- Dehydration of sodium carbonate monohydrate with indirect microwave heating
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In this study, dehydration of sodium carbonate monohydrate (Na2CO3·H2O) (SCM) in microwave (MW) field with silicon carbide (SiC) as an indirect heating medium was investigated. SCM samples containing up to 3% free moisture were placed in the microwave oven. The heating experiments showed that SCM is a poor microwave energy absorber for up to 6 min of irradiation at an 800 W of microwave power. The heat for SCM calcination is provided by SiC which absorbs microwave. The monohydrate is then converted to anhydrous sodium carbonate on the SiC plate by calcining, i.e. by removing the crystal water through heating of the monohydrate temperatures of over 120 °C. The calcination results in a solid phase recrystallization of the monohydrate into anhydrate. In the microwave irradiation process, dehydration of SCM in terms of indirect heating can be accelerated by increasing the microwave field power.
- Seyrankaya, Abdullah,Ozalp, Bari?
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- Thermal decomposition of NaHCO3 powders and single crystals. A study by DSC and optical microscopy
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The thermal decomposition of four commercial powders and of differently stored single crystals of sodium hydrogen carbonate is studied by power compensation DSC and by optical and FT-IR microscopy. Independently of manufacturer, specified purity and price, the thermal curves of all the commercial powders show a more or less pronounced low temperature peak preceding the one due to the main decomposition. Such small peak is not observed when samples of laboratory recrystallized material are used. However the thermal behaviour of the latter preparation differs remarkably depending on storage conditions: the material kept in closed glass containers decomposes at temperatures higher than those of the material stored in a desiccator in the presence of concentrated H2SO4. The observation by optical microscopy of the behaviour of the surfaces of single crystals coming from different storage conditions when the temperature is raised in a Kofler heater helps the interpretation of the data collected. The mechanism of the decomposition is discussed and the relevant kinetic parameters reported.
- Guarini, G. G. T.,Dei, L.,Sarti, G.
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- Specificity of decomposition of solids in non-isothermal conditions
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The thermal stability of the food additives Na metabisulphite, Na and K acetates, glutamic and citric acids, respective of the pharmaceuticals nifedipine and acetyl salicylic acid was studied by means of the non-isothermal kinetic (Friedman differential m
- Vlase,Vlase,Doca,Doca
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- A method of assessing solid state reactivity illustrated by thermal decomposition experiments on sodium bicarbonate
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The thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was studied under different atmospheres (dry nitrogen, air, and carbon dioxide), with various heating rates in order to characterize the substance. Various non-isothermal methods of kinetic analysis were employed in estimating the Arrhenius kinetic parameters, the activation energy and the frequency factor. All show that the most probable reaction mechanism under dry nitrogen and air is the first-order deceleratory mechanism, whereas under carbon dioxide it is the Avrami-Erofeev equation, with n = 1.5. Thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTG) were employed for comparing the solid state reactivity of different samples of sodium bicarbonate. The reaction parameters, the extent of the reaction (α) and the reaction temperature were used in comparing the reactivities of various samples of sodium bicarbonate differing in particle sizeand surface area produced by grinding the substance in a ball mill. A m ethod was utilized, termed here the α(sample)-α(reference) (α(s)-α(r)) method, by which the solid state reactivity of these samples could be compared with that of a reference. The terms α(s), α(r) refer to the extent of reaction (here the extent of decomposition) at the same temperature for the sample (s) and reference (r).
- Heda, Pavan K.,Dollimore, David,Alexander, Kenneth S.,Chen, Dun,Law, Emmeline,Bicknell, Paul
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- Interaction of graphite with hydroxide-salt melts
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The mechanism and kinetics of graphite dissolution in melts based on sodium hydroxide were studied. The effect of various salt additives on the intensity of the occurring reactions is considered. A method recommended for removal of graphite in the form of remainders of molds and mold cores from titanium casts is described. Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2006.
- Zarubitskii,Dmitruk,Zakharchenko
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- Microwave-assisted synthesis, crystal structures and thermal behaviour of Na5Y(CO3)4 and Na5Yb(CO3)4·2H2O
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The microwave-assisted synthesis, crystal structure and thermal behavior of two carbonates were discussed. The study was performed using single crystal x-ray diffraction technique. It was found that in both structures Na(1)+ and Yb3+
- Awaleh,Ben Ali,Maisonneuve,Leblanc, Marc
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Experiments have shown that it is not advisable to use the crude product of the calcination of sodium bicarbonate as a standardization substance in acidimetry.
- Desjobert, Andre,Petek, Fahrettin
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- Kinetic studies on the thermal decomposition of aluminium doped sodium oxalate under isothermal conditions
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The kinetics of thermal decomposition of sodium oxalate (Na 2C2O4) has been studied as a function of concentration of dopant, aluminium, at five different temperatures in the range 783-803 K under isothermal conditions by thermogravimetry (TG). The TG data were subjected to both model fitting and model free kinetic methods of analysis. The model fitting analysis of the TG data shows that no single kinetic model describes the whole α versus t curve with a single rate constant throughout the decomposition reaction. Separate kinetic analysis shows that Prout-Tompkins model best describes the acceleratory stage of the decomposition while the decay region is best fitted with the contracting cylinder model. Activation energy values were evaluated by model fitting and model free kinetic methods for both stages of decomposition. As proposed earlier the results favours a diffusion controlled mechanism for the isothermal decomposition of sodium oxalate.
- Jose John,Muraleedharan,Kannan,Abdul Mujeeb,Ganga Devi
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- Quantitative kinetic and structural analysis of geopolymers. Part 1. the activation of metakaolin with sodium hydroxide
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Isothermal conduction calorimetry (ICC) is used here to measure the kinetics of geopolymerisation of metakaolin by reaction with NaOH solution under a variety of conditions. Three exothermic peaks are observed in the calorimetric curve, and are assigned to the dissolution of metakaolin, the formation of geopolymer with disordered or locally ordered structure, and finally the reorganization and partial crystallization of this inorganic polymer gels. For the purpose of further quantifying the ICC data, the geopolymeric reaction products are assumed to have an analcime-like local structure, and their standard formation enthalpies are estimated from the available data for this structure. This assumption enables ICC to be used for the first time in a quantitative manner to determine the real reaction kinetics of geopolymerization. Increasing the NaOH concentration up to a molar overall Na/Al ratio of 1.1 is seen to enhance the reaction extent observed at 3 days, up to a maximum of around 40% in the high liquid/solid ratio systems studied here, and accelerates the crystallization process. However, further addition of NaOH does not give any additional reaction within this period, or any further acceleration. Raising the reaction temperature from 25 °C to 40°C increases the initial reaction rate but has little effect on the final reaction extent, particularly when Na/Al > 1.
- Zhang, Zuhua,Wang, Hao,Provis, John L.,Bullen, Frank,Reid, Andrew,Zhu, Yingcan
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- Thermal Decomposition of Solid Sodium Bicarbonate
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The thermal decomposition of solid sodium bicarbonate has been studied in the temperature range 360-500 K over a range of partial pressures of carbon dioxide.The effect of water vapour has also been studied.Above 440 K the reaction follows contracting-cube kinetics with an activation energy of 32 kJ mol-1 and a frequency factor of 101 s-1.In this temperature range the presence of water or carbon dioxide has little effect on the kinetics.Below 390 K the reaction follows first-order kinetics.In nitrogen, the activation energy is ca. 64 kJ mol-1, the frequency factor is 105 s-1 and water vapour has little effect.High partial pressures of carbon dioxide increase the activation energy to ca. 130 kJ mol-1 and the frequency factor to 1013.5 s-1.The results of microscopic examination generally confirm the kinetics but show that at low temperatures in nitrogen and carbon dioxide the process are different in detail.
- Ball, Matthew C.,Snelling, Christine M.,Strachan, Alec N.,Strachan, Rebecca M.
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- Synthesis, spectroscopy, single crystal XRD and biological studies of multinuclear organotin dicarboxylates
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Multinuclear organotin(IV) dicarboxylates of the general formula (Me3Sn)2L·H2O (1), (Ph3Sn)2L (2) and Me2SnL[Sn(Cl)2Me2]2 (3) were synthesized by refluxing disodium iminodiacetate hydrate (Na2L·H2O) with Me3SnCl/Ph3SnCl/Me2SnCl2 in methanol. The elemental analysis (C, H and N) data agreed well with the chemical compositions of the products. IR spectroscopy demonstrated a bridging coordination mode of the carboxylate group. 1H NMR spectroscopy suggested a penta-coordinated environment around the tin(IV) center in complexes 1 and 3. The title complex 3 represents one of the very few examples of organotin(IV) carboxylates showing simultaneously coordination with dimethyltin(IV) as well as dichlorodimethyltin(IV) moieties, by substitution and addition reactions, respectively. The 13C NMR spectroscopy demonstrated the carboxylate-metal linkages. EIMS and ESI spectra verified the molecular skeletons of the products 1-3. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the bimetallic nature of 2. A single crystal XRD study of 3 has shown a predominantly square pyramidal geometry with some trigonal bipyramidal characteristics around each metal center. The novel products exhibited antibacterial/antifungal potential and their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were also evaluated. In vitro hemolytic studies on human red blood cells indicated a slightly toxic nature of the synthesized complexes.
- Hussain, Shabbir,Ali, Saqib,Shahzadi, Saira,Tahir, Muhammad Nawaz,Shahid, Muhammad,Munawar, Khurram Shahzad,Abbas, Syed Mustansar
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- Solid state reaction between dichromates and oxalates
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The thermal investigation of the reaction taking place between dichromates and oxalates in the solid state has been done taking two systems of potassium dichromate-potassium oxalate and sodium dichromate-sodium by oxalate. The techniques employed include thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. The results indicate a stoichiometric reaction of dichromate and oxalate in 1:1 ratio to give the corresponding chromate as the sole product.
- Suba,Udupa
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- Overcoming Crystallinity Limitations of Aluminium Metal-Organic Frameworks by Oxalic Acid Modulated Synthesis
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A modulated synthesis approach based on the chelating properties of oxalic acid (H2C2O4) is presented as a robust and versatile method to achieve highly crystalline Al-based metal-organic frameworks. A comparative study on this method and the already established modulation by hydrofluoric acid was conducted using MIL-53 as test system. The superior performance of oxalic acid modulation in terms of crystallinity and absence of undesired impurities is explained by assessing the coordination modes of the two modulators and the structural features of the product. The validity of our approach was confirmed for a diverse set of Al-MOFs, namely X-MIL-53 (X=OH, CH3O, Br, NO2), CAU-10, MIL-69, and Al(OH)ndc (ndc=1,4-naphtalenedicarboxylate), highlighting the potential benefits of extending the use of this modulator to other coordination materials.
- Canossa, Stefano,Gonzalez-Nelson, Adrian,Shupletsov, Leonid,Van der Veen, Monique A.,del Carmen Martin, Maria
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- PbTe nanostructures: Microwave-assisted synthesis by using lead Schiff-base precursor, characterization and formation mechanism
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Pure cubic phase lead telluride (PbTe) nanostructures have been produced by using a Schiff-base complex as a precursor in the presence of microwave irradiation. The Schiff base used as ligand was derived from salicylaldehyde and ethylenediamine. The Schiff-base complex was marked as [Pb(salen)]. In addition, the effect of the irradiation time and the type of reducing agent on the morphology and purity of the final products was investigated. The as-synthesized PbTe nanostructures were characterized extensively by techniques like X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microwave formation mechanism of the PbTe nanostructures was studied by XRD patterns of the products. Although it was found that both ionic and atomic mechanisms could take place for the preparation of PbTe, the main steps were according to the atomic reaction process, which could occur between elemental Pb and Te.
- Ahmadian-Fard-Fini, Shahla,Salavati-Niasari, Masoud,Monfared, Azam,Mohandes, Fatemeh
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- Thermodynamic relations and equilibria in (Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 + H2O): standard Gibbs energies of formation and other properties of sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate heptahydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, trona: (Na2CO3*NaHCO3*2H2O), and Wegscheider's salt: (Na2CO3*3NaHCO3)
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Literature results for numerous heterogeneous equilibria in the three-component system (Na2CO3+NaHCO3+H2O) or (Na2CO3+CO2+H2O) were critically evaluated.Careful attention was given to evaluation of activity coefficients and pressure effects.Temperature effects were treated using enthalpies of formation determined previously for the reacting species.Standard Gibbs energies of formation at 298.15 K were evaluated: -(2714.94 +/- 0.30) kJ/mol for Na2CO3*7H2O(s); -(3428.61 +/- 0.40) kJ/mol for Na2CO3*10H2O(s); -(851.30 +/- 0.19) kJ/mol for NaHCO3(s); -(2381.33 +/- 0.55) kJ/mol for trona: Na2CO3*NaHCO3*2H2O(s); -(3604.72 +/- 0.80) kJ/mol for Wegscheider's salt: Na2CO3*3NaHCO3(s).Corresponding standard entropies at 298.15 K are: (422.36 +/- 1.50), (562.74 +/- 1.15), (102.36 +/- 0.80), (303.13 +/- 1.70), and (433.33 +/- 2.50) J/K*mol, respectively, in the same order.The upper temperature limit for existence of trona was evaluated as 395 K.NaHCO3(s) heated in a small closed container forms a saturated solution of NaHCO3(s) and Na2CO3*3NaHCO3(s) at 402 K and above.Likewise, Na2CO3*3NaHCO3(s) heated in a small closed container forms a saturated solution of Na2CO3(s) and Na2CO3*3NaHCO3(s) at 460 K and above.The results permit interpretation of equilibria in the system up to at least 600 K.
- Vanderzee, Cecil E.
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- Synthesis and characterisation of Na5[CoO2]CO3
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Na5[CoO2]CO3 was prepared via the azide/nitrate route. Stoichiometric mixtures of the precursors (Co3O4, NaN3, NaNO3 and Na2CO3) were heated in a special regime up to 500°C and annealed at this temperature for 50 h in silver crucibles. Single crystals have been grown by subsequent annealing of the powder at 500°C for 2000 h in silver crucibles, which were sealed in glass ampoules under dry Ar. According to the X-ray analysis of the crystal structure (P4/mmm, Z = 1, a = 4.6467(4), c = 8.2577(6) A?). Na5[CoO2]CO3 is isostructural with Na5[NiO2]CO3 and contains Co1+, which is coordinated by two oxygen atoms forming a dumb-bell. Na5CoCO5 decomposes at 600°C to Na3CoO2 and Na2CO3.
- Sofin, Mikhail,Peters, Eva M.,Jansen, Martin
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- Effect of semiconducting metal oxide additives on the kinetics of thermal decomposition of sodium oxalate under isothermal conditions
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The effect of semiconducting metal oxide (CuO and TiO2) additives on the kinetics of thermal decomposition of sodium oxalate (Na 2C2O4) to sodium carbonate has been studied at five different temperatures in the
- Jose John,Muraleedharan,Kannan,Ganga Devi
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- Thermal decomposition of copper(II) and zinc carbonate hydroxides by means of TG-MS: Quantitative analyses of evolved gases
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For the quantitative analyses of evolved CO2and H2O during the thermal decomposition of solids, calibration curves, i.e. the amounts of evolved gases vs. the corresponding peak areas of mass chromatograms measured by TG-MS, were plot
- Koga,Tanaka
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- The hidden equilibrium in aqueous sodium carbonate solutions - Evidence for the formation of the dicarbonate anion
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Crossover 13C NMR experiments between [13C]carbonate and [18O]carbonate in aqueous solution confirm the combined action of two oxygen-exchange modes. The isotopomeric carbon dioxides formed in the hydrolysis equilibrium of
- Zeller, Klaus-Peter,Schuler, Paul,Haiss, Peter
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- Detection and identification of corrosion products of sodium aluminoborosilicate glasses by 23Na MQMAS and 1H→23Na CPMAS NMR
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23Na multiple-quantum (MQ) MAS NMR is applicable for monitoring the chemical and structural changes resulting from atmospheric exposure of a series of alkali aluminoborosilicate glasses with compositions RNa2O: 1B2O3:1SiO2:0.25Al2O3 (where R = 0.5-2.5). Glasses with high alkali concentrations possess greater numbers of nonbridging oxygens within the bulk structure and presumably at the initial surface of a fresh sample, and for three samples with R≥1.5 sharp resonances are revealed in the isotropic dimension of an MQMAS NMR experiment conducted after prolonged atmospheric exposure. The MQMAS NMR experiments, combined with 1H→23Na cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR measurements, indicate that these resonances arise from sodium cations no longer participating in the glass network. Two new phases are formed as corrosion products and have been identified as an anhydrous Na2CO3 phase and a NaBO2·1H2O phase through comparison with 23Na MQMAS and 1H→23Na CPMAS NMR spectra of crystalline samples. Due to an inherent difficulty with direct quantification of populations based on MQMAS spectra, a simplified approach for quantification of the amount of the new carbonate phase is presented. Values are then calculated for relative amounts of corrosion product formation for different exposure times and bulk glass compositions.
- Egan,Mueller
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- Thermal Decomposition of Solid Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Na2CO3*NaHCO3*2H2O
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The thermal decomposition of solid sodium sesquicarbonate has been studied at temperatures between 350 and 487 K in nitrogen and carbon dioxide atmospheres.In nitrogen, a single-stage decomposition to sodium carbonate occurs, following Avrami-Erofeyev kinetics (n = 2), with an inflexion at ca. 390 K.The activation energies are 24 kJ mol-1 for the high-temperature region and 58 kJ mol-1 for the low-temperature region.In carbon dioxide above 435 K, the single-stage reaction follows contracting disc kinetics with an activation energy of 29 kJ mol-1.In carbon dioxide at low temperatures, wegscheiderite (Na2CO3*3NaHCO3) and sodium carbonate monohydrate (Na2CO3*H2O) are formed, and this reaction follows first-order kinetics, withb an activation energy of 67 kJ mol-1.Microscopic evidence is also presented.Relationships between the decomposition of sesquicarbonate and other related compounds are discussed.
- Ball, Matthew C.,Snelling, Christine M.,Strachan, Alec N.,Strachan, Rebecca M.
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- Study on the thermodynamic properties and dehydration reaction kinetics of some salt-hydrates
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Correlations were determined between heat capacity and temperature and phase change enthalpy of Ba(OH)2·8H2O. The phase diagram and DSC curve of the binary system Na2CO3·10H2O-Na2HPO4
- Zhang,Wang,Dai
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- Thermal Decomposition of Sodium Carbonate Perhydrate in the Presence of Liquid Water
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A kinetic study has been made of the decomposition of sodium carbonate perhydrate, Na2CO3.1 1/2 H2O2, in the presence of small quantities of added water at 323-343 K.Reactions were deceleratory throughout and rates in the later stages were further reduced when the quantity of water available was insufficient to permit complete initial dissolution of the reactant solid.Rate coefficients measured for these reactions were compared with similarly determined data for the probable contributory processes.These were the decompositions, in saturated aqueous Na2CO3, of (i) H2O2 and (ii) Na2CO3.1 1/2 H2O2.From the pattern of behaviour observed it was concluded that the reaction of Na2CO3.1 1/2 H2O2 in water proceeds in two stages: heterogeneous dissolution of the reactant crystallites is followed by the homogenous breakdown of H2O2 in solution.This mechanism is distinct and different from the vacuum decomposition of the solid.It is concluded that the rate of the homogenous breakdown of H2O2 is probably controlled by catalytic processes involving transition-metal ions present in solution as impurities.This conclusion is supported by the observation that the present reaction was inhibited by added sodium silicate.The kinetics and mechanisms of these reactions are discussed.The heterogeneous reaction investigated involved both a solid reactant and intermediates dissolved in the added liquid water.This combination of reactants has hitherto been the subject of relatively few detailed kinetic studies.Separate investigations of the individual steps which contribute to the overall change, in this particularly favourable system, has led to the identification of a simple reaction mechanism that is entirely consistent with the observations.The approach demonstrates the value of using complementary rate measurements to characterize the kinetics and mechanism of this decomposition involving both solid and dissolved participants.
- Galvey, Andrew Knox,Hood, William John
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- Fire retardancy impact of sodium bicarbonate on ligno-cellulosic materials
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In this paper, the effect of NaHCO3 as fire retardant additive during pyrolysis and combustion has been investigated. Four different contents (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% w/w) of NaHCO3 have been tested on Pinus brutia, Laurus nobilis and
- Bakirtzis,Delichatsios,Liodakis,Ahmed
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- Carbon dioxide conversion into the reaction intermediate sodium formate for the synthesis of formic acid
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Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from anthropogenic activities are a contributing factor to the growing global warming worldwide. The economical method to recover and effectively reuse CO2 is through adsorption and absorption. In this study, CO2 is absorbed into the solution of sodium hydroxide having various concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0?N), and the impact of the solution pH on the various product formation was observed. The resultant products formed at different pH of the absorbing solution are sodium carbonate at pH 10, Trona at pH 9, and sodium hydrogen carbonate at pH 8. The products formed are confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis. After pH optimization, the sodium hydrogen carbonate formed at pH 8 is converted into sodium formate through hydrogenation in the presence of nickel ferrite catalyst at 80 °C and atmospheric pressure. The sodium formate produced is then used as a precursor to synthesize formic acid upon simple reaction with sulfuric acid. A reaction % age yield of 79 ± 0.2% formic acid is noted. Condensed formic acid vapors are later analyzed, using a high performance?liquid chromatography for the qualitative analysis.
- Masood, Muhammad Hanan,Haleem, Noor,Shakeel, Iqra,Jamal, Yousuf
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p. 5165 - 5180
(2020/09/03)
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- Features of the Thermolysis of Li, Na, and Cd Maleates
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Abstract: Processes of the multi-stage decomposition of maleic acid and Li, Na, and Cd maleates in an inert atmosphere are studied via thermal analysis with synchronous analysis of the composition of the released gases. Reaction mechanisms are proposed according to the data on the mass loss stages determined via thermal analysis, gaseous products, and the final solid decomposition products. It is shown that when heated to 700°C, Li and Na carbonates incorporated into the porous carbon matrix are the final products. Above 350°C, cadmium is reduced from oxide to metal and evaporates to form a porous carbon residue as the only product of thermolysis. All carbon products are X-ray amorphous. Maleic acid decomposes completely into gaseous products in the range of 133–239°C. The maleate ion is more stable in the structure of lithium maleate than in free maleic acid, and Na and Cd cations reduce its stability.
- Avdin, V. V.,Merzlov, S. V.,Nayfert, S. A.,Polozov, M. A.,Polozova, V. V.,Sakthi Dharan, C. P.,Taskaev, S. V.,Zherebtsov, D. A.
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p. 1311 - 1318
(2020/07/21)
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- Synthesis, crystal structure and optical properties of a new fluorocarbonate with an interesting sandwich-like structure
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A new fluorocarbonate, Na3Zn2(CO3)3F, was synthesized using a subcritical hydrothermal method. Na3Zn2(CO3)3F crystallizes in the space group C2/c with a sandwich-like framework in which the stacked [Zn(CO3)]∞ layers are connected with one another by bridging F atoms and [CO3] groups alternately. Interestingly, each Zn atom is surrounded by one F atom and four O atoms, forming a distorted [ZnO4F] trigonal bipyramid, which is observed for the first time in the carbonate system. Na3Zn2(CO3)3F has high transparency in a wide spectral region ranging from UV to mid IR with a short ultraviolet absorption edge (～213 nm). First-principles calculations revealed that Na3Zn2(CO3)3F possesses a large birefringence (Δn = 0.11, λ = 589 nm), which is mainly contributed by the coplanar arrangement of [CO3] groups in the ab plane. Na3Zn2(CO3)3F might find applications as a UV birefringence crystal.
- Tang, Changcheng,Jiang, Xingxing,Guo, Shu,Xia, Mingjun,Liu, Lijuan,Wang, Xiaoyang,Lin, Zheshuai,Chen, Chuangtian
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p. 6464 - 6469
(2018/05/23)
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- METHOD FOR PRODUCING METAL CARBONATE AND CATALYST FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
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A method for producing metal carbonate is disclosed. The method includes the following steps of providing a first mixture of metal and a catalyst containing iron, NO groups, and N-containing ligands first; then introducing carbon dioxide to the first mixture to form a second mixture and obtaining a product. The method described here can improve the yield and decrease the cost of metal carbonate production.
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Paragraph 0023; 0024
(2017/08/26)
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- Carbon dioxide as a pH-switch anti-solvent for biomass fractionation and pre-treatment with aqueous hydroxide solutions
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Rice husks (or rice hulls) pre-treated with aqueous potassium hydroxide solutions showed excellent glucose yields during enzymatic saccharification. CO2 addition to the hydroxide solutions precipitated the dissolved rice husk silica as a nanoporous powder, while Ca(OH)2 addition regenerated the hydroxide solution and precipitated the dissolved lignin. Fractionation of the biomass was thus achieved using CO2 addition as a reversible pH-switch, and the hydroxide could be repeatedly recycled while maintaining biomass pre-treatment and fractionation efficacy.
- To, Trang Quynh,Kenny, Ceire,Cheong, Soshan,Aldous, Leigh
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supporting information
p. 2129 - 2134
(2017/07/18)
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- Spectroscopic (IR, Raman) and thermogravimetric studies of 3d-metal cinchomeronates and dinicotinates
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In this work, the thermal and spectroscopic properties of 3d-metal (Co, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Fe) and sodium salts with cinchomeronic acid (3,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid) (3,4pda) and dinicotinic acid (3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid) (3,5pda) were studied. The I
- ?widerski,Kalinowska,Rusinek,Samsonowicz,Rz?czyńska,Lewandowski
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p. 1521 - 1532
(2016/11/19)
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- Alkaline earth metal co-precipitated nickel-based catalyst for steam carbon dioxide reforming of natural gas
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Disclosed is a catalyst used for steam carbon dioxide reforming of natural gas, wherein an alkaline earth metal alone or an alkaline earth metal and a group 8B metal are supported on a hydrotalcite-like catalyst containing nickel, magnesium and aluminum. The disclosed catalyst is useful as a steam carbon dioxide reforming (SCR) catalyst of natural gas at high temperature and high pressure, while minimizing deactivation of the catalyst due to sintering of the active component nickel and deactivation of the catalyst due to coke generation at the same time. A synthesis gas prepared using the catalyst has a H2/CO molar ratio maintained at 1-2.2. A synthesis gas having a H2/CO molar ratio of 1.8-2.2 may be used as a raw material for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or methanol synthesis and a synthesis gas having a H2/CO molar ratio of may be used as a raw material for dimethyl ether synthesis.
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(2015/03/13)
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- A family of coordination polymers assembled with a flexible hexacarboxylate ligand and auxiliary N-donor ligands: Syntheses, structures, and physical properties
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Nine new coordination polymers, namely, [Mn5(HL)2(H2O)2]·2C2H5OH·4H2O (1), Mn3(L)(phen)2 (2), Mn3(L)(2,2′-bpy)2 (3), Cd3(L)(2,2′-bpy)2 (4), Cd3(L)(phen)2 (5), Co2Na(HL)(phen)2·0.5C2H5OH·H2O (6), Co3(L)(4,4′-bpy) (7), Cu2(H2L)(4,4′-bpy)4·0.5H2O (8) and Cu2(H2L)(ttp)2·2C2H5OH·2H2O (9), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions (H6L = 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(3-carboxyphenyloxymethylene)benzene, phen = 1,10-phenathroline, 2,2′-bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine and ttp = 2-(6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4-p-tolylpyridin-2-yl)pyridine). Compound 1 shows a 2D layer structure. Compounds 2-5 display similar 2D networks, which are further extended into a 3D supramolecular architecture by π-π interactions. Compound 6 exhibits a 3D binodal 4-connected framework with (42638)2 topology. Compound 7 furnishes a 3D (4,6)-connected framework with (4462)(446108) topology. Compound 8 reveals a 3D 4-connected framework with 66 topology. Compound 9 displays a 1D chain structure, which is further linked by hydrogen-bonding interactions to yield a 3D supramolecular architecture. Moreover, the diffuse reflectivity spectra of all the compounds, the solid state photoluminescence properties of compounds 4-5, and magnetic properties of compounds 1, 3, 6 and 7 were studied. This journal is
- Zhang, Hong-Mei,Yang, Jin,Liu, Ying-Ying,Kang, Da-Wei,Ma, Jian-Fang
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p. 3181 - 3196
(2015/04/27)
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- PROCESS FOR PRODUCING LACTATE
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A process for producing an alkali metal lactate comprising: a) reacting a stream rich in saccharide with barium hydroxide to produce a first reaction mixture comprising barium lactate; and b) contacting at least a portion of said first reaction mixture with an alkali metal hydroxide to produce a second reaction mixture comprising alkali metal lactate and solid barium hydroxide, wherein the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of sodium, lithium and potassium.
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(2015/11/17)
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- ORGANIC COMPOUND AND ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DEVICE HAVING THE SAME
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An organic compound contains indacenodiperylene as the basic skeleton.
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(2013/03/26)
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- TETRACYCLIC XANTHENE DERIVATIVES AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF FOR TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES
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The present invention discloses tetracyclic xanthene derivatives of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein A, Y1, Y2, Z, Ra, Rb, R1a, R1b, and R2 are as defined herein. The present invention also discloses compositions comprising at least one tetracyclic xanthene derivative, and methods of using the tetracyclic xanthene derivatives for treating or preventing HCV infection in a patient.
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Page/Page column 52-53
(2012/10/07)
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- PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF PURE ALKYL ESTERS FROM ALKALI METAL SALT OF CARBOXYLIC ACID
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The dehydrated alkali metal salts of carboxylic acid are dissolved in the alcohol such as methanol or ethanol or butanol to make their solution in corresponding alcohol. The solution alcohol is further treated with carbon dioxide under pressure or at atmospheric pressure at elevated temperature such as 150 to 200° C. The carboxylic acid gets converted into corresponding alkyl ester and calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate as the byproduct. Calcium lactate or Sodium lactate or Sodium acetate or Sodium benzoate or Sodium salicylate as alkali metal salt solution prepared in Methanol or Ethanol or Butanol when treated with carbon di-oxide under pressure or at atmospheric pressure at elevated temperature gets converted to Methyl lactate or Ethyl lactate or Methyl acetate or Methyl benzoate or Methyl salicylate as product.
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Page/Page column 5
(2012/12/13)
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- 6,12-DINAPHTHYLCHRYSENE DERIVATIVE AND ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE USING THE DERIVATIVE
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Provided are an organic compound having high heat stability suitable for use in an organic light-emitting device, and an organic light-emitting device using the organic compound. The organic light-emitting device is an organic light-emitting device, including: an anode; a cathode; and an organic compound layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, in which at least one layer of the organic compound layer has a 6,12-dinaphthylchrysene derivative represented by one of the following general formulae (1) and (2): in the formulae (1) and (2), Z represents a naphthyl group, and Q represents an electron-withdrawing substituent selected from the group consisting of the following general formulae (3) to (5): in the formula (5), R1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
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- COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HYDRIDO-TRICYANO-BORATE ANIONS
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The present invention relates to compounds containing hydrido-tricya-borate anions, their preparation and their use, in particular as part of electrolyte formulations for electrochemical or optoelectronic devices.
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Page/Page column 52-53
(2013/02/28)
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- Development and applications of a sample controlled DSC system
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The development of a new sample controlled thermal analysis technique based on a heat flux DSC is described. The performance of the system is demonstrated by studies on the decomposition of sodium bicarbonate and theoxidation of a copper impregnated carbon. The ability of the technique to study reactions which take place without a change in mass is illustra ted by the curing of an epoxy resin with a polyaminoamide hardener.
- Charsley, E. L.,Laye, P. G.,Parkes, G. M. B.,Rooney, J. J.
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p. 699 - 704
(2011/12/22)
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- Novel Fluorescent Dyes and Uses Thereof
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The present invention provides fluorescent dyes that are based on firefly luciferin structure. These dyes are optimally excited at shorter wavelengths and have Stokes shift of at least 50 nm. The fluorescent dyes of the invention are useful for preparation of dye-conjugates, which can be used in detection of an analyte in a sample.
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- TLE3 AS A MARKER FOR CHEMOTHERAPY
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Methods of using TLE3 as a marker for predicting the likelihood that a patient's cancer will respond to chemotherapy. Methods of using TLE3 as a marker for selecting a chemotherapy for a cancer.
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- Synthesis of nanosize Co-Rh systems and study of their properties
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Precursor compounds [Co(NH3)6][Rh(NO 2)6] and [Co(NH3)6][Co(NO 2)6], solid solutions [Co(NH3)6] [Rh(NO2)6]1-x [Co(NO2)6] x, and solid solutions Na3[Rh1-x Co x (NO2)6] were synthesized and studied by IRspectroscopy and elemental, X-ray phase, X-ray diffraction, and thermog ravimetric analyses. X-ray phase analysis was employed to examine products of thermal decomposition of precursors in the atmospheres of hydrogenand helium. Catalysts with a Co-Rh active system, supported by ZrO 2, were prepared and tested in the reaction of steam conversion ofethanol.
- Gubanov, A. I.,Churakova, E. M.,Badmaev, S. D.,Sytnikov, P. V.,Filatov, E. Yu.,et al.
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p. 1677 - 1683
(2012/03/09)
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- Phenomenological kinetics of the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate
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Aiming to find rigorous understanding and novel features for their potential applications, the physico-geometrical kinetics of the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogencar-bonate (SHC) was investigated by focusing on the phenomen-ological events taking place on a single crystalline particle during the course of the reaction. The overall kinetics evaluated by systematic measurements of the kinetic rate data by thermo-gravimetry under carefully controlled conditions were interpreted in association with the morphological studies on the precursory reaction, mechanism of surface reaction, structure of the surface product layer, diffusion path of evolved gases, crystal growth of the solid product, and so on. The precursory reaction was identified as the decomposition of impurity, taking place at the boundary between the surface of the SHC crystal and the adhesive small SHC particles deposited on the surface. In flowing dry N2, the thermal decomposition of SHC proceeds by two-dimensional shrinkage of the reaction interface controlled by chemical reaction with the apparent activation energy of about 100 kJ mol-1, after rapid completion of the surface reaction and formation of porous surface product layer. Atmospheric CO2 and water vapor influence differently on the overall kinetics of the thermal decomposition of SHC. Added gas phase of CO2 slightly inhibits the overall rate because of the increasing contribution of the surface reaction. Under higher water vapor pressure, the physico-geometrical mechanism of the surface reaction changes drastically, indicating the preliminary reformation of reactant surface and the formation of needle crystals of solid product on the surface. The mechanistic change and extended contribution of the surface reaction result in the deceleration of the surface reaction and acceleration of the established reaction. (Figure presented)
- Koga, Nobuyoshi,Maruta, Shuya,Kimura, Tomoyasu,Yamada, Shuto
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p. 14417 - 14429
(2012/03/09)
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- Kinetic analysis of complex decomposition reactions using evolved gas analysis
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For complex decomposition reactions, traditional methods, such as TG and DSC cannot fully resolve all of the steps in the reaction. Evolved gas analysis (EGA) offers another tool to provide more information about the decomposition mechanism. The decomposi
- Sanders, John P.,Gallagher, Patrick K.
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p. 805 - 811
(2009/12/04)
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- Dental Composite Resin Cement, Dental Primer and Dental Adhesive Kit Containing Them
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The present invention provides a dental resin cement which is excellent in a mechanical strength, workability and storage stability, and a dental primer which significantly improves adhesiveness of the dental resin cement both to enamel and dentin of a tooth. According to the present invention, a salt of barbituric acid is used as a polymerization initiator in the dual-cure two-paste type dental resin cement being excellent in workability and storage stability to improve the storage stability, and a primer containing barbituric acid and amine is applied to a surface of a tooth to significantly improve adhesiveness of the dental resin cement both to enamel and dentin of teeth.
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- DERIVATIVES OF ETHYLENE METHANEDISULFONATE AS CANCER CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
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The present application discloses derivatives of ethylene methanedisulfonate as cancer chemotherapeutic agents and methods of synthesizing such derivatives. The derivatives include modifications of ethylene methanedisulfonate by replacing one or both of the chemically most reactive hydrogens of the cyclic sulfonate ester structure. The derivatives of ethylene methanedisulfonate are more active than the parent ester (i.e., ethylene methanedisulfonate) as anticancer agents against a variety of cancers.
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- Origin of the thermal desorption peaks of gases in NaI above 180°C
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We analyze the origin of the water desorption peaks in NaI above the temperature stability range of the crystalline hydrate NaI ? 2H 2O. The two water desorption peaks at t ≥ 180°C are shown to arise from the decomposition of aqua complexes bas
- Sofronov,Kudin,Voloshko, A. Yu.,Kudin,Shishkin
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p. 1314 - 1318
(2010/03/25)
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- New double formates Na3M(HCOO)6 (M = Ga, In) with diamond-like metal framework: Synthesis, structure and coordination modes
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Two new double formates, Na3M(HCOO)6 (M = Ga, In), have been synthesized by using quasi-solvothermal method. Both compounds are isostructural, crystallizing in orthorhombic space group Pccn, with lattice parameters a = 14.6279(5) ?,
- Su, Jie,Wang, Yingxia,Li, Weihong,Yang, Sihai,Li, Guobao,Liao, Fuhui,Lin, Jianhua
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- Chemical equilibria involved in the oxygen-releasing step of manganese ferrite water-splitting thermochemical cycle
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Sodium ferrimanganite carbonatation reaction was investigated at different temperatures/carbon dioxide partial pressures to evaluate the feasibility of the thermochemical water-splitting cycle based on the MnFe 2 O 4 /Na 2 CO 3 /Na(Mn 1/3 Fe 2/3 )O 2 system. After thermal treatments in selected experimental conditions, the obtained powder samples were investigated by using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and Rietveld analysis. Twodifferent lamellar Na 1-x Mn 1/3 Fe 2/3 O2-δ phases were observed together with the expected MnFe 2 O 4 /Na 2 CO 3 mixture. Different equilibrium regions among sodium-depleted lamellar phases, manganese ferrite and sodium carbonate were found as a function of the different reaction conditions. A hypothesis concerning the regeneration mechanism of the initial compounds is proposed. Chemical equilibrium between stoichiometric and sub-stoichiometric forms of sodium ferrimanganite and sodium carbonate formation/dissociation appears to be essential factors governing the oxygen-releasing step of the manganese ferrite thermochemical cycle.
- Seralessandri, L.,Bellusci, M.,Alvani, C.,Barbera, A. La,Padella, F.,Varsano, F.
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p. 1992 - 1997
(2009/02/04)
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- Total mineralization of carbon tetrachloride under basic phase transfer conditions
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Complete dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride to the mineral level was realized under mild conditions in the presence of a solid caustic base, a quaternary ammonium phase transfer catalyst and a cocatalyst such as an alcohol which functioned also as a solvent The solvent and the catalyst could be readily recovered and recycled after completion of the process. The reaction is sufficiently fast to avoid neutralization of the formed carbon dioxide, and consequently the overall stoichiometry of the process is: CCl4 + 4NaOH → 4NaCl + CO2 + 2H2O. The key step in the reaction mechanism is the extraction of alkoxide anion by the phase transfer catalyst followed by consecutive nucleophilic substitution and hydrolysis of the substrate.
- Snir, Elza,Sasson, Yoel
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p. 765 - 770
(2013/01/03)
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- Thermal behaviour of diclofenac, diclofenac sodium and sodium bicarbonate compositions
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This work aims to investigate the thermal behaviour of diclofenac, diclofenac sodium, and NaHCO3 both as single components and binary mixtures. In particular, the melting point and latent heat of fusion binary diagrams of the diclofenac sodium/diclofenac mixtures at different mole fraction compositions were investigated in order to gain information about the thermal behaviour of their solid mixtures. A good agreement between liquidus curves, calculated by the Schroeder-Van Laar equation from fusion enthalpies and temperatures, and the experimental results was found. For all binary compositions, an endothermic effect at 153°C, probably due to the eutectic fusion, is present.
- Pasquali, Irene,Bettini,Giordano
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p. 903 - 907
(2008/10/09)
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- Catalyst for removing metal carbonyl, process for producing mixed reformed gas containing hydrogen, process for removing metal carbonyl, and fuel cells system
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The present invention relates to a catalyst for removing a metal carbonyl which comprises a nickel-containing catalyst component and copper, said copper being present in an amount of 0.001 to 250% by weight in terms of metallic copper on the basis of a weight of the nickel contained in the catalyst component. The catalyst may further contain, if required, zinc oxide, a clay mineral, or a clay mineral supporting at least one element having an average particle diameter of not more than 50 nm which is selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, gold, silver, palladium, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, zinc, vanadium and manganese. When using the catalyst, it is possible to produce a mixed reformed gas from hydrocarbons, and remove a metal carbonyl in a reforming reaction field.
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- Reagents and methods for use in cancer diagnosis, classification and therapy
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Methods and reagents for classifying tumors and for identifying new tumor classes and subclasses. Methods for correlating tumor class or subclass with therapeutic regimen or outcome, for identifying appropriate (new or known) therapies for particular classes or subclasses, and for predicting outcomes based on class or subclass. New therapeutic agents and methods for the treatment of cancer.
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- Quantitative calibration of spectroscopic signals in combined TG-FTIR system
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In thermoanalytical investigations the determination of the composition of the evolved gases is very important, especially when investigating decomposition processes or gas-solid reactions occurring in multi-component systems. The potential of simultaneous techniques, enabling the qualitative analysis of evolved species, such as TG-MS or TG-FTIR has been further improved by the introduction of the pulse thermal analysis (PulseTA). This method provides a quantitative calibration by relating the mass spectrometric or FTIR signals to the injected quantity of probe gas. The influence of several experimental parameters such as concentration of the analyzed species, temperature and flow rate of the carrier gas on FTIR signals has been investigated. The reliability of quantifying FTIR signals was checked by relating them to the amount of evolved gases measured by thermogravimetry. In order to extend the opportunities for quantifying FTIR signals, the possibility of the injection of liquids into the carrier gas stream was studied. The linear dependence between the injected amount of liquids and the integral intensity of spectroscopic signals (peak area) enabled easy quantification of FTIR data. Systematic studies on a new method based on isothermal vaporization of liquids further widen the application range of in situ calibrations.
- Eigenmann,MacIejewski,Baiker
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- Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate evaluated by controlled rate evolved gas analysis coupled with thermogravimetry
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Influences of the product gases on the kinetics of the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3, were investigated by means of controlled rate evolved gas analysis coupled with TG (CREGA-TG). From a series of CREGA-TG measurements carried out under controlled gaseous concentrations of CO2 and H2O by considering the self-generated CO2 and H2O during the course of reaction, anomalous effects of CO2 and H2O on the kinetic rate behavior of the thermal decomposition of NaHCO3 were revealed, that the reaction is decelerated and accelerated by the effects of atmospheric CO2 and H2O, respectively. The kinetic rate behavior under controlled atmospheric condition of CO2 = 0.1 g m-3 and H2O = 1.2 g m-3 was characterized by the apparent fitting to a kinetic equation of Avrami-Erofeev type with the apparent activation energy of Ea = 111.5 ± 4.8 kJ mol-1 and pre-exponential factor of A = (1.29 ± 0.01) × 1011 s-1. The effects of atmospheric CO2 and H2O on the apparent kinetic parameters were appeared as the decreases in both the values of Ea and A and the increase in the value of A, respectively.
- Yamada, Shuto,Koga, Nobuyoshi
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- Biopolar trans carotenoid salts and their uses
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The invention relates to trans carotenoid salt compounds, methods for making them, methods for solubilizing them and uses thereof. These compounds are useful in improving diffusivity of oxygen between red blood cells and body tissues in mammals including humans.
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- N-phenpropylcuclopentyl-substituted glutaramide derivatives as inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase
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The invention relates to compounds of formula (I) for treating for example sexual dysfunction, wherein R1 is optionally substituted C1-6alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, hydrogen, C1-6alkoxy, —NR2 R3 or —NR4SO2R5; X is the linkage —(CH2)n— or —(CH2)q—O— (wherein Y is attached to the oxygen); wherein one or more hydrogen atoms in linkage X may be replaced independently by C1-4alkoxy; hydroxy; hydroxy(C1-3alkyl); C3-7cycloalkyl; carbocyclyl; heterocyclyl; or by C1-4alkyl optionally substituted by one or more fluoro or phenyl groups; n is 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7; and q is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; and Y is phenyl or pyridyl, each of which may be substituted; or two R8 groups on adjacent carbon atoms together with the interconnecting carbon atoms may form a fused optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclyic ring.
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- Basal cell markers in breast cancer and uses thereof
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The invention provides a variety of reagents for use in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer. The invention utilizes cDNA microarray technology to identify genes whose expression profile across a large group of tumor samples correlates with that of cytokeratin 5 and cytokeratin 17, markers for basal cells of the normal mammary lactation gland. The invention demonstrates that tumors that express cytokeratin 5/6 and/or 17 have a poor prognosis relative to tumors overall. The invention provides basal marker genes and their expression products and uses of these genes for diagnosis of breast cancer and for identification of therapies for breast cancer. In particular, the invention provides basal marker genes including cadherin3, matrix metalloproteinase 14, and cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2. The invention provides antibodies to the polypeptides expressed by these genes and methods of use thereof.
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- Carbon exchange in hot alkaline degradation of glucose
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The decomposition of 1-13C-D-glucose, 6-13C-D-glucose, and 1-13C-sodium lactate has been studied in hot (145 ± 3 °C) alkaline (3.5 M) sodium hydroxide solution in order to understand the mechanisms of carbon exchange in th
- Ellis, Amanda V.,Wilson, Michael A.
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p. 8469 - 8474
(2007/10/03)
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- Thermal decomposition of some chemical compounds used as food preservatives and kinetic parameters of this process
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Thermal decomposition processes of selected chemicals used as food preservatives such as sodium formate, sodium propionate, sodium nitrates(V and III) and sodium sulphate(IV) were examined by the derivatographic method. Based on the curves obtained, the number of decomposition stages and characteristic temperatures of these compounds have been found. Mass decrements calculated from TG curves ranged from 28.9% for sodium formate to 77.8% for sodium nitrate(V), while sodium sulphate showed a mass increment of 5.6%. Kinetic parameters such as activation energy (Ea), frequency factor (A) and reaction order (n) were calculated from TG, DTG and T curves. Sodium formate shows the highest values of Ea and A which amount to 171.7 kJ mol-1 and 5.8·1014 s-1, respectively, while the lowest ones, Ea = 28.2 kJ mol-1 and A = 3.65·102 s-1 belong to sodium nitrate(V).
- Maslowska,Wiedlocha
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p. 305 - 312
(2008/10/08)
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