- UPGRADING 5-NONANONE
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Provided are fuel components, a method for producing fuel components, use of the fuel components and fuel containing the fuel components based on 5-nonanone.
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Paragraph 0104-0108
(2018/04/20)
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- GAS-TO-LIQUID REACTOR AND METHOD OF USING
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A device and a process to propagate molecular growth of hydrocarbons, either straight or branched chain structures, that naturally occur in the gas phase to a molecular size sufficient to shift the natural occurring phase to a liquid or solid state is provided. According to one embodiment, the device includes a grounded reactor vessel having a gas inlet, a liquid outlet, and an electrode within the vessel; a power supply coupled to the electrode for creating an elecirostatic field within the vessel for converting the gas to a liquid and or solid state.
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Paragraph 0140-0142
(2019/08/15)
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- Production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels with acetoin and platform molecules derived from lignocellulose
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Acetoin, a novel C4 platform molecule derived from new ABE (acetoin-butanol-ethanol) type fermentation via metabolic engineering, was used for the first time as a bio-based building block for the production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. A series of diesel or jet fuel range C9-C14 straight, branched, or cyclic alkanes were produced in excellent yields by means of C-C coupling followed by hydrodeoxygenation reactions. Hydroxyalkylation/alkylation of acetoin with 2-methylfuran was investigated over a series of solid acid catalysts. Among the investigated candidates, zirconia supported trifluoromethanesulfonic acid showed the highest activity and stability. In the aldol condensation step, a basic ionic liquid [H3N+-CH2-CH2-OH][CH3COO-] was identified as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the reactions of acetoin with furan based aldehydes. The scope of the process has also been studied by reacting acetoin with other aldehydes, and it was found that abnormal condensation products were formed from the reactions of acetoin with aromatic aldehydes through an aldol condensation-pinacol rearrangement route when amorphous aluminium phosphate was used as a catalyst. And the final hydrodeoxygenation step could be achieved by using a simple and handy Pd/C + H-beta zeolite system, and no or a negligible amount of oxygenates was observed after the reaction. Excellent selectivity was also observed using the present system, and the clean formation of hydrocarbons with a narrow distribution of alkanes occurred in most cases.
- Zhu, Chenjie,Shen, Tao,Liu, Dong,Wu, Jinglan,Chen, Yong,Wang, Linfeng,Guo, Kai,Ying, Hanjie,Ouyang, Pingkai
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supporting information
p. 2165 - 2174
(2016/04/19)
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- CATALYTIC PROCESS FOR CONVERTING RENEWABLE RESOURCES INTO PARAFFINS FOR USE AS DIESEL BLENDING STOCKS
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A process for converting renewable resources such as vegetable oil and animal fat into paraffins in a single step which comprises contacting a feed which is a renewable resources with hydrogen and a catalyst which comprises molybdenum, a non-precious metal and an oxide to produce a hydrocarbon product having a ratio of even-numbered hydrocarbons to odd-numbered hydrocarbons of at least 2:1.
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Page/Page column 7
(2009/01/24)
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- Activation and isomerization of hydrocarbons over WO3/ZrO2 catalysts. II. Influence of tungsten loading on catalytic activity: Mechanistic studies and correlation with surface reducibility and tungsten surface species
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We studied the correlation among the catalytic behavior of WO3/ZrO2 samples toward unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons transformation, tungsten surface species oxidation states, and the crystallographic structure of the zirconia support. Different tungsten-loaded catalysts were studied, from 9 wt% (near-monolayer coverage) to 30 wt%. The resulting WO3/ZrO2 materials were obtained by impregnation of a tungsten salt on either a commercially available monoclinic zirconia or an amorphous hydroxide, ZrOx(OH)4-2x, followed by a calcination step (according to the Hino and Arata procedure), leading to a tetragonal structure. In contrast to previous works, here we demonstrate that the crystallographic structure of zirconia has no influence on catalytic properties. Correlations with XPS analyses revealed two aspects of catalytic behavior that depend strongly on the catalyst reducibility and thus on the W surface species oxidation states. First, on hardly reducible (tungsten loadings a purely acidic monomolecular mechanism for both isomerization (largely predominant) and cracking reactions, associated with W6+ and W5+ surface species, was demonstrated. Second, on easily reducible (tungsten loadings >15 wt%) or deeply reduced (over 723 K) surfaces, a bifunctional mechanism associating dehydrogenating/hydrogenating properties occurring on metallic tungsten and acidic isomerization and cracking on W5+ and W6+ surface species was observed. However, in this last case, we could not exclude the participation of a purely metallic isomerization mechanism occurring through σ-alkyl adsorbed species on the β-W metallic phase. A more pronounced reduction then led to an increase in the extensive hydrogenolysis mechanism, causing catalyst deactivation.
- Di Gregorio, Francois,Keller, Nicolas,Keller, Valerie
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p. 159 - 171
(2008/09/21)
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- Alkene oligomerization process
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A process for oligomerising alkenes having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms which comprises contacting a feedstock comprising a) one or several alkenes having x carbon atoms, and, b) optionally, one or several alkenes having y carbon atoms, x and y being different, with a catalyst containing a zeolite of the MFS structure type, under conditions to obtain selectively oligomeric product containing predominant amounts of certain oligomers. The process is carried out at a temperature comprised between 125 and 175° C. when the feedstock contains only alkenes with 3 carbon atoms and between 140 and 240° C., preferably between 140 and 200° C. when the feedstock contains comprises at least one alkene with 4 or more carbon atoms.
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- Novel tridentate diamino organomanganese(II) complexes as homogeneous catalysts in manganese(II)/copper(I) catalyzed carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
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The new, paramagnetic arylmanganese(II) complex Li[MnCl2(NCN)] (2, NCN [C6H3(CH2NMe2)2-2,6] -) has been obtained in high yield from the reaction of MnCl2 and [Li(NCN)]2 in a 2:1 molar ratio. In THF solution, 2 is likely an ionic species [Li(THF)n] [MnCl2(NCN)] (molecular weight determination and conductivity measurements), while magnetic measurements indicate that a high spin d5 manganese(II) center is present. Subsequent reaction of 2 with RLi afforded [MnR(NCN)] (R=Me (3a), n-Bu (3b)). Complex 2, using CuCl as a co-catalyst, is an effective catalyst system for cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with alkyl bromides and the 1,4-addition of organomagnesium halides to α,β-unsaturated ketones. No further additives or co-solvents are necessary. For both reactions a dramatic decrease in reaction times is observed when compared to standard manganese/copper systems. Alkyl bromides with unsaturated or heteroatom functionalities can be cross-coupled. Also, excellent reactivity towards normally unreactive β,β-disubstituted ketones has been observed in the 1,4-addition reaction.
- Donkervoort, Johannes G.,Vicario, Jose L.,Jastrzebski, Johann T.B.H.,Gossage, Robert A.,Cahiez, Gerard,Van Koten, Gerard
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- Positive Charge Transfer in Mixed Alkane Glasses
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Positive charge transfer between the initial cation and the solute has been reexamined in detail at 6 and 72 K for 3-methyloctane (3MO) glasses containing squalane (SQ).A good fit to the observed decay of the 3-methyloctane cation (3MO+) was obtained by using the tunneling expression.The binding energy calculated, B = 0.33 eV, does not agree with the electron tunneling model.The results are discussed in terms of alternate tunneling mechanisms.The positive charge transfer 3MO+ = SQ ->3MO = SQ+ was separated kinetically from all other reactions, and the ratio εmax(SQ+)/εmax(3MO+) = 1.6 was calculated, in good agreement with an independent determination made by using pyrene (Py) as a cation scavenger.Positive charge transfer was also examined in several mixed alkane systems.
- Cygler, Joanna,Teather, George G.,Klassen, Norman V.
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p. 455 - 460
(2007/10/02)
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- Z/E-Isomerization of Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids during the Kolbe Electrolysis
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Z-4-Enoic acids partially isomerize to E-configurated products in the Kolbe electrolysis.The results from methyl and deuterium labelled carboxylic acids 2 and 16 support an isomerization via a reversible ring closure to cyclopropylcarbinyl radicals.The double bonds of Z-N-enoic acids with N>/= 5 fully retain their configuration in the Kolbe electrolysis; for N=6,7 cyclic products are formed to some extent, which is in accord with the reactivity of 5- and 6-alkenyl radicals.
- Huhtasaari, Matti,Schaefer, Hans J.,Luftmann, Heinrich
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p. 537 - 548
(2007/10/02)
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