- Hydrotropic solubilization of paclitaxel: Analysis of chemical structures for hydrotropic property
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Purpose. To identify hydrotropic agents that can increase aqueous paclitaxel (PTX) solubility and to study the chemical structures necessary for hydrotropic properties so that polymeric hydrotropic agents can be synthesized. Methods. More than 60 candidate hydrotropic agents (or hydrotropes) were tested for their ability to increase the aqueous PTX solubility. A number of nicotinamide analogues were synthesized based on the observation that nicotinamide showed a favorable hydrotropic property. The identified hydrotropes for PTX were used to examine the structure-activity relationship. Results. N,N-Diethylnicotinamide (NNDENA) was found to be the most effective hydrotropic agent for PTX. The aqueous PTX solubility was 39 mg/ml and 512 mg/ml at NNDENA concentrations of 3.5 M and 5.95 M, respectively. These values are 5-6 orders of magnitude greater than the intrinsic solubility of 0.30 ± 0.02 μg/ml. N-Picolylnicotinamide, N-allylnicotinamide, and sodium salicylate were also excellent hydrotropes for PTX. Solubility data showed that an effective hydrotropic agent should be highly water soluble while maintaining a hydrophobic segment. Conclusions. The present study identified several hydrotropic agents effective for increasing aqueous solubility of PTX and analyzed the structural requirements for this hydrotropic property. This information can be used to find other hydrotropic compounds and to synthesize polymeric hydrotropes that are effective for PTX and other poorly water-soluble drugs.
- Lee, Jaehwi,Lee, Sang Cheon,Acharya, Ghanashyam,Chang, Ching-Jer,Park, Kinam
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- Manganese-Catalyzed Direct Conversion of Ester to Amide with Liberation of H2
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A simple and efficient Mn-catalyzed acylation of amines is achieved using both acyl and alkoxy functions of unactivated esters with the liberation of molecular hydrogen as a sole byproduct. The present protocol provides an atom-economical and sustainable route for the synthesis of amides from esters by employing an earth-abundant manganese salt and inexpensive phosphine-free tridentate ligand.
- Mondal, Akash,Subaramanian, Murugan,Nandakumar, Avanashiappan,Balaraman, Ekambaram
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supporting information
p. 3381 - 3384
(2018/06/11)
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- Acetic acid as a catalyst for the N-acylation of amines using esters as the acyl source
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We report a cheap and simple method for the acetylation of a variety of amines using catalytic acetic acid and either ethyl acetate or butyl acetate as the acyl source. Catalyst loadings as low as 10 mol% afforded acetamide products in excellent yields at temperatures ranging from 80-120 °C. The methodology can also be successfully applied for the synthesis of a broad range of other amides, including the formation of formamides at 20 °C.
- Sanz Sharley, Daniel D.,Williams, Jonathan M. J.
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supporting information
p. 2020 - 2023
(2017/02/15)
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- MONOBACTAM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
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This invention pertains generally to antibacterial compounds of Formula I, as further described herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and formulations thereof. In certain aspects, the invention pertains to methods of using such compounds to treat infections such as those caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
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Paragraph 0463
(2015/11/10)
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- Benzoic acid-catalyzed transamidation reactions of carboxamides, phthalimide, ureas and thioamide with amines
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An efficient and simple method for the transamidation of carboxamides, phthalimide, ureas and thioamide with amines catalyzed by commercially available benzoic acid under metal-free conditions is described. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the transamidation of an aromatic thioamide with amines.
- Wu, Ji-Wei,Wu, Ya-Dong,Dai, Jian-Jun,Xu, Hua-Jian
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supporting information
p. 2429 - 2436
(2014/09/30)
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- 3-Acyl-1,3-diaryltriazenes as neutral and selective acylating agents
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New 3-acyl-1,3-diaryltriazenes have been prepared and their reactions with amino compounds have been studied. Reactions proceed rapidly under mild conditions to give the corresponding N-acyl products. Reagents enable chemoselective acylation of aliphatic primary and secondary amines in the presence of other acylable functional groups.
- ?tefane, Bogdan,Ernigoj, Urh,Ko?evar, Marijan,Polanc, Slovenko
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p. 6659 - 6662
(2007/10/03)
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- Design and synthesis of piperidine-3-carboxamides as human platelet aggregation inhibitors
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A detailed structure-activity analysis was carried out using eight 1- alkyl(aralkyl)nipecotamides (type 5), 33 bis-nipecotamidoalkanes and aralkanes (type 6), and 7 N,N'-bis(nipecotoyl)-piperazines (type 7) as inhibitors of human platelet aggregation. Steric factors played an important role in determining the activity of type 5 compounds possessing an appropriate degree of hydrophobic character. Types 6 and 7 compounds were more potent than the corresponding type 5 molecules. Hydrophobic character appeared to influence the activity of type 6 compounds. A 3-substituent on the piperidine ring was necessary for antiplatelet activity; the substituent should be preferably an amide with its C attached directly to the ring. 3,5- Disubstitution and 2-substitution led to a decline in activity. Optimal activity was attained when the two nipecotoyl ring N atoms were connected by an aralkyl group, and separated by ~7 ?. It is suggested that van der Waals forces and π interactions may govern the inhibitor-platelet interaction. The most potent type 6 inhibitor was α,α'-bis[3-(N-ethyl-N- butylcarbamoyl)piperidino]-p-xylene (6i). The most potent type 5 compound was 1-decyl-3-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)piperidine (5a). Any substitution on the piperazine ring of type 7 compounds led to a decline in activity, the most active analog being N,N'-bis(1-decylnipecotoyl)piperazine (7a). It is suggested that nipecotamides interact with anionic platelet sites located 7 ? from each other and connected by a hydrophobic well.
- Zheng,Salgia,Thompson,Dillingham,Bond,Feng,Prasad,Gollamudi
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p. 180 - 188
(2007/10/02)
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- SYNTHESIS OF N-BENZYL- AND N-HETEROARYLMETHYL-ACYLAMIDES BY REDUCTIVE N-ACYLATION OF ALDOXIMES WITH AMMONIUM FORMATE
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Various (hetero)aryl aldoximes have been efficiently transformed to the corresponding acylamides via reductive N-acylation, catalyzed by 10percent palladium on carbon in the presence of ammonium formate as the hydrogen source in an alkanoic acid.
- Balicki, Roman,Kaczmarek, Lukasz
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p. 525 - 526
(2007/10/02)
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- Analogues of platelet activating factor. 8. Antagonists of PAF containing an aromatic ring linked to a pyridinium ring
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A series of platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists containing a quaternary pyridinium ring connected through an amide, imide, or carbamate linkage to a substituted aromatic ring was prepared. Of these compounds, those containing a branched imide lin
- Trova,Wissner,Carroll,Kerwar,Pickett,Schaub,Torley,Kohler
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p. 580 - 590
(2007/10/02)
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- Pyridinium compounds which are useful as antagonists of platelet activating factor
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The invention is aryl, amide, imide and carbamate pyridine antagonists of platelet activating factor.
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