- Novel tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)urea derivatives as novel α-glucosidase inhibitors: Synthesis, kinetics study, molecular docking, and in vivo anti-hyperglycemic evaluation
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α-Glucosidase inhibitors, which can inhibit the digestion of carbohydrates into glucose, are one of important groups of anti-type 2 diabetic drugs. In the present study, we report our effort on the discovery and optimization of α-glucosidase inhibitors with tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)urea core. Screening of an in-house library revealed a moderated α-glucosidase inhibitors, 5a, and then the following structural optimization was performed to obtain more efficient derivatives. Most of these derivatives showed increased inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase than the parental compound 5a (IC50 of 26.71 ± 1.80 μM) and the positive control acarbose (IC50 of 258.53 ± 1.27 μM). Among them, compounds 8r (IC50 = 0.59 ± 0.02 μM) and 8s (IC50 = 0.65 ± 0.03 μM) were the most potent inhibitors, and showed selectivity over α-amylase. The direct binding of both compounds with α-glucosidase was confirmed by fluorescence quenching experiments. Kinetics study revealed that these compounds were non-competitive inhibitors, which was consistent with the molecular docking results that compounds 8r and 8s showed high preference to bind to the allosteric site instead of the active site of α-glucosidase. In addition, compounds 8r and 8s were not toxic (IC50 > 100 μM) towards LO2 and HepG2 cells. Finally, the in vivo anti-hyperglycaemic activity assay results indicated that compounds 8r could significantly decrease the level of plasma glucose and improve glucose tolerance in SD rats treated with sucrose. The present study provided the tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)urea chemotype for developing novel α-glucosidase inhibitors against type 2 diabetes.
- Hao, Gui-Zhou,Jiang, Cheng-Shi,Li, Yue,Liu, Shan-Kui,Xie, Hong-Xu,Zhang, Jie,Zhang, Jin-He,Zhang, Juan,Zheng, Hua,Zhu, Kong-Kai
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- COMPOUNDS AND METHODS FOR TREATMENT OF CANCER BY INHIBITING ATG4B AND BLOCKING AUTOPHAGY
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ATG4B inhibitor compounds, compositions that include the compounds, and methods for using the compounds and compositions in the treatment of cancer by inhibiting ATG4B and/or blocking autophagy.
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Page/Page column 30; 31; 33
(2017/03/14)
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- Synthesis and reactivity of N -alkyl carbamoylimidazoles: Development of N -methyl carbamoylimidazole as a methyl isocyanate equivalent
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A high-yielding synthesis of N-methyl carbamoylimidazole from 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and MeNH3Cl is described. The product is a crystalline, readily storable, water-stable compound that reacts as a methyl isocyanate (MIC) substitute. Reaction of N-methyl carbamoylimidazole in the presence of a base such as triethylamine occurs with nucleophiles such as amines, protected and unprotected amino acids, thiols and alcohols. The product N-methylureas, carbamates and thiocarbamates are obtained in good to excellent yields, with reactions occurring in either organic solvents or water. The protocol for the synthesis of N-methyl carbamoylimidazole is both scalable and general, occurring in quantitative yield at scales ranging from 300 mg to 20 g. The success of this method relies upon the reaction of CDI with the ammonium salt rather than the free amine, resulting in a significant improvement in the yield of N-methyl carbamoylimidazole. The reaction presumably involves a proton transfer from MeNH3Cl to the CDI, which results in the release of MeNH2 with simultaneous activation of the CDI as its protonated form. Other primary ammonium hydrochloride salts, including protected α-amino acid salts, give excellent yields of the corresponding N-alkyl carbamoylimidazoles and serve as alkyl isocyanate surrogates. The resultant N-alkyl carbamoylimidazoles can be converted to ureas in high yields without the formation of intermediary isocyanates.
- Duspara, Petar A.,Islam, Md. Sadequl,Lough, Alan J.,Batey, Robert A.
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p. 10362 - 10368
(2013/01/15)
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- Synthesis and biological evaluation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors: An fast and atom efficient access to 1-aryl-3-benzylureas
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The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is implicated in multiple cellular processes and has been linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the course of our research topic we synthesized a library of potent GSK-3 inhibitors. We utilized the urea scaffold present in the potent and highly selective GSK-3 inhibitor AR-A014418 (AstraZeneca). This moiety suits both (a) a convergent approach utilizing readily accessible building blocks and (b) a divergent approach based on a microwave heating assisted Suzuki coupling. We established a chromatography-free purification method to generate products with sufficient purity for the biological assays. The structure-activity relationship of the library provided the rationale for the synthesis of the benzothiazolylurea 66 (IC50 = 140 nM) and the pyridylurea 62 (IC 50 = 98 nM), which displayed two to threefold enhanced activity versus the reference compound 18 (AR-A014418: IC50 = 330 nM) in our assays.
- Monte, Fabio Lo,Kramer, Thomas,Bol?nder, Alexander,Plotkin, Batya,Eldar-Finkelman, Hagit,Fuertes, Ana,Dominguez, Juan,Schmidt, Boris
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 5610 - 5615
(2011/10/09)
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