- Non-competitive and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors with phenethylphenylphthalimide skeleton derived from thalidomide-related α-glucosidase inhibitors and liver X receptor antagonists
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Novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors with a phenethylphenylphthalimide skeleton were prepared based on α-glucosidase inhibitors and liver X receptor (LXR) antagonists derived from thalidomide. Representative compounds showed non-competitive i
- Motoshima, Kazunori,Sugita, Kazuyuki,Hashimoto, Yuichi,Ishikawa, Minoru
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 3041 - 3045
(2011/06/24)
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- VO(acac)2-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions of phosphonium salts
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A novel eco-safer protocol for the preparation of symmetric or unsymmetric olefins directly from phosphonium salts under oxygen atmosphere in the presence of VO(acac)2 (1.0 mol%) was developed.
- Shi, Min,Xu, Bo
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p. 294 - 297
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis and antiparasitic and antitumor activity of 2,4-diamino-6- (arylmethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline analogues of piritrexim
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Nineteen previously undescribed 2,4-diamino-6-(arylmethyl)-5,6,7,8- tetrahydroquinazolines (5a-m, 10-12) were synthesized as part of a larger effort to assess the therapeutic potential of lipophilic dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors against opportunistic infections of AIDS. Condensation of appropriately substituted (arylmethyl)triphenylphosphoranes with 4,4-ethylenedioxycyclohexanone, followed by hydrogenation (H2/Pd-C) and acidolysis, yielded the corresponding 4-(arylmethyl)cyclohexanones, which were then condensed with cyanoguanidine to form the tetrahydroquinazolines. Three simple 2,4-diamino-6-alkyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline model compounds (9a-c) were also prepared in one step from commercially available 4-alkylcyclohexanones by this method. Enzyme inhibition assays against rat liver DHFR, Pneumocystis carinii DHFR, and the bifunctional DHFR-TS enzyme from Toxoplasma gondii were carried out, and the selectivity ratios IC50(rat)/IC50(P. carinii) and IC50(rat)/IC50(T. gondii) were compared. The three most potent inhibitors of P. carinii DHFR were the 2,5- dimethoxybenzyl (5j), 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl (5k), and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl (51) analogues, with IC50 values of 0.057, 0.10, and 0.091 μM, respectively. The remaining compounds generally had IC50 values in the 0.1- 1.0 μM range. However all the compounds were more potent against the rat liver enzyme than the P. carinii enzyme and thus were nonselective. The T. gondii enzyme was always more sensitive than the P. carinii enzyme, with most of the analogues giving IC50 values of 0.01-0.1 μM. Moderate 5-10-fold selectivity for T. gondii versus rat liver DHFR was observed with five compounds, the best combination of potency and selectivity being achieved with the 2-methoxybenzyl analogue 5d, which had an IC50 of 0.014 μM and a selectivity ratio of 8.6. One compound (51) was tested for antiproliferative activity against P. carinii trophozoites in culture at a concentration of 10 μg/mL and was found to completely suppress growth over 7 days. The suppressive effect of 51 was the same as that of trimethoprim (10 μg/mL) + sulfamethoxazole (250 μg/mL), a standard clinical combination for the treatment of P. carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients. Four compounds (5a,h,k,l) were tested against T. gondii tachyzoites in culture and were found to have a potency (IC50 = 0.1-0.5 μM) similar to that of pyrimethamine (IC50 = 0.69 μM), a standard clinical agent for the treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients. Compound 5h was also active against T. gondii infection in mice when given qdx8 by peritoneal injection at doses ranging from 62.5 (initial dose) to 25 mg/kg. Survival was prolonged to the same degree as with 25 mg/kg clindamycin, another widely used drug against toxoplasmosis. Three compounds (5j-l) were tested for antiproliferative activity against human tumor cells in culture. Among the 25 cell lines in the National Cancer Institute panel for which data were confirmed in two independent experiments, the IC50 for at least two of these compounds was 50 of 50 was 0.01 μM.
- Rosowsky, Andre,Papoulis, Andrew T.,Forsch, Ronald A.,Queener, Sherry F.
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p. 1007 - 1017
(2007/10/03)
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- Photochemical and Thermal Hydrations of Aromatic Allenes. Evidence for Allyl and Vinyl Cation Intermediates
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The photohydration of aromatic allenes has been studied in water and in dilute aqueous sulfuric acid (0-25percent H2SO4).It was found that phenylallene (2a) and α-methylphenylallene (2b) undergo photohydration to give the corresponding cinnamyl alcohol derivatives.The proposed mechanism involves protonation of the central carbon of phenylallenes in their singlet excited state (S1).In contrast, (p-nitrophenyl)allene (2g) and (m-nitrophenyl)allene (2h) gave the corresponding (nitrophenyl)acetones.The mechanism for the formation of these ketones is believed to be due to initial protonation of the α- or γ-carbon atom of the (nitrophenyl)allene in the triplet excited state (T1).Phenylallenes with CN, CF3, and F substituents failed to photohydrate.The results of these photohydrations were compared with those of the much slower thermal hydrations in 70-83percent H2SO4.Phenylallenes 2a and 2b cyclized to the corresponding indene derivatives in 70percent H2SO4.Phenylallenes with NO2-substituents (2g-2h) underwent hydration to give the corresponding (nitrophenyl)acetones (expected products) and (nitrophenyl)-1-propanones (unexpected products) in 83percent H2SO4.Similar results were obtained with (m-cyanophenyl)allene.The formation of both types of ketone is discussed in terms of the intermediacy of a common vinyl cation intermediate.
- Rafizadeh, Karim,Yates, Keith
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p. 1500 - 1506
(2007/10/02)
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