- Design and Development of Highly Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors with a Crown-Like Oxotricyclic Core as the P2-Ligand To Combat Multidrug-Resistant HIV Variants
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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new class of exceptionally potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors are reported. Inhibitor 5 displayed superior antiviral activity and drug-resistance profiles. In fact, this inhibitor showed several orders of magnitude improved antiviral activity over the FDA approved drug darunavir. This inhibitor incorporates an unprecedented 6-5-5 ring-fused crown-like tetrahydropyranofuran as the P2 ligand and an aminobenzothiazole as the P2′ ligand with the (R)-hydroxyethylsulfonamide isostere. The crown-like P2 ligand for this inhibitor has been synthesized efficiently in an optically active form using a chiral Diels-Alder catalyst providing a key intermediate in high enantiomeric purity. Two high resolution X-ray structures of inhibitor-bound HIV-1 protease revealed extensive interactions with the backbone atoms of HIV-1 protease and provided molecular insight into the binding properties of these new inhibitors.
- Ghosh, Arun K.,Rao, Kalapala Venkateswara,Nyalapatla, Prasanth R.,Osswald, Heather L.,Martyr, Cuthbert D.,Aoki, Manabu,Hayashi, Hironori,Agniswamy, Johnson,Wang, Yuan-Fang,Bulut, Haydar,Das, Debananda,Weber, Irene T.,Mitsuya, Hiroaki
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p. 4267 - 4278
(2017/06/05)
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- PROCESS FOR SYNTHESIS OF SYN AZIDO EPOXIDE AND ITS USE AS INTERMEDIATE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF AMPRENAVIR and SAQUINAVIR
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Disclosed herein is a novel route of synthesis of syn azide epoxide of formula 5, which is used as a common intermediate for asymmetric synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors such as Amprenavir, Fosamprenavir, Saquinavir and formal synthesis of Darunavir an
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Paragraph 0082
(2015/02/18)
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- A PROCESS FOR SYNTHESIS OF SYN AZIDO EPOXIDE AND ITS USE AS INTERMEDIATE THE SYNTHESIS OF AMPRENAVIR and SAQUINAVIR
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Disclosed herein is a novel route of synthesis of syn azide epoxide of formu 5, which is used as a common intermdeiate for asymmetric synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors such as Amprenavir, Fosamprenavir, Saquinavir and formal synthesis of Darunavir and
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Page/Page column 23
(2013/07/25)
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- Enantioselective synthesis of HIV protease inhibitor amprenavir via Co-catalyzed HKR of 2-(1-azido-2-phenylethyl)oxirane
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A short and efficient enantioselective synthesis of the HIV protease inhibitor amprenavir 1 (99% ee) as well as a formal synthesis of saquinavir 3 have been achieved in high enantiomeric purity starting from commercially available materials. Our strategy mainly comprises a Co-catalyzed two-stereocentred hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of racemic 2-(1-azido-2-phenylethyl)oxirane as the chirality inducing step. Also presented is a concise synthesis of (S)-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran 4, the key structural feature, in high enantiomeric purity (98% ee).
- Gadakh, Sunita K.,Santhosh Reddy,Sudalai, Arumugam
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experimental part
p. 898 - 903
(2012/09/22)
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- FITNESS ASSAY AND ASSOCIATED METHODS
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The present invention provides an assay for determining the biochemical fitness of a biochemical species in a mutant replicating biological entity relative to its predecessor. The present invention further provides a continuous fluorogenic assay for measuring the anti-HIV protease activity of protease inhibitor. The present invention also provides a method of administering a therapeutic compound that reduces the chances of the emergence of drug resistance in therapy. The present invention also provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a prodrug, a composition, or an ester thereof, wherein A is a group of formulas (A), (B), (C) or (D); R1, R2, R3, R5 or R6 is H, or an optionally substituted and/or heteroatom-bearing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or cyclic group; Y and/or Z are CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, amino, amides, carbamates, ureas, or thiocarbonyl derivatives thereof, optionally substituted with an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group; n is from 1 to 5; X is a bond, an optionally substituted methylene or ethylene, an amino, O or S; Q is C(O), C(S), or SO2; m is from 0 to 6; R4 is OH, ═O (keto), NH2, or alkylamino, including esters, amides, and salts thereof; and W is C(O), C(S), S(O), or SO2. Optionally, R5 and R6, together with the N—W bond of formula (I), comprise a macrocyclic ring.
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Page/Page column 17; Sheet 1
(2010/11/30)
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- Design and synthesis of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors incorporating oxyindoles as the P′2-ligands
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A series of novel oxyindole-derived HIV-1 protease inhibitors were designed and synthesized based upon our X-ray crystal structure of inhibitor 2 (TMC-114) bound to HIV-1 protease. The effects of substituents, spirocyclic rings, and ring sizes have been investigated. A number of inhibitors exhibited low nanomolar inhibitory potencies against HIV protease.
- Ghosh, Arun K.,Schiltz, Gary,Perali, Ramu Sridhar,Leshchenko, Sofiya,Kay, Stephanie,Walters, D. Eric,Koh, Yasuhiro,Maeda, Kenji,Mitsuya, Hiroaki
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p. 1869 - 1873
(2007/10/03)
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- Protease inhibitors that overcome drug resistance
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HIV protease inhibitors are among the most powerful drugs in suppressing HIV in human patients. However, HIV developed resistance to all protease inhibitor drugs so far marketed or used in clinical trials. HIV generates resistance by mutating its protease. The strains of HIV containing mutant proteases less vulnerable to inhibitor drug are able to replicate better and maintain the infection. No effective principle exists for the design of resistance-proof HIV protease inhibitors (HIVPr). A new inhibitor has been developed based on a new concept for designing resistance invulnerable HIVPr inhibitors. In vitro data have shown that this inhibitor is effective against many known HIVPr mutants resistant to other HIVPr inhibitor drugs. The new concept is, therefore, generally applicable for the design of other resistance invulnerable HIVPr inhibitor drugs.
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Page/Page column 9; sheet 3
(2010/02/14)
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- Potent HIV protease inhibitors incorporating high-affinity P2-ligands and (R)-(hydroxyethylamino)sulfonamide isostere
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Design and synthesis of a series of very potent nonpeptide HIV protease inhibitors are described. The inhibitors are derived from novel high affinity P2-ligands and (R)-(hydroxyethylamino)sulfonamide isostere.
- Ghosh, Arun K.,Kincaid, John F.,Cho, Wonhwa,Walters, D. Eric,Krishnan,Hussain, Khaja Azhar,Koo, Yumee,Cho, Hanna,Rudall, Clare,Holland, Louis,Buthod, Jim
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p. 687 - 690
(2007/10/03)
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