svn-1,2-amino alcohol structure was achieved by Felkin- Anh control as a result of the bulky and chiral N-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-tert-leucinyl moiety as the nitrogen protecting group. The coupling of the two key intermediates, N-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-tert-leucine acylated benzyl hydrazine 7 and chloromethyl ketone 9, via an SN2 reaction furnished the amino ketone 10 in high yield under our optimized conditions. Our new methodology features the late introduction of the S-hydroxyl group and the early acylation of benzyl hydrazine and chloromethyl ketone with N-(methoxycarbonyl)-L-tert-leucine, respectively, which confers high efficiency and easy purification.
- Fan, Xing,Song, Yan-Li,Long, Ya-Qiu
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supporting information
p. 69 - 75
(2012/12/31)
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- ANTIVIRAL PROTEASE INHIBITORS
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The invention is related to compounds of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, and /or phosphonate thereof, compositions containing such compounds, and therapeutic methods that include the administration of such compounds.
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Page/Page column 452-453
(2008/06/13)
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- HIV PROTEASE INHIBITING COMPOUNDS
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A compound of the formula (I) is disclosed as an HIV protease inhibitor. Methods and compositions for inhibiting an HIV infection are also disclosed.
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Page/Page column 109
(2010/02/12)
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- HIV PROTEASE INHIBITING COMPOUNDS
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A compound of the formula is disclosed as an HIV protease inhibitor. Methods and compositions for inhibiting an HIV infection are also disclosed.
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Page/Page column 56
(2010/02/12)
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- HIV protease inhibiting compounds
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A compound of the formula is disclosed as an HIV protease inhibitor. Methods and compositions for inhibiting an HIV infection are also disclosed.
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Page/Page column 95
(2010/02/12)
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- HIV protease inhibiting compounds
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A compound of the formula is disclosed as an HIV protease inhibitor. Methods and compositions for inhibiting an HIV infection are also disclosed.
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Page/Page column 126
(2010/02/12)
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- Application of microreactor technology in process development
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The microreactor technology is an efficient tool for kilogram-scale syntheses in continuous mode and is particularly effective for hazardous reactions that do not allow scale-up in conventional reactors. Applications to several classes of reactions including highly exothermic reactions, high-temperature reactions, reactions with unstable intermediates, and reactions involving hazardous reagents are described herein.
- Zhang, Xini,Stefanick, Stephen,Villani, Frank J.
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p. 455 - 460
(2013/09/05)
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- Process research and development for an efficient synthesis of the HIV protease inhibitor BMS-232632
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Development of an efficient and scalable process for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor BMS-232632 1-[4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl]-5(S)-2,5-bis{[N-(methoxycarbonyl)L-tert- leucinyl]-amino}-4(S)-hydroxy-6-phenyl-2-azahexane, is described. The key step in the synthesis of the intermediate N-1-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-N-2-[4-(pyridin-2-yl)benzylidene]hydrazone (11) was the Pd-mediated coupling of boronic acid 9 with 2-bromopyridine. An efficient procedure was developed for the chemoselective reduction of hydrazone 11 to hydrazine carbamate 4. The key intermediate N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-2(S)-amino-1-phenyl-3(R)-3,4-epoxy-butane (6) was prepared stereoselectively from chiral diol 10. The subsequent union of 4 and 6 followed by coupling with N-methoxycarbonyl-L-tert-leucine provided the free base BMS-232632 in high yield. Evaluation of a variety of salts and identification of bisulfate salt 19 with enhanced bioavallability are also described.
- Xu, Zhongmin,Singh, Janak,Schwinden, Mark D.,Zheng, Bin,Kissick, Thomas P.,Patel, Bharat,Humora, Michael J.,Quiroz, Fernando,Dong, Lin,Hsieh, Dau-Ming,Heikes, James E.,Pudipeddi, Madhusudhan,Lindrud, Mark D.,Srivastava, Sushil K.,Kronenthal, David R.,Mueller, Richard H.
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p. 323 - 328
(2013/09/06)
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- Pyrimidine derivatives and processes for the preparation thereof
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4-Amino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives of formula I wherein the substituents are as defined in claim 1, are described.These compounds inhibit the tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and c-erbB2 kinase and can be used as anti-tumor agents.
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- New aza-dipeptide analogues as potent and orally absorbed HIV-1 protease inhibitors: Candidates for clinical development
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On the basis of previously described X-ray studies of an enzyme/aza- dipeptide complex, aza-dipeptide analogues carrying N-(bis-aryl-methyl) substituents on the (hydroxethyl)hydrazine moiety have been designed and synthesized as HIV-1 protease inhibitors. By using either equally (12) or orthogonally (13) protected dipeptide isosteres, symmetrically and asymmetrically acylated aza-dipeptides can be synthesized. This approach led to the discovery of very potent inhibitors with antiviral activities (ED50) in the subnanomolar range. Acylation of the (hydroxethyl)hydrazine dipeptide isostere with the L-tert-leucine derivative 29 increased the oral bioavailability significantly when compared to the corresponding L-valine or L-isoleucine derivatives. The bis (L-tert-leucine) derivatives CGP 75355, CGP 73547, CGP 75136, and CGP 75176 combine excellent antiviral activity with high blood concentration after oral administration. Furthermore, they show no cross-resistance with saquinavir-resistant strains and maintain activity against indinavir-resistant ones. Consequently they qualify for further profiling as potential clinical candidates.
- Bold, Guido,F?ssler, Alexander,Capraro, Hans-Georg,Cozens, Robert,Klimkait, Thomas,Lazdins, Janis,Mestan, Jürgen,Poncioni, Bernard,R?sel, Johannes,Stover, David,Tintelnot-Blomley, Marina,Acemoglu, Figan,Beck, Werner,Boss, Eugen,Eschbach, Martin,Hürlimann, Thomas,Masso, Elvira,Roussel, Serge,Ucci-Stoll, Katharina,Wyss, Dominique,Lang, Marc
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p. 3387 - 3401
(2007/10/03)
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