- Electrochemical Cross-Dehydrogenative Aromatization Protocol for the Synthesis of Aromatic Amines
-
The introduction of amines onto aromatics without metal catalysts and chemical oxidants is synthetically challenging. Herein, we report the first example of an electrochemical cross-dehydrogenative aromatization (ECDA) reaction of saturated cyclohexanones and amines to construct anilines without additional metal catalysts and chemical oxidants. This reaction exhibits a broad scope of cyclohexanones including heterocyclic ketones, affording a variety of aromatic amines with various functionalities, and shows great potential in the synthesis of biologically active compounds.
- Tao, Shao-Kun,Chen, Shan-Yong,Feng, Mei-Lin,Xu, Jia-Qi,Yuan, Mao-Lin,Fu, Hai-Yan,Li, Rui-Xiang,Chen, Hua,Zheng, Xue-Li,Yu, Xiao-Qi
-
supporting information
p. 1011 - 1016
(2022/02/05)
-
- Enabling Metallophotoredox Catalysis in Parallel Solution-Phase Synthesis Using Disintegrating Reagent Tablets
-
Compressed tablets containing a mixture of a photocatalyst, a nickel catalyst, an inorganic base, and an inert excipient are employed as a fast, safe, and user-friendly chemical delivery system for two different metallophotoredox-catalyzed reactions. This delivery method simplifies the preparation of compound libraries using photoredox chemistry in a parallel setting. The reagent tablets were successfully applied to late-stage functionalization of drug-like intermediates. These tablets can be prepared with various reagents and catalysts in different sizes and be stored on the bench thanks to blister packaging.
- Borlinghaus, Niginia,Sch?nfeld, Barbara,Heitz, Stephanie,Klee, Johanna,Vukeli?, Stella,Braje, Wilfried M.,Jolit, Anais
-
p. 16535 - 16547
(2021/12/02)
-
- Coupling of Alternating Current to Transition-Metal Catalysis: Examples of Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling
-
The coupling of transition-metal to photoredox catalytic cycles through single-electron transfer steps has become a powerful tool in the development of catalytic processes. In this work, we demonstrated that transition-metal catalysis can be coupled to al
- Bortnikov, Evgeniy O.,Semenov, Sergey N.
-
supporting information
p. 782 - 793
(2020/12/01)
-
- Discovery of a Potent FLT3 Inhibitor (LT-850-166) with the Capacity of Overcoming a Variety of FLT3 Mutations
-
Secondary mutations of FLT3 have become the main mechanism of FLT3 inhibitor resistance that presents a significant clinical challenge. Herein, a series of pyrazole-3-amine derivatives were synthesized and optimized to overcome the common secondary resistance mutations of FLT3. The structure-activity relationship and molecular dynamics simulation studies illustrated that the ribose region of FLT3 could be occupied to help address the obstacle of secondary mutations. Among those derivatives, compound 67 exhibited potent and selective inhibitory activities against FLT3-ITD-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and possessed equivalent potency against transformed BaF3 cells with a variety of secondary mutations. Besides, cellular mechanism assays demonstrated that 67 strongly inhibited phosphorylation of FLT3 and its downstream signaling factors, as well as induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MV4-11 cells. In the MV4-11 xenograft models, 67 exhibited potent antitumor potency without obvious toxicity. Taken together, these results demonstrated that 67 might be a drug candidate for the treatment of FLT3-ITD-positive AML.
- Cai, Jiongheng,Chen, Yadong,Chen, Yun,Cheng, Jie,Cheng, Zitian,Heng, Hao,Huang, Fei,Jia, Kun,Li, Hongmei,Lu, Shuai,Lu, Tao,Ren, Jiwei,Sheng, Tiancheng,Song, Shiyu,Tang, Weifang,Wang, Zhijie,Wu, Yingli,Zhu, Yifan
-
p. 14664 - 14701
(2021/10/12)
-
- Reagent and Catalyst Capsules: A Chemical Delivery System for Reaction Screening and Parallel Synthesis
-
Commercially available hydroxypropyl methylcellulose capsules are employed as a fast, safe, and user-friendly chemical delivery system containing all reagents (catalyst, ligand, and base) for three important transition-metal-catalyzed reactions: Buchwald-Hartwig, Suzuki-Miyaura, and metallophotoredox C-N cross-coupling reactions. This encapsulation methodology simplifies the screening of reaction conditions and the preparation of compound libraries using parallel synthesis in organic solvents or aqueous media. These reagents-containing HPMC capsules are easy to prepare, come in different sizes, and can be stored on the bench under noninert conditions.
- Borlinghaus, Niginia,Kaschel, Johannes,Klee, Johanna,Haller, Vanessa,Schetterl, Jasmin,Heitz, Stephanie,Lindner, Tanja,Dietrich, Justin D.,Braje, Wilfried M.,Jolit, Anais
-
p. 1357 - 1370
(2020/12/21)
-
- Palladium-Catalyzed Chlorocarbonylation of Aryl (Pseudo)Halides Through In Situ Generation of Carbon Monoxide
-
An efficient palladium-catalyzed chlorocarbonylation of aryl (pseudo)halides that gives access to a wide range of carboxylic acid derivatives has been developed. The use of butyryl chloride as a combined CO and Cl source eludes the need for toxic, gaseous carbon monoxide, thus facilitating the synthesis of high-value products from readily available aryl (pseudo)halides. The combination of palladium(0), Xantphos, and an amine base is essential to promote this broadly applicable catalytic reaction. Overall, this reaction provides access to a great variety of carbonyl-containing products through in situ transformation of the generated aroyl chloride. Combined experimental and computational studies support a reaction mechanism involving in situ generation of CO.
- Bismuto, Alessandro,Boehm, Philip,Morandi, Bill,Roediger, Sven
-
supporting information
p. 17887 - 17896
(2020/08/19)
-
- Organic semiconductor photocatalyst can bifunctionalize arenes and heteroarenes
-
Photoexcited electron-hole pairs on a semiconductor surface can engage in redox reactions with two different substrates. Similar to conventional electrosynthesis, the primary redox intermediates afford only separate oxidized and reduced products or, more rarely, combine to one addition product. Here, we report that a stable organic semiconductor material, mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-CN), can act as a visible-light photoredox catalyst to orchestrate oxidative and reductive interfacial electron transfers to two different substrates in a two- or three-component system for direct twofold carbon–hydrogen functionalization of arenes and heteroarenes. The mpg-CN catalyst tolerates reactive radicals and strong nucleophiles, is straightforwardly recoverable by simple centrifugation of reaction mixtures, and is reusable for at least four catalytic transformations with conserved activity.
- Ghosh, Indrajit,Khamrai, Jagadish,Savateev, Aleksandr,Shlapakov, Nikita,Antonietti, Markus,K?nig, Burkhard
-
p. 360 - 366
(2019/08/15)
-
- Nickel-Catalyzed Decarboxylation of Aryl Carbamates for Converting Phenols into Aromatic Amines
-
Herein, we describe a new catalytic approach to accessing aromatic amines from an abundant feedstock, namely phenols. The most reliable catalytic method for converting phenols to aromatic amines uses an activating group, such as a trifluoromethane sulfonyl group. However, this activating group is eliminated as a leaving group during the amination process, resulting in significant waste. Our nickel-catalyzed decarboxylation reaction of aryl carbamates forms aromatic amines with carbon dioxide as the only byproduct. As this amination proceeds in the absence of free amines, a range of functionalities, including a formyl group, are compatible. A bisphosphine ligand immobilized on a polystyrene support (PS-DPPBz) is key to the success of this reaction, generating a catalytic species that is significantly more active than simple nonsupported variants.
- Nishizawa, Akihiro,Takahira, Tsuyoshi,Yasui, Kosuke,Fujimoto, Hayato,Iwai, Tomohiro,Sawamura, Masaya,Chatani, Naoto,Tobisu, Mamoru
-
supporting information
p. 7261 - 7265
(2019/05/16)
-
- Nickel-Catalyzed Amide Bond Formation from Methyl Esters
-
Despite being one of the most important and frequently run chemical reactions, the synthesis of amide bonds is accomplished primarily by wasteful methods that proceed by stoichiometric activation of one of the starting materials. We report a nickel-catalyzed procedure that can enable diverse amides to be synthesized from abundant methyl ester starting materials, producing only volatile alcohol as a stoichiometric waste product. In contrast to acid- and base-mediated amidations, the reaction is proposed to proceed by a neutral cross coupling-type mechanism, opening up new opportunities for direct, efficient, chemoselective synthesis.
- Ben Halima, Taoufik,Masson-Makdissi, Jeanne,Newman, Stephen G.
-
supporting information
p. 12925 - 12929
(2018/09/14)
-
- METHODS FOR FORMING ARYL CARBON-NITROGEN BONDS USING LIGHT AND PHOTOREACTORS USEFUL FOR CONDUCTING SUCH REACTIONS
-
The disclosure relates to a method for forming aryl carbon-nitrogen bonds and to photoreactors useful in these and other light-driven reactions. The method comprises contacting an aryl halide with an amine in the presence of a Ni salt catalyst solution and an optional base, thereby forming a reaction mixture; exposing the reaction mixture to light under reaction condition sufficient to produce the aryl carbon-nitrogen bonds. In certain embodiments, the amine may be present in a molar excess to the aryl halide. In certain embodiments, the Ni salt catalyst solution includes a Ni(II) salt and a polar solvent, wherein the Ni(II) salt is dissolved in the polar solvent. In certain embodiments, the reactions conditions include holding the reaction mixture at between about room temperature and about 80° C. for between about 1 hour and about 20 hours such that at least about 50% yield is obtained.
- -
-
Paragraph 0097-0098; 0174-0175
(2019/11/22)
-
- Combining structure- and property-based optimization to identify selective FLT3-ITD inhibitors with good antitumor efficacy in AML cell inoculated mouse xenograft model
-
FLT3 mutation is among the most common genetic mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is also related with poor overall survival and refractory in AML patients. Recently, FLT3 inhibitors have been approved for AML therapy. Herein, a series of new compounds with pyrazole amine scaffold was discovered, which showed potent inhibitory activity against FLT3-ITD and significant selectivity against both FLT3-ITD and AML cells expressing FLT3-ITD. Compound 46, possessing the most promising cellular activity, blocked the autophosphorylation of FLT3 pathway in MV4-11 cell line. Furthermore, the apoptosis and downregulation of P-STAT5 were also observed in tumor cells extracted from the MV4-11 cell xenografts model upon compound 46 treatment. Compound 46 was also metabolically stable in vitro and suppressed tumor growth significantly in MV4-11 xenografts model in vivo. Compound 46 showed no toxicity to the viscera of mice and caused no decrease in body weight of mice. In conclusion, the results of this study could provide valuable insights into discovery of new FLT3 inhibitors, and compound 46 was worthy of further development as potential drug candidate to treat AML.
- Heng, Hao,Wang, Zhijie,Li, Hongmei,Huang, Yatian,Lan, Qingyuan,Guo, Xiaoxing,Zhang, Liang,Zhi, Yanle,Cai, Jiongheng,Qin, Tianren,Xiang, Li,Wang, Shuxian,Chen, Yadong,Lu, Tao,Lu, Shuai
-
p. 248 - 267
(2019/05/21)
-
- A General Palladium–Phosphine Complex To Explore Aryl Tosylates in the N-Arylation of Amines: Scope and Limitations
-
The scope and limitations of the monoselective N-arylation of various amines by using aryl and hetaryl tosylates are presented. The air-stable and easily accessible Pd(OAc)2/CM-phos {CM-phos=2-[2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)phenyl]-1-methyl-1H-indole}catalyst system was able to deal with a wide range of aryl tosylate substrates as well as amine nucleophiles, including primary and secondary cyclic/acyclic aliphatic amines and anilines. NH-Bearing heterocycles such as indole, carbazole, pyrrole, 10-phenothiazine, and 10-phenoxazine were shown to be feasible coupling partners under this catalytic system. The described reaction conditions tolerate a wide range of functional groups and allow an array of aromatic amines as well as unsymmetrical amine products to be easily accessed from the various phenolic derivatives. Interestingly, this catalyst system even offers the opportunity to perform the reaction in water medium. We also report the intermolecular coupling of optically active α-central chiral amines with aryl tosylates without erosion of the enantiomeric purity.
- Choy, Pui Ying,Chung, Kin Ho,Yang, Qingjing,So, Chau Ming,Sun, Raymond Wai-Yin,Kwong, Fuk Yee
-
supporting information
p. 2465 - 2474
(2018/09/10)
-
- Silver-catalyzed intermolecular amination of fluoroarenes
-
A novel highly selective Ag-catalyzed intermolecular amination of fluoroarenes has been developed. This transformation starts from readily available 4-carbonyl fluorobenzene and NaN3 or other nitrogen-source, via amination followed by C-F bond cleavage, thus affording the desired 4-carbonyl arylamine products under mild conditions. The reaction is accelerated using a small amount of water. This pathway is distinct from a previously reported radical amination reaction.
- Wang, Yu,Wei, Chenlong,Tang, Ruyun,Zhan, Haosheng,Lin, Jing,Liu, Zhenhua,Tao, Weihua,Fang, Zhongxue
-
supporting information
p. 6191 - 6194
(2018/09/10)
-
- C-N Cross-Coupling via Photoexcitation of Nickel-Amine Complexes
-
C-N cross-coupling is an important class of reactions with far-reaching impacts across chemistry, materials science, biology, and medicine. Transition metal complexes can elegantly orchestrate diverse aminations but typically require demanding reaction conditions, precious metal catalysts, or oxygen-sensitive procedures. Here, we introduce a mild nickel-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling methodology that operates at room temperature using an inexpensive nickel source (NiBr2·3H2O), is oxygen tolerant, and proceeds through direct irradiation of the nickel-amine complex. This operationally robust process was employed for the synthesis of diverse C-N-coupled products (40 examples) by irradiating a solution containing an amine, an aryl halide, and a catalytic amount of NiBr2·3H2O with a commercially available 365 nm LED at room temperature without added photoredox catalyst and the amine substrate serving additional roles as the ligands and base. Density functional theory calculations and kinetic isotope effect experiments were performed to elucidate the observed C-N cross-coupling reactivity.
- Lim, Chern-Hooi,Kudisch, Max,Liu, Bin,Miyake, Garret M.
-
supporting information
p. 7667 - 7673
(2018/05/31)
-
- Metal-free Synthesis of Aryl Amines: Beyond Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
-
A mild and metal-free approach to C?N coupling is described that employs diaryliodonium salt electrophiles and secondary aliphatic amine nucleophiles. This reaction results in direct ipso-substitution of the iodonium moiety and unsymmetrical aryl(TMP)iodonium salts are primarily employed. Moreover, arene substituents and substitution patterns that currently pose a challenge to classical metal-free methods are accommodated and the alicyclic amine nucleophiles used here are unprecedented in other contemporary metal-free C?N coupling reactions.
- Sandtorv, Alexander H.,Stuart, David R.
-
p. 15812 - 15815
(2016/12/16)
-
- Transition-metal-free electrophilic amination of arylboroxines
-
A transition-metal-free strategy to construct C(sp2)-N bonds using arylboroxines and O-benzoyl hydroxylamines as coupling partners has been developed. This transformation provides a useful method to access various aromatic amines.
- Xiao, Qing,Tian, Leiming,Tan, Renchang,Xia, Ying,Qiu, Di,Zhang, Yan,Wang, Jianbo
-
experimental part
p. 4230 - 4233
(2012/09/22)
-
- 2-Aminomethylphenylamine as a novel scaffold for factor Xa inhibitor
-
We have been researching orally active factor Xa inhibitor for a long time. We explored the new diamine linker using effective ligands to obtain a new attractive original scaffold 2-aminomethylphenylamine derivative. Compound 1D showed very strong in vitro and in vivo factor Xa inhibitory activity, as well as favorable PK profiles in po administration to monkeys.
- Mochizuki, Akiyoshi,Nagata, Tsutomu,Kanno, Hideyuki,Suzuki, Makoto,Ohta, Toshiharu
-
experimental part
p. 1623 - 1642
(2011/04/21)
-
- SUBSTITUTED SULFONAMIDE COMPOUNDS
-
Substituted sulfonamide derivatives, a process for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and to the use of substituted sulfonamide derivatives in the treatment or inhibition of pain and/or various disorders or disease states.
- -
-
Page/Page column 46-47
(2008/12/06)
-
- Triaminophosphine ligands for carbon-nitrogen and carbon-carbon bond formation
-
Methods and compounds are provided for the formation of carbon-nitrogen or carbon-carbon bonds comprising reacting an amine or an aryl boronic acid with an aryl halide in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a base, and a compound of formula II:
- -
-
Page/Page column 27-30; 35
(2008/12/05)
-
- (t-Bu)2PN=P(i-BuNCH2CH2)3N: New efficient ligand for palladium-catalyzed C-N couplings of aryl and heteroaryl bromides and chlorides and for vinyl bromides at room temperature
-
(Chemical Equation Presented) By employing Pd(OAc)2, Cs 2CO3, or NaOH, and the new ligand (t-Bu) 2PN=P(i-BuNCH2CH2)3N (3a), an electronically diverse array of aryl bromides and chlorides possessing base-sensitive substituents (nitro, ester, and keto) provide coupling products with bulky aryl amines in good to excellent yields. Aryl halides possessing other functional groups including cyano, amino, trifluoromethyl, and phenol, coupled with equal ease, producing highly functionalized amines in good to excellent yields. Moreover, an aryl chloro group can be preserved in the presence of a bromo substituent under our reaction conditions. BOC-protected amines also participated efficiently. Heterocyclic bromides and chlorides underwent clean couplings with amines in excellent yields. An important strength of our protocol is the use of lower palladium loadings than those reported earlier, without compromising yields. The air-stable palladium complex (η3-cinnamyl)PdCl·(3a) (5) was also employed successfully in C-N coupling reactions while the crotyl analogue was less efficacious. The 3a/Pd(OAc)2 catalyst system promotes, for the first time, efficient coupling of vinyl bromides with a variety of amines to produce imines and enamines at room temperature.
- Reddy, Ch. Venkat,Kingston, Jesudoss V.,Verkade, John G.
-
p. 3047 - 3062
(2008/09/19)
-
- Study of the microwave-assisted hydrolysis of nitriles and esters and the implementation of this system in rapid microwave-assisted Pd-catalyzed amination
-
Microwave-assisted hydrolysis of benzonitriles and methyl benzoates has been studied using a toluene/concd aq KOH two phase system in the presence and absence of phase transfer catalyst. Conditions to allow and avoid smooth hydrolysis could be identified. Based on the latter, the first microwave protocol which allows the rapid Pd-catalyzed amination of aliphatic amines with chlorobenzenes containing sensitive functional groups has been developed.
- Van Baelen, Gitte,Maes, Bert U.W.
-
p. 5604 - 5619
(2008/09/21)
-
- Inhibitors of histone deacetylase
-
The invention relates to the inhibition of histone deacetylase. The invention provides compounds and methods for inhibiting histone deacetylase enzymatic activity. The invention also provides compositions and methods for treating cell proliferative diseases and conditions.
- -
-
-
- Inhibitors of histone deacetylase
-
The invention relates to the inhibition of histone deacetylase. The invention provides compounds and methods for inhibiting histone deacetylase enzymatic activity. The invention also provides compositions and methods for treating cell proliferative diseases and conditions.
- -
-
-
- Inhibitors of histone deacetylase
-
The invention relates to the inhibition of histone deacetylase. The invention provides compounds and methods for inhibiting histone deacetylase enzymatic activity. The invention also provides compositions and methods for treating cell proliferative diseases and conditions.
- -
-
-
- Ligands for metals and improved metal-catalyzed processes based thereon
-
One aspect of the present invention relates to ligands for transition metals. A second aspect of the present invention relates to the use of catalysts comprising these ligands in transition metal-catalyzed carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The subject methods provide improvements in many features of the transition metal-catalyzed reactions, including the range of suitable substrates, reaction conditions, and efficiency.
- -
-
-
- Application of a New Bicyclic Triaminophosphine Ligand in Pd-Catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig Amination Reactions of Aryl Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides
-
The new bicyclic triaminophosphine ligand P(i-BuNCH2) 3CMe (3) has been synthesized in three steps from commercially available materials and its efficacy in palladium-catalyzed reactions of aryl halides with an array of amines has been demonstrated. Electron-poor, electron-neutral, and electron-rich aryl bromides, chlorides, and iodides participated in the process. The reactions encompassed aromatic amines (primary or secondary) and secondary amines (cyclic or acyclic). It has also been shown that the weak base Cs2CO3 can be employed with ligand 3, allowing a variety of functionalized substrates (e.g., those containing esters and nitro groups) to be utilized in our amination protocols. This ligand provides a remarkably general, efficient, and mild palladium catalyst for aryl iodide amination. Although 3 is slightly air and moisture sensitive, easy procedures can be adopted that avoid the need of a glovebox. Comparisons of the efficacy of 3 in these reactions with that of the proazaphosphatrane P(i-BuNCH2CH2)3N (2) reveal that in addition to the opportunity for transannulation in 2 (but not in 3), other significant stereoelectronic contrasts exist between these two ligands which help account for differences in the activities of the Pd/2 and Pd/3 catalytic systems.
- Urgaonkar, Sameer,Xu, Ju-Hua,Verkade, John G.
-
p. 8416 - 8423
(2007/10/03)
-
- Cysteine protease inhibitors
-
of the formula (IV): where: R1=R′C(O), R′SO2, R′=a bicyclic, saturated or unsaturated, 8-12 membered ring system containing 0-4 hetero atoms selected from S, O and N, which is optionally substituted with up to four substituents independently selected from groups a), b) and c) below; or R′=a monocyclic, saturated or unsaturated, 5-7 membered ring containing 0-3 hetero atoms selected from S, O and N, which monocyclic ring bears at least one substituent selected from group a) and/or c) and which may optionally bear one or two further substituents selected from group b); R4=H, C1-7-alkyl, Ar-C1-7-alkyl, Ar, C3-7-cycloalkyl; C2-7alkenyl; R3=C1-7-alkyl, C2-C7 alkenyl, C2-C7 alkenyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl, Ar-C1-7-alkyl, Ar; R5=C1-7-alkyl, halogen, Ar-C1-7-alkyl, C1-3-alkyl-CONR3R4 or a bulky amine R6 is H, C1-7-alkyl, Ar-C1-7-alkyl, C1-3-alkyl-SO2-Rix, C1-3-alkyl-C(O)—NHRix or CH2XAr q is 0 or 1 have utility as inhibitors of cysteine proteases such as cathepsin K and falcipain.
- -
-
-
- Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Nonaflates
-
The first detailed study of the palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl nonaflates is reported. Use of ligands 2-4 and 6 allows for the catalytic amination of electron-rich and -neutral aryl nonaflates with both primary and secondary amines. With use of Xantphos 5, the catalytic amination of a variety of functionalized aryl nonaflates resulted in excellent yields of anilines; even 2-carboxymethyl aryl nonaflate is effectively coupled with a primary alkylamine. Moderate yields were obtained when coupling halo-aryl nonaflates with a variety of amines, where in most cases the aryl nonaflate reacted in preference to the aryl halide. Overall, aryl nonaflates are an effective alternative to triflates in palladium-catalyzed C-N bond-forming processes due to their increased stability under the reaction conditions.
- Anderson, Kevin W.,Mendez-Perez, Maria,Priego, Julian,Buchwald, Stephen L.
-
p. 9563 - 9573
(2007/10/03)
-
- Ligands for metals and improved metal-catalyzed processes based thereon
-
One aspect of the present invention relates to novel ligands for transition metals. A second aspect of the present invention relates to the use of catalysts comprising these ligands in transition metal-catalyzed carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The subject methods provide improvements in many features of the transition metal-catalyzed reactions, including the range of suitable substrates, reaction conditions, and efficiency.
- -
-
-
- Simple, efficient catalyst system for the palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl chlorides, bromides, and triflates
-
Palladium complexes supported by (o-biphenyl)P(t-Bu)2 (3) or (o- biphenyl)PCy2 (4) are efficient catalysts for the catalytic amination of a wide variety of aryl halides and triflates. Use of ligand 3 allows for the room-temperature catalytic amination of many aryl chloride, bromide, and triflate substrates, while ligand 4 is effective for the amination of functionalized substrates or reactions of acyclic secondary amines. The catalysts perform well for a large number of different substrate combinations at 80-110 °C, including chloropyridines and functionalized aryl halides and triflates using 0.5-1.0 mol % Pd; some reactions proceed efficiently at low catalyst levels (0.05 mol % Pd). These ligands are effective for almost all substrate combinations that have been previously reported with various other ligands, and they represent the most generally effective catalyst system reported to date. Ligands 3 and 4 are air-stable, crystalline solids that are commercially available. Their effectiveness is believed to be due to a combination of steric and electronic properties that promote oxidative addition, Pd-N bond formation, and reductive elimination.
- Wolfe, John P.,Tomori, Hiroshi,Sadighi, Joseph P.,Yin, Jingjun,Buchwald, Stephen L.
-
p. 1158 - 1174
(2007/10/03)
-