- Flavin monooxygenase metabolism: Why medicinal chemists should matter
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FMO enzymes (FMOs) play a key role in the processes of detoxification and/or bioactivation of specific pharmaceuticals and xenobiotics bearing nucleophilic centers. The N-oxide and S-oxide metabolites produced by FMOs are often active metabolites. The FMOs are more active than cytochromes in the brain and work in tandem with CYP3A4 in the liver. FMOs might reduce the risk of phospholipidosis of CAD-like drugs, although some FMOs metabolites seem to be neurotoxic and hepatotoxic. However, in silico methods for FMO metabolism prediction are not yet available. This paper reports, for the first time, a substrate-specificity and catalytic-activity model for FMO3, the most relevant isoform of the FMOs in humans. The application of this model to a series of compounds with unknown FMO metabolism is also reported. The model has also been very useful to design compounds with optimal clearance and in finding erroneous literature data, particularly cases in which substances have been reported to be FMO3 substrates when, in reality, the experimentally validated in silico model correctly predicts that they are not.
- Cruciani, Gabriele,Valeri, Aurora,Goracci, Laura,Pellegrino, Roberto Maria,Buonerba, Federica,Baroni, Massimo
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- ION CHANNEL ANTAGONISTS/BLOCKERS AND USES THEREOF
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Provided are ion channel antagonists/blockers and uses thereof. Specifically, it provides the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, solvates or prodrugs, preparation method therefor and application thereof. Definition of each group in the formula can be found in the specification for details. Provided is also pharmaceutical composition useful for treatment of heart disease and other ion channel related diseases.
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Page/Page column 74; 75
(2021/06/22)
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- RET INHIBITORS, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS AND USES THEREOF
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Provided herein are a RET inhibitor, a pharmaceutical composition thereof and uses thereof. In particular, provided is a compound having Formula (I) or a stereoisomer, a geometric isomer, a tautomer, an N-oxide, a solvate, a metabolite, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a prodrug thereof. Provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, and uses of the compound and pharmaceutical composition thereof for the preparation of a medicament, in particular for treatment and prevention of RET-related diseases and conditions, including cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, and/or pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome.
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Paragraph 00230; 00397
(2020/07/05)
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- Ru-Catalyzed Switchable N-Hydroxyethylation and N-Acetonylation with Crude Glycerol
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Highly efficient Ru-catalyzed selective C?C or C?O bond cleavage of polyols (e.g., crude glycerol) for N-hydroxyethylation or N-acetonylation of amines was achieved through the hydrogen-borrowing approach. A variety of amines were transformed to the desired amino alcohols/ketones in moderate-to-excellent yields, opening up new avenues for generation of oxygenated pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals from renewable raw materials. The use of new redox-active catalysts containing bisphosphine/thienylmethylamine ligands allows this hydrogen-borrowing system to be operated selectively under both basic and acidic conditions.
- Xin, Zhuo,Jia, Le,Huang, Yuxing,Du, Chen-Xia,Li, Yuehui
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p. 2007 - 2011
(2020/03/19)
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- Novel indanone derivatives as MAO B/H3R dual-targeting ligands for treatment of Parkinson's disease
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The design of multi-targeting ligands was developed in the last decades as an innovative therapeutic concept for Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. As the monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) and the histamine H3 receptor (H3R) are promising targets for dopaminergic regulation, we synthetized dual-targeting ligands (DTLs) as non-dopaminergic receptor approach for the treatment of PD. Three series of compounds were developed by attaching the H3R pharmacophore to indanone-related MAO B motifs, leading to development of MAO B/H3R DTLs. Among synthesized indanone DTLs, compounds bearing the 2-benzylidene-1-indanone core structure showed MAO B preferring inhibition capabilities along with nanomolar hH3R affinity. Substitution of C5 and C6 position of the 2-benzylidene-1-indanones with lipophilic substituents revealed three promising candidates exhibiting inhibitory potencies for MAO B with IC50 values ranging from 1931 nM to 276 nM and high affinities at hH3R (Ki 50 = 276 nM, hH3R Ki = 6.5 nM) showed highest preference for MAO B over MAO A (SI > 36). Interestingly, IC50 determinations after preincubation of enzyme and DTLs revealed also nanomolar MAO B potency for 3e (MAO B IC50 = 232 nM), a structural isomer of 3f, and 3d (MAO B IC50 = 541 nM), suggesting time-dependent inhibition modes. Reversibility of inhibition for all three compounds were confirmed by dilution studies in excess of substrate. Thus, indanone-substituted derivatives are promising lead structures for the design of MAO B/hH3R DTLs as novel therapeutic approach of PD therapy.
- Affini, Anna,Hagenow, Stefanie,Zivkovic, Aleksandra,Marco-Contelles, Jose,Stark, Holger
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p. 487 - 497
(2018/02/28)
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- Platinum-Catalyzed, Terminal-Selective C(sp3)-H Oxidation of Aliphatic Amines
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This Communication describes the terminal-selective, Pt-catalyzed C(sp3)-H oxidation of aliphatic amines without the requirement for directing groups. CuCl2 is employed as a stoichiometric oxidant, and the reactions proceed in high yield at Pt loadings as low as 1 mol%. These transformations are conducted in the presence of sulfuric acid, which reacts with the amine substrates in situ to form ammonium salts. We propose that protonation of the amine serves at least three important roles: (i) it renders the substrates soluble in the aqueous reaction medium; (ii) it limits binding of the amine nitrogen to Pt or Cu; and (iii) it electronically deactivates the C-H bonds proximal to the nitrogen center. We demonstrate that this strategy is effective for the terminal-selective C(sp3)-H oxidation of a variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.
- Lee, Melissa,Sanford, Melanie S.
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supporting information
p. 12796 - 12799
(2015/10/28)
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- Thieno- and furo - pyrimidines and pyridines, useful as potassium channel inhibitors
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The present invention provides compounds of formula (I): (Formula (I); wherein A, R1, R2, R3I, V, X, and Z are defined herein, which are potassium channel inhibitors. The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of formula (I) and their use in therapy, in particular in treatment of diseases or conditions that are mediated by Kir3.1 and/or Kir3.4 or any heteromultimers thereof, or that require inhibition of Kir3.1 and/or Kir3.4 or any heteromultimers thereof.
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Paragraph 1229-1230
(2015/01/06)
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- THIENO- AND FURO - PYRIMIDINES AND PYRIDINES, USEFUL AS POTASSIUM CHANNEL INHIBITORS
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The present invention provides compounds of formula (I): (Formula (I); wherein A, R1, R2, R3I, V, X, and Z are defined herein, which are potassium channel inhibitors. The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of formula (I) and their use in therapy, in particular in treatment of diseases or conditions that are mediated by Kir3.1 and/or Kir3.4 or any heteromultimers thereof, or that require inhibition of Kir3.1 and/or Kir3.4 or any heteromultimers thereof.
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Page/Page column 131; 132
(2013/06/05)
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- PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
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The present invention provide a process for the production of compounds of general formula (I), Y-CH2CH2-Z (I) wherein Y and Z are functional groups independently selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group and R1R2N and wherein R1 and R2 may be the same or different and are functional groups selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and substituted or non- substituited alkyl groups comprising 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or R1R2N is a cyclic compound selected from the group of aromatic and non-aromatic cyclic compounds optionally comprising one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom, said process comprising the steps of: (i) reacting carbon monoxide and an amine in the presence of oxygen to provide a compound of general formula (II) wherein R1 and R2 or R1R2N are as defined above and X is selected from the group consisting of R1R2N and R3O, wherein R3 is selected from alkyl groups comprising 1 to 8 carbon atoms; and (ii) converting the compound of general formula (II) into a compound of general formula (I) by a process that comprises a hydrogenation reaction.
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Page/Page column 10-12
(2010/12/17)
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- Synthesis, Aggregation Properties, and Antiprotozoal Activity of Heterocyclic Heterogemini Surfactants
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A series of four heterogemini surfactants have been synthesized: 2-decyl [do- decyl(dimethyl)ammonio]ethyl phosphate, decyl 2-(1-dodecylpyrrolidinio-1- yl)ethyl phosphate, decyl 2-(1-dodecylpiperidinio-1-yl)ethyl phosphate, and decyl 2-(1-dodecylmorpholinio-1-yl)ethyl phosphate. Antiprotozoal activity ofprepared compounds against Acanthamoeba lugdunensis was investigated. Decyl 2-(1-dodecylpyrrolidinio-1-yl)ethyl phosphate exhibited the best trophocidal activity. The activities of heterogemini surfactants were compared with their aggregation properties.
- Lukac,Timko,Mrva,Ondriska,Karlovska,Valentova,Lacko
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body text
p. 203 - 209
(2011/07/31)
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- Dialkylamino and nitrogen heterocyclic analogues of hexadecylphosphocholine and cetyltrimetylammonium bromide: Effect of phosphate group and environment of the ammonium cation on their biological activity
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A series of dialkylamino and nitrogen heterocyclic analogues of hexadecylphosphocholine and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide have been synthesized. The prepared compounds exhibit significant cytotoxic, antifungal and antiprotozoal activities. Alkylphosphocholines possess higher antifungal activity against Candida albicans in comparison with quaternary ammonium compounds. However, quaternary ammonium compounds exhibit significant higher activity against human tumor cells and Acanthamoeba lugdunensis compared to alkylphosphocholines. In addition, their haemolytic toxicity has been investigated. The relationship between structure and biological activity of the tested compounds is discussed.
- Lukac, Milos,Mojzis, Jan,Mojzisova, Gabriela,Mrva, Martin,Ondriska, Frantisek,Valentova, Jindra,Lacko, Ivan,Bukovsky, Marian,Devinsky, Ferdinand,Karlovska, Janka
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scheme or table
p. 4970 - 4977
(2010/02/27)
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- Novel antagonists of serotonin-4 receptors: Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrrolothienopyrazines
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Based on the definition of a 5-HT4 receptor antagonist pharmacophore, a series of pyrrolo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e] and pyrrolo[1,2-a]thieno[2,3-e] pyrazine derivatives were designed, prepared, and evaluated to determine the properties necessary for high-affinity binding to 5-HT4 receptors. The compounds were synthesized by substituting the chlorine atom of the pyrazine ring with various N-alkyl-4-piperidinylmethanolates. They were evaluated in binding assays with [3H]GR113808 (1) as the 5-HT4 receptor radioligand. The affinity values (Ki or inhibition percentages) were affected by both the substituent on the aromatic ring and the substituent on the lateral piperidine chain. A methyl group on the tricyclic ring produced a marked increase in affinity while an N-propyl or N-butyl group gave compounds with nanomolar affinities. Among the most potent ligands, 34d was selected for further pharmacological studies and evaluated in vivo. This compound acts as an antagonist/weak partial agonist in COS-7 cells stably expressing the 5-HT4(a) receptor and is of great interest as a peripheral antinociceptive agent.
- Lemaitre, Stephane,Lepailleur, Alban,Bureau, Ronan,Butt-Gueulle, Sabrina,Lelong-Boulouard, Veronique,Duchatelle, Pascal,Boulouard, Michel,Dumuis, Aline,Daveu, Cyril,Lezoualc'h, Frank,Pfeiffer, Bruno,Dauphin, Francois,Rault, Sylvain
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scheme or table
p. 2607 - 2622
(2009/09/06)
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- NOVEL THIENOPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES OR PHARMACEUTICALLY ACCEPTABLE SALTS THEREOF, PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION THEREOF AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING THE SAME
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The present invention relates to a novel thienopyrimidine derivative having an excellent anti? inflammatory and anti-cancer activity, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a process for the preparation thereof and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same. The compound according to the present invention strongly inhibits IKB kinase-β (IKK-β) involved in the activation of a transcriptional factor, NF-κB, which is associated with inducing various immune and inflammatory diseases, whereby a composition comprising the compound is a useful therapeutic agent against inflammatory diseases, in particular, arthritis and cancer.
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Page/Page column 106
(2010/11/28)
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- Electrooxidative cyclization of hydroquinolyl alcohols, hydroquinolylamines, and dimethyl aminomalonates
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Several hydroquinolyl alcohols and amines were electrochemically oxidized in methanol in the presence of sodium methoxide and potassium iodide to afford the corresponding intramolecular cyclization products. Furthermore, several amino malonates were electrochemically oxidized to yield the corresponding heterocyclic compounds through an intramolecular carbon-carbon bond formation in the presence of sodium cyanide in methanol. CSIRO 2007.
- Okimoto, Mitsuhiro,Yoshida, Takashi,Hoshi, Masayuki,Hattori, Kazuyuki,Komata, Masashi,Numata, Kaori,Tomozawa, Kenta
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p. 236 - 242
(2008/02/11)
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- Regioselective generation of iminium cation by PET processes: Its in situ trapping by intramolecular nucleophiles and synthesis of some biologically active heterocycles
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Efficient, mild and direct route for regiospecific iminium cation is developed by sequential two electron oxidation of several N-alkylated tertiary amines by photoinduced electron transfer processes. The regiospecificity of iminium cation arises from the deprotonation step of amine radical cation to generate α-amino radical which depends on the stereoelectronic factor subject to kinetic acidity of amine radical cation. Iminium cation is efficiently trapped in situ by internal nucleophiles to give cyclic compounds 14-18 and 22a-c. Stereoselective synthesis of cis α,α'-dialkylated piperidines and pyrrolidines 30a-c is achieved by nucleophilic opening of tetrahydro-1,3-oxazines 22a-c.
- Pandey,Kumaraswamy,Yella Reddy
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p. 8295 - 8308
(2007/10/02)
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- Omega-quaternary ammonium alkyl esters and thioesters of acidic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
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Quaternary ammonium alkyl esters and thioesters of acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are disclosed. These esters and thioesters display the anti--inflammatory profile of the parent NSAIDs with greatly reduced gastrointestinal irritancy, providing a more favorable separation of therapeutic activity and toxicological side effects than the parent NSAIDs.
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- N-Alkylation d'amines en catalyse homogene. Synthese de mono- et de diamines cycliques
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Ruthenium compounds are appropriate catalysts in the N-alkylation of amines.The synthesis of N-alkylated cyclic amines from a cyclic amine and an alcohol or via the condensation between a diol and a primary amine are described.The reaction with cyclic amines is highly selective, especially in the presence of a phosphine, making it a high yielding preparative procedure.The catalytic condensation between cyclic amines and diols yields either an aminoalcohol (A) or a bicyclic diamine (B).The temperature, the presence of phosphine, and the ratio of amine to diol are decisive in directing the reaction toward A or B.The proposed mechanism involves the dehydrogenation of the alcohol followed by attack of the amine on the aldehyde intermediate.
- Bitsi, G.,Schleiffer, E.,Antoni, F.,Jenner, G.
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p. 343 - 352
(2007/10/02)
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- PHOTOINDUCED SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSFER (SET) INITIATED OXIDATIVE CLEAVAGE OF BENZYLIC ETHERS PROTECTING GROUP: A MILD AND EFFICIENT PROCEDURE
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A very efficient and mild method for benzylic ether deprotection in neutral medium by photoinduced single electron transfer initiated oxidative cleavage is reported.
- Pandey, G.,Krishna, A.
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p. 2309 - 2314
(2007/10/02)
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- Homogeneously Catalyzed Synthesis of β-Amino Alcohols ans Vicinal Diamines from Ethylene Glycol and 1,2-Propanediol
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Disubstituted β-amino alcohols and tetrasubstituted vicinal alkanediamines have been synthesized in high yield and at mild temperatures by the selective amination of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol catalyzed by ruthenium or iridium complexes.
- Marsella, John A.
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p. 467 - 468
(2007/10/02)
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