- Synthesis of binuclear iridium(III) and rhodium(III) complexes bearing methylnaphthalene-linked N-heterocyclic carbenes, and application to intramolecular hydroamination
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New methylnaphthalene-linked imidazolium salts 1 were synthesized through the reaction of 1,8-dibromomethylnaphthalene and N-alkylimidazole. On treatment of imidazolium salt 1 with silver oxide followed by [CpMCl2] 2 (M = Ir, Rh), binuclear iridium and rhodium complexes 2 were formed. Reaction of these complexes 2 with AgPF6 afforded Cl-bridged cationic binuclear iridium and rhodium complexes 3. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 3 revealed that the two imidazole rings of the carbene ligand are in a parallel geometry. The cationic binuclear iridium complexes 3-Ir could be applied to the intramolecular hydroamination reaction of 2-ethynylaniline to give the corresponding indole compound.
- Ogata, Kenichi,Nagaya, Toshinori,Fukuzawa, Shin-Ichi
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Read Online
- Iminyl-radicals by electrochemical decarboxylation of α-imino-oxy acids: construction of indole-fused polycyclics
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Iminyl radicals are reactive intermediates that can be used for the construction of various valuable heterocycles. Herein, the electrochemical decarboxylation of α-imino-oxy acids for the generation of iminyl radicals has been accomplished under exogenous-oxidant- and metal-free conditions through the use ofnBu4NBr as a mediator. The resulting iminyl radicals undergo intramolecular cyclization smoothly with the adjacent (hetero)arenes to afford a series of indole-fused polycyclic compounds.
- Wan, Jin-Lin,Cui, Jian-Feng,Zhong, Wei-Qiang,Huang, Jing-Mei
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supporting information
p. 10242 - 10245
(2021/10/12)
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- Regioselective Direct C2 Arylation of Indole, Benzothiophene and Benzofuran: Utilization of Reusable Pd NPs and NHC-Pd@MNPs Catalyst for C–H Activation Reaction
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Abstract: A regioselective C2 arylation of indoles, benzothiophene and benzofuran without directing group has been accomplished using economically cheap Pd NPs and NHC-Pd@MNPs catalyst. The reusable catalyst is efficiently employed to access C2 arylated heterocycles in good to excellent yield. The reusability of the catalyst is studied up to five cycles and a gram-scale synthesis has been achieved. The reaction mechanism is well supported by control experiments and literature precedents. Grapic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
- Hegde, Rajeev V.,Ong, Tiow-Gan,Ambre, Ram,Jadhav, Arvind H.,Patil, Siddappa A.,Dateer, Ramesh B.
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p. 1397 - 1405
(2020/10/02)
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- Synthesis and Catalytic Use of Polar Phosphinoferrocene Amidosulfonates Bearing Bulky Substituents at the Ferrocene Backbone
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Anionic phosphinoferrocene amidosulfonates bearing sterically demanding tert-butyl substituents in positions 3 and 3′ of the ferrocene scaffold, viz. rac-(Et3NH)[Fe(η5-tBuC5H3PR2)(η5-tBuC5H3C(O)NHCH2SO3)] (R = phenyl, cyclohexyl), were synthesized by amidation of the corresponding phosphinocarboxylic acids, [Fe(η5-tBuC5H3PR2)(η5-tBuC5H3CO2H)]. These ditopic polar phosphinoferrocenes and their non-tert-butylated analogues have been used as ligands to prepare zwitterionic (η3-allyl)palladium(II) complexes [Pd(η3-C3H5){Fe(η5-R′C5H3PR2)(η5-R′C5H3C(O)NHCH2SO3)}] (R′ = H, tBu; R = Ph, Cy). Depending on the isolation procedure and crystallization conditions, some complexes were isolated in two isomeric forms which differed in the coordination of the amidosulfonate pendant group, where either amide or sulfonated oxygen ligated the Pd(II) center. The preference for coordination of the amide or sulfonate oxygen atoms has been explained by the interplay of electrostatic and solvation effects and further supported by DFT calculations. The (η3-allyl)PdII complexes have been applied as defined precatalysts for Pd-catalyzed C-H arylation of an unprotected indole with aryl iodides in polar solvents. Under the optimized reaction conditions at 100 °C in water, C2-arylation proceeded selectively with various aryl iodides to produce the respective 2-arylindoles in acceptable yields at a low catalyst loading (1 mol % Pd) and in the absence of any phase transfer agent. The catalyst possessing tert-butyl groups at the ferrocene core and an electron-rich dicyclohexylphosphino group exhibited the best catalytic performance.
- Vosáhlo, Petr,Radal, Leá,Labonde, Marine,Císa?ová, Ivana,Roger, Julien,Pirio, Nadine,Hierso, Jean-Cyrille,?těpni?ka, Petr
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p. 1934 - 1944
(2021/06/28)
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- Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective C-H Arylation between 2-Arylindoles and Hypervalent Iodine Reagents
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The copper-catalyzed enantioselective C-H arylation between 2-arylindoles and hypervalent iodine reagents has been successfully developed, which provides a convenient and economical route to the highly atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral indole de
- Liang, Hao,Zhu, Guoxun,Pu, Xiaoyun,Qiu, Liqin
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p. 9246 - 9250
(2021/12/06)
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- Iron-catalysed radical cyclization to synthesize germanium-substituted indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones and indolin-2-ones
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A simple and efficient strategy for iron-catalysed cascade radical cyclization was developed, by which an array of germanium-substituted indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones and indolin-2-ones were obtained in one pot with germanium hydrides as radical precursors. A rapid intramolecular radical trapping mode enabled the selective arylgermylation of alkenes over the prevalent hydrogermylation reaction.
- Luo, Yani,Tian, Tian,Nishihara, Yasushi,Lv, Leiyang,Li, Zhiping
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p. 9276 - 9279
(2021/09/20)
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- Aniline-initiated and Br?nsted acid-catalyzed one-pot reaction toward 2-aryl-3-sulfenylindoles by using α-aminocarbonyl compounds and primary amines with RSSR
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A highly novel method of direct synthesis of 2-aryl-3-sulfenylindoles in moderate to good yields was developed via one-pot tandem reaction of readily available α-aminocarbonyl compounds and catalytic amount of benzenamines with RSSR.
- Chen, De,Cheng, Chaozhihui,Deng, Wei,Guan, Wenjian,Liu, Yuxuan,Luo, Yongyue,Xiang, Jiannan,Zhang, Jiajia
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- N-Hydroxyphthalimidyl diazoacetate (NHPI-DA): A modular methylene linchpin for the C-H alkylation of indoles
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Despite the extensive studies on the reactions between conventional diazocompounds and indoles, these are still limited by the independent synthesis of the carbene precursors, the specific catalysts, and the required multi-step manipulation of the products. In this work, we explore redox-Active carbenes in the expedited and divergent synthesis of functionalized indoles. NHPI-DA displays unusual efficiency and selectivity to yield insertion products that can be swiftly elaborated into boron and carbon substituents that are particularly problematic in carbene-mediated reactions.
- Chowdhury, Rajdip,Mendoza, Abraham
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p. 4532 - 4535
(2021/05/17)
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- Acid-catalyzed cleavage of C-C bonds enables atropaldehyde acetals as masked C2 electrophiles for organic synthesis
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Acid-catalyzed tandem reactions of atropaldehyde acetals were established for the synthesis of three important molecules, 2,2-disubstituted indolin-3-ones, naphthofurans and stilbenes. The synthesis was realized using novel reaction cascades, which involved the same two initial steps: (i) SN2′ substitution, in which the atropaldehyde acted as an electrophile; and (ii) oxidative cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond of the generated phenylacetaldehyde-type products. Compared with literature methods, the present protocol not only avoided the use of expensive noble metal catalysts, but also enabled a simple operation.
- Chen, Shaomin,Gu, Yanlong,Li, Minghao
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p. 10431 - 10434
(2021/10/12)
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- An iron(iii)-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling reaction of indoles with benzylamines to prepare 3-aminoindole derivatives
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We report a green cascade approach to prepare a variety of 3-aminoindole derivatives in good to excellent yields through an iron(iii)-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling reaction of 2-arylindoles and primary benzylamines under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies show that a cascade reaction involves a tert-butyl nitrite (TBN)-mediated nitrosation of 2-substituted indoles and a 1,5-hydrogen shift to afford indolenine oximes, sequential iron(iii)-catalyzed condensation and a 1,5-hydrogen shift over four steps in a one-pot reaction. The reaction shows a broad substrate scope of indoles and benzylamines and tolerates a wide range of functional groups. Moreover, the reaction is easily performed at the gram scale without producing waste after the reaction is completed. The 3-aminoindole product is purified by simple extraction, washing, and recrystallization without flash column chromatography. A double imine ligand containing the 3-aminoindole unit is facile to obtain in a 52% yield in one step. The present method highlights readily available starting materials, a simple purification procedure, and the usage of cheap, nontoxic, and environmentally benign iron(iii) catalysts. This journal is
- Chen, Wei-Li,Li, Kun,Liang, Cui,Liang, Wang-Fu,Liao, Wei-Cong,Mo, Dong-Liang,Qiu, Pei-Wen,Su, Gui-Fa
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p. 9610 - 9616
(2021/12/09)
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- Discovery of New 4-Indolyl Quinazoline Derivatives as Highly Potent and Orally Bioavailable P-Glycoprotein Inhibitors
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The major drawbacks of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors at the clinical stage make the development of new P-gp inhibitors challenging and desirable. In this study, we reported our structure-activity relationship studies of 4-indolyl quinazoline, which led to the discovery of a highly effective and orally active P-gp inhibitor, YS-370. YS-370 effectively reversed multidrug resistance (MDR) to paclitaxel and colchicine in SW620/AD300 and HEK293T-ABCB1 cells. YS-370 bound directly to P-gp, did not alter expression or subcellular localization of P-gp in SW620/AD300 cells, but increased the intracellular accumulation of paclitaxel. Furthermore, YS-370 stimulated the P-gp ATPase activity and had moderate inhibition against CYP3A4. Significantly, oral administration of YS-370 in combination with paclitaxel achieved much stronger antitumor activity in a xenograft model bearing SW620/Ad300 cells than either drug alone. Taken together, our data demonstrate that YS-370 is a promising P-gp inhibitor capable of overcoming MDR and represents a unique scaffold for the development of new P-gp inhibitors.
- Chen, Zhe-Sheng,Dai, Qing-Qing,Li, Guo-Bo,Liu, Hong-Min,Liu, Hui,Wang, Bo,Wang, Shaomeng,Yu, Bin,Yuan, Shuo,Zhang, Jing-Ya,Zhang, Xiao-Nan,Zuo, Jia-Hui
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p. 14895 - 14911
(2021/10/12)
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- Cobalt-Catalyzed Dearomatization of Indoles via Transfer Hydrogenation to Afford Polycyclic Indolines
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A cobalt-catalyzed dearomatization of indoles via transfer hydrogenation with HBpin and H2O has been developed. This reaction offered a straightforward platform to access hexahydropyrido[1,2-a]indoles in high regio- and chemoselectivity. A preliminary reaction mechanism was proposed on the basis of deuterium-labeling experiments, and a cobalt hydride species was involved in the reaction.
- Chen, Siwei,Cai, Min,Huang, Junru,Yao, Hequan,Lin, Aijun
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supporting information
p. 2212 - 2216
(2021/04/05)
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- Modular counter-Fischer?indole synthesis through radical-enolate coupling
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A single-electron transfer mediated modular indole formation reaction from a 2-iodoaniline derivative and a ketone has been developed. This transition-metal-free reaction shows a broad substrate scope and unconventional regioselectivity trends. Moreover, important functional groups for further transformation are tolerated under the reaction conditions. Density functional theory studies reveal that the reaction proceeds by metal coordination, which converts a disfavored 5-endo-trig cyclization to an accessible 7-endo-trig process.
- Chung, Hyunho,Kim, Jeongyun,Gonzalez-Montiel, Gisela A.,Cheong, Paul Ha-Yeon,Lee, Hong Geun
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supporting information
p. 1096 - 1102
(2021/01/26)
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- Pd-Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of Nitroarenes with CO2 as the CO Source
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A reductive amination process that constructs indoles, carbazoles or benzimidazoles from nitroarenes – irrespective of their electronic or steric nature – was developed that uses CO2 as the source of CO. The process is robust, tolerating common gaseous components of flue gas (H2S, SO2, NO and H2O) without adversely affecting the reductive cyclization.
- Guan, Xinyu,Zhu, Haoran,Zhao, Yingwei,Driver, Tom G.
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supporting information
p. 57 - 60
(2019/12/11)
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- Iron-catalyzed reductive coupling of nitroarenes with olefins: Intermediate of iron-nitroso complex
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Using a single half-sandwich iron(II) compound, CpFe(1,2-Ph2PC6H4S)(NCMe) (Cp- = C5Me5-, 1) as a catalyst, reductive coupling of nitroarenes with olefins has been achieved by a well-defined iron(II)/(EtO)3SiH system. Through either inter- or intramolecular reductive coupling, various branched amines and indole derivatives have been directly synthesized in one-pot. Mechanistic studies showed that the catalysis is initiated by activation of nitroarenes by the iron(II) catalyst with silane, generating iron-nitrosoarene intermediate for the C-N bond coupling.
- Song, Heng,Yang, Zhuoyi,Tung, Chen-Ho,Wang, Wenguang
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p. 276 - 281
(2019/12/24)
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- A Three-Component Strategy for Benzoselenophene Synthesis under Metal-Free Conditions Using Selenium Powder
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An efficient three-component benzoselenophenes formation has been developed from substituted indoles, acetophenones, and selenium powder under metal-free conditions. 2-Aryl indoles played an important role to promote benzoselenophene formation from acetophenone derivatives and selenium powder. One C-C and two C-Se bonds were selectively formed to provide 40 new benzoselenophenes in good yields.
- Ni, Penghui,Tan, Jing,Zhao, Wenqi,Huang, Huawen,Xiao, Fuhong,Deng, Guo-Jun
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supporting information
p. 3518 - 3522
(2019/05/24)
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- Synthetic method of 2-substituted indoles compounds
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The invention discloses a synthetic method of 2-substituted indoles compounds, and belongs to the organic synthesis field. 2-fluorotoluene compound shown in formula 1 and nitrile compound shown in formula 2 mix with an organic solvent in the presence of strong alkali and cesium salt additives, and react to synthesize the 2-substituted indoles compounds shown in formula 3. The synthesis method of 2-substituted indoles compounds is simple, economical and has wider applicability, is suitable for large-scale production, and has a very important influence on the synthesis of indoles compounds.
- -
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Paragraph 0010; 0035-0037; 0041; 0043; 0052
(2019/05/02)
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- Synthesis of Indoles through Domino Reactions of 2-Fluorotoluenes and Nitriles
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Indoles are essential heterocycles in medicinal chemistry, and therefore, novel and efficient approaches to their synthesis are in high demand. Among indoles, 2-aryl indoles have been described as privileged scaffolds. Advanced herein is a straightforward, practical, and transition-metal-free assembly of 2-aryl indoles. Simply combining readily available 2-fluorotoluenes, nitriles, LiN(SiMe3)2, and CsF enables the generation of a diverse array of indoles (38 examples, 48–92 % yield). A range of substituents can be introduced into each position of the indole backbone (C4 to C7, and aryl groups at C2), providing handles for further elaboration.
- Mao, Jianyou,Wang, Zhiting,Xu, Xinyu,Liu, Guoqing,Jiang, Runsheng,Guan, Haixing,Zheng, Zhipeng,Walsh, Patrick J.
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supporting information
p. 11033 - 11038
(2019/07/08)
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- One-Pot Reaction between N-Tosylhydrazones and 2-Nitrobenzyl Bromide: Route to NH-Free C2-Arylindoles
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A one-pot Barluenga coupling between N-tosylhydrazones and nitro-benzyl bromide, followed by deoxygenation of ortho-nitrostyrenes, and subsequent cyclization has been developed, providing a new way to synthesize various C2-arylindoles. This method exhibits a good substrate scope and functional group tolerance, and it allows an access to NH-free indoles, which can present a potential utility in medicinal chemistry applications.
- Bzeih, Tourin,Zhang, Kena,Khalaf, Ali,Hachem, Ali,Alami, Mouad,Hamze, Abdallah
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p. 228 - 238
(2019/01/04)
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- Design and applications of new phosphine-free tetradentate Pd-catalyst: Regioselective C–H activation on 1-substituted 1,2,3-triazoles and indoles(NH-Free)
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This article describes the synthesis of a new phosphine free tetradentate Pd catalyst using dl-2,3-diaminopropionic acid. The complex was characterized by Mass, IR, and 1H NMR. The catalyst is air stable at room temperature and non-hygroscopic. Application of this new catalyst to regioselective C–H activation on 1-substituted 1,2,3-triazole and indoles with aryl iodides to get corresponding C-5 and C-2 arylated products with satisfactory yields. All the products were characterized by spectroscopic studies.
- Markandeya, Sarma V.,Renuka, Ch.,Lakshmi, Parvathi K.,Rajesh,Sridhar, Chidara,Babu, Korupolu Raghu
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p. 135 - 145
(2017/12/28)
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- Synthesis of 2-Aminobenzonitriles through Nitrosation Reaction and Sequential Iron(III)-Catalyzed C-C Bond Cleavage of 2-Arylindoles
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A variety of 2-aminobenzonitriles were prepared from 2-arylindoles in good to excellent yields through tert-butylnitrite (TBN)-mediated nitrosation and sequential iron(III)-catalyzed C-C Bond cleavage in a one-pot fashion. The 2-aminobenzonitriles can be used to rapidly synthesize benzoxazinones by intramolecular condensation. The present method features an inexpensive iron(III) catalyst, gram scalable preparations, and novel C-C bond cleavage of indoles.
- Chen, Wei-Li,Wu, Si-Yi,Mo, Xue-Ling,Wei, Liu-Xu,Liang, Cui,Mo, Dong-Liang
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p. 3527 - 3530
(2018/06/26)
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- Alkyne Hydroamination Catalyzed by Silica-Supported Isolated Zn(II) Sites
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Hydroamination is an atom-economical reaction to form C-N bonds, which are ubiquitous in organic compounds. Hydroamination has seen prolific advancements and has mostly focused on the development of homogeneous catalysts based on lanthanides or transition metals. Here, we have developed silica-supported, site-isolated Zn(II) sites through a combined surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) and thermolytic molecular precursor (TMP) approach and show that they catalyze the intramolecular hydroamination of alkynes. This material is applicable to a broad range of substrates. On the basis of kinetics and in situ IR spectroscopic studies, we propose that the mechanism involves coordination of the aminoalkyne onto Zn(II) followed by the heterolytic activation of the N-H bond and subsequent cyclization and proton transfer.
- Cook, Amanda K.,Copéret, Christophe
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supporting information
p. 1342 - 1345
(2018/05/24)
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- Palladium-catalyzed direct C2-arylation of free (N–H) indoles via norbornene-mediated regioselective C–H activation
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A palladium-catalyzed direct C2-arylation reaction of free (N–H) indoles has been developed. This reaction relies on a norbornene-mediated C–H activation process on the indole ring, which features high regioselectivity and excellent functional group tolerance.
- Gao, Yadong,Zhu, Wangying,Yin, Long,Dong, Bo,Fu, Jingjing,Ye, Zhiwen,Xue, Fengtian,Jiang, Chao
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supporting information
p. 2213 - 2216
(2017/05/16)
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- Gold(i)-catalyzed synthesis of 2-substituted indoles from 2-alkynylnitroarenes with diboron as reductant
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An efficient method for the synthesis of 2-substituted indoles via a diboron/base promoted tandem reductive cyclization of o-alkynylnitroarene under Au catalysis conditions has been disclosed. This reaction is efficient and convenient, affording 2-substituted indoles with broad functional groups tolerance and excellent yields.
- Fu, Wenqiang,Yang, Kai,Chen, Jinglong,Song, Qiuling
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p. 8354 - 8360
(2017/10/19)
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- Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl: A new highly efficient ligand-free and recyclable catalyst system for the synthesis of 2-substituted indoles: Via domino copper-free Sonogashira coupling/cyclization
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A pyridine-containing decidedly resourceful Pd-N-heterocyclic carbene complex, Pd-PEPPSI-IPentCl (PEPPSI = pyridine enhanced precatalyst preparation, stabilization, and initiation), is used as a first class recyclable catalytic system for the synthesis of 2-substituted indoles via domino copper-free Sonogashira coupling/cyclization. The catalyst showed a greater performance in the cascade reaction of various 2-bromo anilines with different terminal acetylenes under mild (60 °C) and green conditions (ethanol:water) even in the absence of a copper catalyst and an inert atmosphere. The catalyst is used for the first time in these reactions. The findings suggest that 0.1 mol% of the catalyst is sufficient, and that the catalyst is recyclable and can be reused for up to six cycles.
- Kolli, Murali Krishna,Shaik, Nagul Meera,Chandrasekar, Govindasamy,Chidara, Sridhar,Korupolu, Raghu Babu
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p. 8187 - 8195
(2017/08/15)
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- The Development of a Palladium-Catalyzed Tandem Addition/Cyclization for the Construction of Indole Skeletons
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A palladium-catalyzed tandem addition/cyclization of 2-(2-aminoaryl)acetonitriles with arylboronic acids has been developed for the first time, achieving a new strategy for direct construction of indole skeletons. This system shows good functional group tolerance and remarkable chemoselectivity. In particular, the halogen (e.g., bromo and iodo) substituents are amenable to further synthetic elaborations thereby broadening the diversity of the products. Preliminary mechanistic experiments indicate that this transformation involves sequential nucleophilic addition followed by an intramolecular cyclization.
- Yu, Shuling,Qi, Linjun,Hu, Kun,Gong, Julin,Cheng, Tianxing,Wang, Qingzong,Chen, Jiuxi,Wu, Huayue
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p. 3631 - 3638
(2017/04/11)
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- Iron-Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of o-Nitrostyrenes Using Phenylsilane as the Terminal Reductant
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Using microscale high-throughput experimentation, an efficient, earth-abundant iron phenanthroline complex was discovered to catalyze the reductive cyclization of ortho-nitrostyrenes into indoles via nitrosoarene reactive intermediates. This method requires only 1 mol % of Fe(OAc)2 and 1 mol % of 4,7-(MeO)2phen and uses phenylsilane as a convenient terminal reductant. The scope and limitations of the method were illustrated with 21 examples, and an investigation into the kinetics of the reaction revealed first-order behavior in catalyst and silane and zero-order behavior with respect to nitrostyrene.
- Shevlin, Michael,Guan, Xinyu,Driver, Tom G.
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p. 5518 - 5522
(2017/08/17)
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- Palladium/Copper Cocatalyzed Coupling Reaction of Aroyl Hydrazides with Indoles
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An unprecedented palladium/copper cocatalyzed coupling reaction of indoles with simple aroyl hydrazides has been developed under aerobic conditions. A range of aroyl hydrazides underwent palladium/copper cocatalyzed oxidative arylation with indoles open to air in a 1:1 mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and nitromethane to give structurally diverse 2-arylindoles or 3-arylindoles in moderate to good yields. The reaction well tolerates a wide variety of functional groups such as alkoxy, halo, ester.
- Liu, Congrong,Yang, Fulai
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supporting information
p. 1213 - 1217
(2016/12/28)
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- Palladium-catalyzed direct desulfitative C2 arylations of 3-halo-: N -protected indoles using (hetero)arenesulfonyl chlorides
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The direct arylation of N-protected 3-haloindole derivatives with benzenesulfonyl chlorides as coupling partners using 5 mol% of bis(acetonitrile)dichloropalladium(ii) catalyst and lithium carbonate as a base in 1,4-dioxane was investigated. We demonstrated that both iodo and chloro substituents at the indolyl C3 position act as temporary blocking groups allowing the formation of 2-arylindoles through a direct desulfitative arylation, followed by in situ dehalogenation. While, from 3-bromoindole derivatives, 2-aryl-3-bromoindoles were obtained without debromination, and could be converted into 2,3-diarylindoles through a second palladium coupling. This method allows one to prepare in a few steps a very wide variety of indole derivatives, which are of interest in the synthesis of bioactive molecules.
- Hfaiedh, Anoir,Ben Ammar, Hamed,Soulé, Jean-Fran?ois,Doucet, Henri
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p. 4947 - 4956
(2016/06/13)
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- Palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of indoles with arylsulfonyl hydrazides
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A novel method to synthesise 2-arylindoles is demonstrated via direct arylation of indoles with arylsulfonyl hydrazides. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the reaction well tolerates a wide variety of functional groups to afford structurally diverse 2-arylindoles in good to excellent yields at 70 °C.
- Liu, Congrong,Ding, Lianghui,Guo, Guang,Liu, Weiwei,Yang, Fu-Lai
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p. 2824 - 2827
(2016/03/12)
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- Water-medium C-H activation over a hydrophobic perfluoroalkane-decorated metal-organic framework platform
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The use of water as reaction medium in the heterogeneous activation of C-H bonds has numerous advantages in terms of environmental benign, safety and cost efficiency impact. However, it is severely hampered because the reactants are difficult to dissolve in water and contact with the active sites of heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, we choose perfluoroalkane-functionalized mesoporous metal-organic framework (MOF) NU-1000 as a hydrophobic platform to encapsulate ultrafine palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) for C-H activation in water. The resultant Pd NPs stabilized by the perfluoroalkane exhibited high activity and regioselectivity in the direct C-H arylation of indoles in water. The introduction of perfluoroalkane chains into the mesoporous pores of NU-1000 provides hydrophobic surfaces to facilitate access of the reactants to the active sites to guarantee the high activity.
- Huang, Yuan-Biao,Shen, Min,Wang, Xusheng,Huang, Ping,Chen, Ruiping,Lin, Zu-Jin,Cao, Rong
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- Discovery of indole-based tetraarylimidazoles as potent inhibitors of urease with low antilipoxygenase activity
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A series of tetraarylimidazoles (5A-5O) were prepared by one pot four component condensation reactions of 2-arylindole-3-carbaldehydes, substituted anilines, benzil and ammonium acetate in acetic acid. The synthesized compounds exhibited potent antiurease
- Naureen, Sadia,Chaudhry, Faryal,Asif, Nadia,Munawar, Munawar Ali,Ashraf, Muhammad,Nasim, Faizul Hassan,Arshad, Humera,Khan, Misbahul Ain
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p. 464 - 470
(2015/09/01)
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- Palladium-Catalyzed Formation of N-Heteroarenes from Nitroarenes using Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl as the Source of Carbon Monoxide
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The development of a method that employs a two-chamber reaction vessel and uses molybdenum hexacarbonyl [Mo(CO)6] as the carbon monoxide (CO) source for the palladium-catalyzed transformation of nitroarenes into indoles or imidazoles is reported.
- Zhou, Fei,Wang, Duo-Sheng,Driver, Tom G.
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p. 3463 - 3468
(2016/01/25)
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- Enantioselective arylative dearomatization of indoles via pd-catalyzed intramolecular reductive heck reactions
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A highly enantioselective intramolecular arylative dearomatization of indoles via palladium-catalyzed reductive Heck reactions was developed. The new strategy led to a series of optically active indolines bearing C2-quaternary stereocenters in modest to good yields with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee).
- Shen, Chong,Liu, Ren-Rong,Fan, Ren-Jie,Li, Ying-Long,Xu, Teng-Fei,Gao, Jian-Rong,Jia, Yi-Xia
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supporting information
p. 4936 - 4939
(2015/05/05)
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- Multi-site cyclization via initial C-H activation using a rhodium(III) catalyst: Rapid assembly of frameworks containing indoles and indolines
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Tandem multi-site cyclization triggered by Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation has been achieved for highly efficient synthesis of spirocycle indolin-3-one (C2-cyclization), benzo[a]carbazole (C3-cyclization) and an unusual indoxyl core (N1-cyclization). In particular, the synthesis of pseudo-indoxyl is typically completed within 10 min, and the reaction tolerates air, water and a range of solvents.
- Huang, Ji-Rong,Qin, Liu,Zhu, Yu-Qin,Song, Qiang,Dong, Lin
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supporting information
p. 2844 - 2847
(2015/03/05)
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- Microwave irradiated synthesis of 2-bromo(chloro)indoles via intramolecular cyclization of 2-(gem-dibromo(chloro)vinyl)anilines in the presence of TBAF under metal-free conditions
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2-Bromo(chloro)indoles were readily and efficiently prepared through TBAF-promoted intramolecular cyclization of 2-(gem-dibromo(chloro)vinyl)anilines in excellent yields under metal-free and microwave irradiation conditions. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014.
- Wang, Min,Li, Pinhua,Chen, Wei,Wang, Lei
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p. 26918 - 26923
(2014/07/21)
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- Synthesis of 2-Substituted Indoles through Visible Light-Induced Photocatalytic Cyclizations of Styryl Azides
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A visible light-induced photocatalytic intramolecular cyclization of styryl azides has been developed in the presence of the ruthenium complex Ru(bpy)3Cl2 (0.5 mol%) as photocatalyst at room temperature. The present photocatalytic strategy features operational simplicity as well as high functional group tolerance, and provides a facile access to various 2-substituted N-free indoles in good to excellent yields. Importantly, the present process can employ sunlight as the light source to afford the corresponding products without loss of reaction efficiency.
- Xia, Xu-Dong,Xuan, Jun,Wang, Qiang,Lu, Liang-Qiu,Chen, Jia-Rong,Xiao, Wen-Jing
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supporting information
p. 2807 - 2812
(2016/02/18)
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- Synthesis of indoles: Sulfur-assisted reaction of 2-nitrostilbenes with carbon monoxide
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When 2-nitrostilbenes were treated with carbon monoxide in the presence of elemental sulfur, the reductive N-heterocyclization of the 2-nitrostilbenes smoothly proceeded to give the corresponding indoles in moderate to good yields.
- Umeda, Rui,Nishimoto, Yuuta,Mashino, Tsukasa,Nishiyama, Yutaka
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p. 1241 - 1247
(2013/07/19)
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- One-pot gold-catalyzed aminofluorination of unprotected 2-alkynylanilines
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A tandem gold(I)-catalyzed aminocylization/fluorination and a two-step, one-pot gold(III)-catalyzed cyclization/electrophilic fluorination provide a convenient and general method for the synthesis of 3,3-difluoro-2-substituted- 3H-indoles in good yield un
- Arcadi, Antonio,Pietropaolo, Emanuela,Alvino, Antonello,Michelet, Véronique
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supporting information
p. 2766 - 2769
(2013/07/19)
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- Palladium-catalyzed direct C-2 arylation of indoles with aryl halides in aqueous medium
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A newly developed, efficient catalytic system for direct C2-arylation of indoles with aryl halides in aqueous medium under mild conditions (80 °C) is reported. These procedures are free of toxic solvents, and exhibit improved yields and high chemo- and regioselectivity. Georg Thieme Verlag KG · Stuttgart · New York.
- Lu, Guo-Ping,Cai, Chun
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p. 2992 - 2996
(2013/02/22)
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- Impregnated copper or palladium-copper on magnetite as catalysts for the domino and stepwise Sonogashira-cyclization processes: A straightforward synthesis of benzo[b]furans and indoles
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An impregnated copper on magnetite catalyst is a versatile system for different domino Sonogashira-cyclization processes between 2-iodophenol and different alkynes to give the corresponding substituted benzo[b]furans. The catalyst could be recovered ten times without losing its activity. The related process using 2-iodoaniline was, however, better catalyzed by mixed palladium-copper on magnetite giving exclusively, in this case, the products arising from the Sonogashira coupling. The cyclization to the corresponding substituted indoles could be easily and quantitatively performed by zinc bromide treatment. This catalyst avoids the use of any type of expensive and difficult to handle organic ligand, showing excellent yields, under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst is very easy to remove from the reaction medium, just by using a simple magnet.
- Cano, Rafael,Yus, Miguel,Ramón, Diego J.
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p. 1393 - 1400
(2012/02/15)
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- Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of indoles via ammonia cross-coupling-alkyne cyclization
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The synthesis of indoles via the metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of ammonia is reported for the first time; the developed protocol also allows for the unprecedented use of methylamine or hydrazine as coupling partners. These Pd/Josiphos-catalyzed reactions proceed under relatively mild conditions for a range of 2-alkynylbromoarenes.
- Alsabeh, Pamela G.,Lundgren, Rylan J.,Longobardi, Lauren E.,Stradiotto, Mark
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 6936 - 6938
(2011/08/06)
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- Ready synthesis of free N-H 2-arylindoles via the copper-catalyzed amination of 2-bromo-arylacetylenes with aqueous ammonia and sequential intramolecular cyclization
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A wide range of free N-H 2-arylindoles were synthesised via the copper(ii)-catalyzed amination of 2-bromo-arylacetylenes with aqueous ammonia and sequential intramolecular cyclization. The convenience and atom economy of aqueous ammonia, and the low cost of the copper catalytic system make this protocol readily superior in practical application. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011.
- Wang, Huifeng,Li, Yaming,Jiang, Linlin,Zhang, Rong,Jin, Kun,Zhao, Defeng,Duan, Chunying
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p. 4983 - 4986
(2011/08/05)
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- Domino sonogashira coupling/cyclization reaction catalyzed by copper and ppb levels of palladium: A concise route to indoles and benzo[b]furans
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Both indoles and benzo[b]furans can be obtained in high yield by the reactions of 2-iodoaniline derivatives and 2-iodophenols with terminal alkynes under mild conditions, namely in the presence of cuprous iodide (10-mol%) and a base in ethanol or 1,4-dioxane. Further investigation reveals that palladium contaminants as low as 100 ppb are responsible for these successful couplings. It is worth noting that simple aliphatic substituted terminal alkynes could be tolerated to smoothly produce indole and benzo[b]furan derivatives. Copyright
- Wang, Ruiping,Mo, Song,Lu, Yongzhong,Shen, Zengming
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 713 - 718
(2011/05/15)
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- "on water" direct and site-selective Pd-catalysed C-H arylation of (NH)-indoles
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This communication describes the development of a versatile catalytic system based on palladium(II) acetate/bis(diphenylphosphino)methane [Pd(OAc)2/dppm] that works "on water" giving site-selective C-H arylation of (NH)-indoles without protecting or directing groups. Remarkably, the control of regioselectivity was achieved by small changes in the "extra-catalytic" base/halide partners. These innovative methodologies allow a high-yielding access to both C2 and C3-arylindoles, as well as 2,3-diarylindoles, and display high chemo/regioselectivities and structural versatility with regard to either indole or aryl moieties. Copyright
- Joucla, Lionel,Batail, Nelly,Djakovitch, Laurent
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2929 - 2936
(2011/02/22)
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- Synthesis of 2-substituted indoles via a palladium-catalyzed domino Heck reaction and dealkylation
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A palladium-catalyzed domino Heck reaction and dealkylation for the preparation of 2-substituted indoles is described. This novel transformation is based on an intramolecular Heck reaction followed by dealkylation.
- Mao, Hui,Wan, Jie-Ping,Pan, Yuanjiang,Sun, Cuirong
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1844 - 1846
(2010/09/07)
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- Intramolecular Ir(I)-catalyzed benzylic C-H bond amination of ortho-substituted aryl azides
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Image Persented Iridium(I) catalyzes the intramolecular benzylic C-H bond amination of ortho-homobenzyl-substituted aryl azides to produce indolines at 25 °C.
- Sun, Ke,Sachwani, Rachna,Richert, Kathleen J.,Driver, Tom G.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 3598 - 3601
(2011/02/23)
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- Palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings of lithium arylzincates with aromatic halides: Synthesis of analogues of isomeridianin G and evaluation as GSK-3β inhibitors
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Several analogues of isomeridianin G have been synthesized using palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of lithium triorganozincates as a key step. The latter have been prepared by deprotonative lithiation followed by transmetalation using ZnCl
- Seggio, Anne,Priem, Ghislaine,Chevallier, Floris,Mongin, Florence
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experimental part
p. 3617 - 3632
(2010/03/05)
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- Copper-catalyzed N-arylation/hydroamin(d)ation domino synthesis of indoles and its application to the preparation of a Chekl/KDR kinase inhibitor pharmacophore
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Inexpensive copper catalysts allow for efficient syntheses of N-aryl-, N-acyl-, or N-H-(aza)in-doles starting from ortho-alkynylbromoarenes. The broad scope of this domino N-arylation/hydro-amin(d)ation process is highlighted by the synthesis of highly fu
- Ackermann, Lutz,Barfuesser, Sebastian,Potukuchi, Harish K.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1064 - 1072
(2010/03/03)
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- One-Pot synthesis of indoles and aniline derivatives from nitroarenes under hydrogenation condition with supported gold nanoparticles
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One-pot sequences of hydrogenation/hydroamination to form indoles from (2-nitroaryl)alkynes and hydrogenation/reductive amination to form aniline derivatives from nitroarenes and aldehydes were catalyzed by Au nanoparticles supported on Fe2O3. Nitro group selective hydrogenations and successive reactions were efficiently catalyzed under the conditions.
- Yamane, Yoshihiro,Liu, Xiaohao,Hamasaki, Akiyuki,Ishida, Tamao,Haruta, Masatake,Yokoyama, Takushi,Tokunaga, Makoto
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 5162 - 5165
(2009/12/28)
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