- Late-Stage Intermolecular Allylic C-H Amination
-
Allylic amination enables late-stage functionalization of natural products where allylic C-H bonds are abundant and introduction of nitrogen may alter biological profiles. Despite advances, intermolecular allylic amination remains a challenging problem due to reactivity and selectivity issues that often mandate excess substrate, furnish product mixtures, and render important classes of olefins (for example, functionalized cyclic) not viable substrates. Here we report that a sustainable manganese perchlorophthalocyanine catalyst, [MnIII(ClPc)], achieves selective, preparative intermolecular allylic C-H amination of 32 cyclic and linear compounds, including ones housing basic amines and competing sites for allylic, ethereal, and benzylic amination. Mechanistic studies support that the high selectivity of [MnIII(ClPc)] may be attributed to its electrophilic, bulky nature and stepwise amination mechanism. Late-stage amination is demonstrated on five distinct classes of natural products, generally with >20:1 site-, regio-, and diastereoselectivity.
- Clark, Joseph R.,Dixon, Charlie F.,Feng, Kaibo,Han, Wei,Ide, Takafumi,Koch, Vanessa,Teng, Dawei,Wendell, Chloe I.,White, M. Christina
-
supporting information
p. 14969 - 14975
(2021/10/01)
-
- Room Temperature Iron-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation and Regioselective Deuteration of Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds
-
An iron catalyst has been developed for the transfer hydrogenation of carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Using a well-defined β-diketiminate iron(II) precatalyst, a sacrificial amine and a borane, even simple, unactivated alkenes such as 1-hexene undergo hydrogenation within 1 h at room temperature. Tuning the reagent stoichiometry allows for semi- and complete hydrogenation of terminal alkynes. It is also possible to hydrogenate aminoalkenes and aminoalkynes without poisoning the catalyst through competitive amine ligation. Furthermore, by exploiting the separate protic and hydridic nature of the reagents, it is possible to regioselectively prepare monoisotopically labeled products. DFT calculations define a mechanism for the transfer hydrogenation of propene with nBuNH2 and HBpin that involves the initial formation of an iron(II)-hydride active species, 1,2-insertion of propene, and rate-limiting protonolysis of the resultant alkyl by the amine N-H bond. This mechanism is fully consistent with the selective deuteration studies, although the calculations also highlight alkene hydroboration and amine-borane dehydrocoupling as competitive processes. This was resolved by reassessing the nature of the active transfer hydrogenation agent: experimentally, a gel is observed in catalysis, and calculations suggest this can be formulated as an oligomeric species comprising H-bonded amine-borane adducts. Gel formation serves to reduce the effective concentrations of free HBpin and nBuNH2 and so disfavors both hydroboration and dehydrocoupling while allowing alkene migratory insertion (and hence transfer hydrogenation) to dominate.
- Espinal-Viguri, Maialen,Neale, Samuel E.,Coles, Nathan T.,MacGregor, Stuart A.,Webster, Ruth L.
-
supporting information
p. 572 - 582
(2019/01/08)
-
- Mechanism-Based Post-Translational Modification and Inactivation in Terpene Synthases
-
Terpenes are ubiquitous natural chemicals with diverse biological functions spanning all three domains of life. In specialized metabolism, the active sites of terpene synthases (TPSs) evolve in shape and reactivity to direct the biosynthesis of a myriad of chemotypes for organismal fitness. As most terpene biosynthesis mechanistically involves highly reactive carbocationic intermediates, the protein surfaces catalyzing these cascade reactions possess reactive regions possibly prone to premature carbocation capture and potentially enzyme inactivation. Here, we show using proteomic and X-ray crystallographic analyses that cationic intermediates undergo capture by conserved active site residues leading to inhibitory self-alkylation. Moreover, the level of cation-mediated inactivation increases with mutation of the active site, upon changes in the size and structure of isoprenoid diphosphate substrates, and alongside increases in reaction temperatures. TPSs that individually synthesize multiple products are less prone to self-alkylation then TPSs possessing relatively high product specificity. In total, the results presented suggest that mechanism-based alkylation represents an overlooked mechanistic pressure during the evolution of cation-derived terpene biosynthesis.
- Kersten, Roland D.,Diedrich, Jolene K.,Yates, John R.,Noel, Joseph P.
-
p. 2501 - 2511
(2015/12/01)
-
- Biotransformation of aristolane- and 2,3-secoaromadendrane-type sesquiterpenoids having a 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane ring by Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata, Mucor species, and Aspergillus niger
-
Biotransformation of the aristolane-type sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (+)-1(10)-aristolene (1) from the crude drug Nardostachys chinensis and of the 2,3-secoaromadendrane-type sesquiterpene lactone plagiochilide (2) from the liverwort Plagiochila fruticosa by three microorganisms, Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata, Mucor species, and Aspergillus niger was investigated. C. fusca var. vacuolata and Mucor sp. introduced oxygen function into the cyclohexane ring of aristolene while A. niger oxidized stereoselectively one methyl of the 1,1-dimethyl group on the cyclopropane ring of aristolanes and 2,3-secoaromadendrane to give C-12 primary alcohol and C-12 carboxylic acid. The possible metabolic pathway of the formation of new metabolites is discussed. The stereostructures of new metabolites were established by a combination of NMR spectroscopy including HMBC and NOESY, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and chemical reaction.
- Furusawa, Mai,Hashimoto, Toshihiro,Noma, Yoshiaki,Asakawa, Yoshinori
-
p. 861 - 868
(2007/10/03)
-