cas 5055-39-0, 1H-INDOLE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID HYDRAZIDE

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Evaluation of 2-indolcarbohydrazones as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors, in silico studies and DFT based stereochemical predictions
2-Indolcarbohydrazones 1-28 were synthesized and evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. A varying degree of inhibitory potential with IC50 values in the range of 2.3 ± 0.11-226.4 ± 6.8 μM was observed while comparing these outcomes with the standard acarbose (IC50 = 906.0±6.3μM). The stereochemistry of ten (10) randomly selected compounds (1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18, 19, 23, 25 and 28) was predicted by Density Functional Theory (DFT). The stability of E isomer was deduced by comparing the calculated and experimental vibration modes of νC=O, νN=C and νCH (CH in -N=CH-R). It was observed that except compound 18, all other compounds were deduced to have E configuration while molecular modeling studies revealed the key interactions between enzyme and synthesized compounds.
Taha, Muhammad,Ismail, Nor Hadiani,Javaid, Kulsoom,Imran, Syahrul,Anouar, El Hassane,Wadood, Abdul,Atia-Tul-Wahab,Ali, Muhammad,Khan, Khalid Mohammed,Saad, Syed Muhammad,Rahim, Fazal,Choudhary, M. Iqbal
p. 24 - 35
(2015)
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Design, synthesis, anticancer activity, and solid lipid nanoparticle formulation of indole-and benzimidazole-based compounds as pro-apoptotic agents targeting bcl-2 protein
Cancer is a multifactorial disease necessitating identification of novel targets for its treat-ment. Inhibition of Bcl-2 for triggered pro-apoptotic signaling is considered a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Within the current work, we aimed to design and synthesize a new series of benzimidazole-and indole-based derivatives as inhibitors of Bcl-2 protein. The market pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor, obatoclax, was the lead framework compound for adopted structural modifications. The obatoclax’s pyrrolylmethine linker was replaced with straight alkylamine or carboxyhydrazine methylene linkers providing the new compounds. This strategy permitted improved structural flexibility of synthesized compounds adopting favored maneuvers for better fitting at the Bcl-2 major hydrophobic pocket. Anti-cancer activity of the synthesized compounds was further investigated through MTT-cytotoxic assay, cell cycle analysis, RT-PCR, ELISA and DNA fragmentation. Cytotoxic results showed compounds 8a, 8b and 8c with promising cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231/breast cancer cells (IC50 = 12.69 ± 0.84 to 12.83 ± 3.50 μM), while 8a and 8c depicted noticeable activities against A549/lung adenocarcinoma cells (IC50 = 23.05 ± 1.45 and 11.63 ± 2.57 μM, respectively). The signaling Bcl-2 inhibition pathway was confirmed by molecular docking where significant docking energies and interactions with key Bcl-2 pocket residues were depicted. Moreover, the top active compound, 8b, showed significant upregulated expression levels of pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic of genes; Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3,-8, and-9 through RT-PCR assay. Improving the compound’s pharmaceutical profile was undertaken by introducing 8b within drug-solid/lipid nanoparticle formulation prepared by hot melting homogenization technique and evaluated for encapsulation efficiency, particle size, and zeta potential. Significant improvement was seen at the compound’s cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, 8b is introduced as a promising anti-cancer lead candidate that worth future fine-tuned lead optimization and development studies while exploring its potentiality through in-vivo preclinical investigation.
Nagy, Manar I.,Darwish, Khaled M.,Kishk, Safaa M.,Tantawy, Mohamed A.,Nasr, Ali M.,Qushawy, Mona,Swidan, Shady A.,Mostafa, Samia M.,Salama, Ismail
p. 1 - 37
(2021/02/16)

Design, synthesis, and antimicrobial activity of certain new indole-1,2,4 triazole conjugates
The increasing prevalence of microbial infections and the emergence of resistance to the currently available antimicrobial drugs urged the development of potent new chemical entities with eminent pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic profiles. Thus, a series of new indole-triazole conjugates 6a-u was designed and synthesized to be assessed as new antimicrobial candidates using the diameter of the inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration assays against certain microbial strains. Their in vitro antibacterial evaluation revealed good to moderate activity against most of the tested Gram-negative strains with diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) values in the range of 11–15 mm and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values around 250 μg/mL. Meanwhile, their in vitro antifungal evaluation demonstrated a potent activity against Candida tropicalis with MIC value as low as 2 μg/mL for most of the tested compounds. Moreover, compound 6f is the most potent congener with an MIC value of 2 μg/mL against Candida albicans.
Al-Mutairi, Maha S.,Al-Wabli, Reem I.,Alsulami, Mona A.,Attia, Mohamed I.,Bukhari, Sarah I.,Moubayed, Nadine M. S.
(2021/05/28)

4-Alkyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione analogues as metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors
In Gram-negative bacteria, the major mechanism of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics is the production of one or several β-lactamases (BLs), including the highly worrying carbapenemases. Whereas inhibitors of these enzymes were recently marketed, they only target serine-carbapenemases (e.g. KPC-type), and no clinically useful inhibitor is available yet to neutralize the class of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). We are developing compounds based on the 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione scaffold, which binds to the di-zinc catalytic site of MBLs in an original fashion, and we previously reported its promising potential to yield broad-spectrum inhibitors. However, up to now only moderate antibiotic potentiation could be observed in microbiological assays and further exploration was needed to improve outer membrane penetration. Here, we synthesized and characterized a series of compounds possessing a diversely functionalized alkyl chain at the 4-position of the heterocycle. We found that the presence of a carboxylic group at the extremity of an alkyl chain yielded potent inhibitors of VIM-type enzymes with Ki values in the μM to sub-μM range, and that this alkyl chain had to be longer or equal to a propyl chain. This result confirmed the importance of a carboxylic function on the 4-substituent of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione heterocycle. As observed in previous series, active compounds also preferentially contained phenyl, 2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl, naphth-2-yl or m-biphenyl at position 5. However, none efficiently inhibited NDM-1 or IMP-1. Microbiological study on VIM-2-producing E. coli strains and on VIM-1/VIM-4-producing multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae clinical isolates gave promising results, suggesting that the 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione scaffold worth continuing exploration to further improve penetration. Finally, docking experiments were performed to study the binding mode of alkanoic analogues in the active site of VIM-2.
Gavara, Laurent,Legru, Alice,Verdirosa, Federica,Sevaille, Laurent,Nauton, Lionel,Corsica, Giuseppina,Mercuri, Paola Sandra,Sannio, Filomena,Feller, Georges,Coulon, Rémi,De Luca, Filomena,Cerboni, Giulia,Tanfoni, Silvia,Chelini, Giulia,Galleni, Moreno,Docquier, Jean-Denis,Hernandez, Jean-Fran?ois
(2021/06/15)

FLOW CHEMISTRY SYNTHESIS OF ISOCYANATES
The disclosure provides, inter alia, safe and environmentally-friendly methods, such as flow chemistry, to synthesize isocyanates, such as methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, and tetramethylxylene diisocyanate.
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(2021/06/22)

NEW TRIAZINOINDOLE COMPOUNDS
The invention relates to novel compounds for use as inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasone production, wherein such compounds are as defined by compounds of formula (I) and wherein the integers R1, R2, R3a and R3b are defined in the description, and where the compounds may be useful as medicaments, for instance for use in the treatment of a disease or disorder that is associated with NLRP3 inflammasome activity.
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Page/Page column 60

(2021/11/06)

Discovery, synthesis and in combo studies of Schiff’s bases as promising dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a main global health apprehension. Macrovascular illnesses, neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy are considered some of its severe hitches. Gliptins are a group of hypoglycemic agents that inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme and support blood glucose-lowering effect of incretins. In the current research, synthesis, characterization, docking, and biological evaluation of fourteen Schiff’s bases 5a–f and 9a–h were carried out. Compound 9f revealed the best in vitro anti-DPP-IV activity of 35.7% inhibition at a concentration of 100?μM. Compounds 9c and 9f with the highest in vitro DPP-IV inhibition were subjected to the in vivo glucose-lowering test using vildagliptin as a positive inhibitor. Vildagliptin, 9c, and 9f showed significant reduction in the blood glucose levels of the treated mice after 30?min of glucose administration. Moreover, induced fit docking showed that these derivatives accommodated the enzyme binding site with comparable docking scores. Schiff’s bases can serve as promising lead for the development of new DPP-IV inhibitors. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
Abu Khalaf, Reema,Al-Essa, Luay,Al-Shalabi, Eveen,Awad, Maha,Mefleh, Sara,Sabbah, Dima,Shabeeb, Ihsan
(2021/09/25)

Synthesis under microwaves irradiation, structure elucidation, docking study for inhibiting COVID-19 and DFT calculations of novel azoles incorporated indole moiety
In short reaction time with excellent yield, we designed and synthesized a series of indole linked azole ring at position-2 as thiazole and pyrazole moieties under microwaves irradiation. The structures and mechanistic pathways were discussed in this context using all available spectroscopic techniques. On the other hand, in some cases, the spectral data failed to differentiate and confirm the actual structure of some reactions, thus, we used the functional density theory calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level of the theory in order to distinguish the most stable derivative. The antimicrobial activity of selected derivatives showed moderate to good activity against some strains of bacteria and fungi while, indole-linked-pyrazole derivative 20 showed superior antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles were calculated and studied for all synthesized indole derivatives. Using the Molecular docking to study the affinities of the new derivatives to binding site of three SARS-CoV-2 enzymes (polymerase, helicase, and methyltransferase) to investigate their antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. The results indicated that all compounds have excellent energy level; docking scores from -6.5 to – 8.7 Kcal/mol in comparison with ligand score -5.5 Kcal/mol.
Al-Qurashi, Nadia T.,Althagafi, Ismail,Farghaly, Thoraya A.,Farooq, Umar,Ibrahim, Mona H.
(2021/08/19)

New isatin–indole conjugates: Synthesis, characterization, and a plausible mechanism of their in vitro antiproliferative activity
Background: Cancer remains the leading cause of human morbidity universally. Hence, we sought to assess the in vitro antiproliferative activity of new isatin-based conjugates (5a–s) against three human cancer cell lines. Methods: The antiproliferative activities of compounds 5a–s were evaluated in vitro and their ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) was carried out using standard protocols. Subsequently, Western blot analysis was conducted to elucidate the potential antiproliferative mechanism of compounds 5a–s. Results: The in vitro antiproliferative activities of compounds 5a–s against the tested cancer cell lines ranged from 20.3 to 95.9%. Compound 5m had an IC50 value of 1.17 μM; thus, its antiproliferative potency was approximately seven-fold greater than that of sunitinib (IC50 = 8.11 μM). In-depth pharmacological testing was conducted with compound 5m to gain insight into the potential antiproliferative mechanism of this class of compounds. Compound 5m caused an increase in the number of cells in the G1 phase, with a concomitant reduction of those in the G2/M and S phases. Additionally, compound 5m significantly and dose-dependently reduced the amount of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein detected. Compound 5m enhanced expression of B cell translocation gene 1, cell cycle-associated proteins (cyclin B1, cyclin D1, and phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase 1), and a pro-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2-associated X protein gene), and activated caspase-3. ADME predictions exposed the oral liability of compounds 5a-s. Conclusion: Herein, we revealed the antiproliferative activity and ADME predictions of the newly-synthesized compounds 5a–s and provided a detailed insight into the pharmacological profile of compound 5m. Thus, compounds 5a–s can potentially be exploited as new antiproliferative lead compounds for cancer chemotherapeutic.
Al-Wabli, Reem I.,Almomen, Aliyah A.,Almutairi, Maha S.,Attia, Mohamed I.,Keeton, Adam B.,Piazza, Gary A.
p. 483 - 495
(2020/02/20)

Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico studies of certain oxindole–indole conjugates as anticancer CDK inhibitors
On account of their overexpression in a wide range of human malignancies, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are among the most validated cancer targets, and their inhibition has been featured as a valuable strategy for anticancer drug discovery. In this study, a hybrid pharmacophore approach was adopted to develop two series of oxindole–indole conjugates (6a–i and 9a–f) and carbocycle–indole conjugates (11a,b) as efficient antitumor agents with potential inhibitory action toward CDK4. All oxindole–indole conjugates, except 6i, 9b, and 9c efficiently affected the growth of the human breast cancer MCF-7 (IC50: 0.39 ± 0.05–21.40 ± 1.58 μM) and/or MDA-MB-231 (IC50: 1.03 ± 0.04–22.54 ± 1.67 μM) cell lines, whereas bioisosteric replacement of the oxindole nucleus with indane or tetralin rings (compounds 11a,b) diminished the anti-proliferative activity. In addition, hybrids 6e and 6f displayed effective cell cycle disturbance and proapoptotic capabilities in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the efficient anti-proliferative agents towards MCF-7 and/or MDA-MB-231 cell lines (6a–h, 9a, and 9e) were investigated for their potential inhibitory action toward CDK4. Hybrids 6a and 6e displayed good CDK4 inhibitory activity with IC50s equal 1.82 and 1.26 μM, respectively. The molecular docking study revealed that oxindole moiety is implicated in two H-bonding interactions via both (NH) and (C=O) groups with the key amino acids Glu94 and Val96, respectively, whereas the indole framework is stably accommodated in a hydrophobic sub-pocket establishing hydrophobic interactions with the amino acid residues of Ile12, Val20, and Gln98 lining this sub-pocket. Collectively, these results highlighted hybrids 6a and 6e as good leads for further optimization as promising antitumor drugs toward breast malignancy and CDK inhibitors.
Abdel-Aziz, Hatem A.,Al-Ansary, Ghada H.,Al-Warhi, Tarfah,Aljaeed, Nada,Ayyad, Rezk R.,El Kerdawy, Ahmed M.,Eldehna, Wagdy M.,Ismael, Omnia E.
(2020/05/05)

4-Amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione-derived Schiff bases as metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors
Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in Gram-negatives producing metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) represents a major medical threat and there is an extremely urgent need to develop clinically useful inhibitors. We previously reported the original binding mode of 5-substituted-4-amino/H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione compounds in the catalytic site of an MBL. Moreover, we showed that, although moderately potent, they represented a promising basis for the development of broad-spectrum MBL inhibitors. Here, we synthesized and characterized a large number of 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione-derived Schiff bases. Compared to the previous series, the presence of an aryl moiety at position 4 afforded an average 10-fold increase in potency. Among 90 synthetic compounds, more than half inhibited at least one of the six tested MBLs (L1, VIM-4, VIM-2, NDM-1, IMP-1, CphA) with Ki values in the μM to sub-μM range. Several were broad-spectrum inhibitors, also inhibiting the most clinically relevant VIM-2 and NDM-1. Active compounds generally contained halogenated, bicyclic aryl or phenolic moieties at position 5, and one substituent among o-benzoic, 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl, p-benzyloxyphenyl or 3-(m-benzoyl)-phenyl at position 4. The crystallographic structure of VIM-2 in complex with an inhibitor showed the expected binding between the triazole-thione moiety and the dinuclear centre and also revealed a network of interactions involving Phe61, Tyr67, Trp87 and the conserved Asn233. Microbiological analysis suggested that the potentiation activity of the compounds was limited by poor outer membrane penetration or efflux. This was supported by the ability of one compound to restore the susceptibility of an NDM-1-producing E. coli clinical strain toward several β-lactams in the presence only of a sub-inhibitory concentration of colistin, a permeabilizing agent. Finally, some compounds were tested against the structurally similar di-zinc human glyoxalase II and found weaker inhibitors of the latter enzyme, thus showing a promising selectivity towards MBLs.
Baud, Damien,Bebrone, Carine,Becker, Katja,Benvenuti, Manuela,Cerboni, Giulia,Chelini, Giulia,Cutolo, Giuliano,De Luca, Filomena,Docquier, Jean-Denis,Feller, Georges,Fischer, Marina,Galleni, Moreno,Gavara, Laurent,Gresh, Nohad,Kwapien, Karolina,Legru, Alice,Mangani, Stefano,Mercuri, Paola,Pozzi, Cecilia,Sannio, Filomena,Sevaille, Laurent,Tanfoni, Silvia,Verdirosa, Federica,Berthomieu, Dorothée,Bestgen, Beno?t,Frère, Jean-Marie,Hernandez, Jean-Fran?ois
(2020/09/16)

INDOLE-OXADIAZOLE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USE
The present application pertains to methods of using indole-oxadiazole compounds of Formula I to modulate cannabinoid receptor activity: I In particular diseases, disorders or conditions that benefit from modulating cannabinoid receptor activity, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychosis, metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, obesity, eating disorders, cardiovascular diseases and disorders, and other conditions as described herein, may be treated. Also included in the present application are certain novel compounds of Formula Ia and pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds.
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Paragraph 00186; 00209; 00230

(2020/05/07)

Three indole derived azo-azomethine dyes as effective chemosensors for F-ion and trace water detection
Three new dyes 13 derived from indol-carbohydrazide and azo-azomethine for the optical detection of F- ion have been developed. Dye 1 was found to be an effective colorimetric sensor for F- ion response with over 250 nm red-shift. Moreover, the resultant dye...HF2- complex (dye-F) could be successfully used as a secondary sensor for analyzing trace water in aprotic organic solvents especially in acetonitrile with a low limit of detection. In addition to detection of low-level water content in solution, test paper incorporated with 1-F complex or 2-F complex was well developed for naked-eye detection of water content in four organic solvents as mentioned above. Importantly, the test paper prepared by introducing 1-F complex or 2-F complex could be developed to prepare an ink-free rewritable paper by using water as the sole trigger. Furthermore, the same test paper could still work for many cycles without obvious loss in color quality.
Yang, Xiaofeng,Zhu, Fengqiao,Li, Yexin,Yan, Mei,Cui, Yu,Sun, Guoxin
p. 870 - 879
(2020/08/28)

INDOLE COMPOUNDS, PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION AND USE THEREOF
The present invention relates to an indole compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and process for the preparation thereof. The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition of indole compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for treating mycobacterial infection or antimalarial infection or antifungal infection in a subject in need thereof.
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(2019/12/04)

Indole derivatives as multifunctional drugs: Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant, photoprotective and antiproliferative activity of indole hydrazones
Two series of indole derivatives 4–17, 20–22 were easily prepared and assayed for their radical-scavenging ability. Arylidene-1H-indole-2-carbohydrazones showed different extent antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays. Good antioxidant activity is related to the number and position of hydroxyl groups on the arylidene moiety as well as to the presence of methoxy or 4-(diethylamino) group. On the contrary low antioxidant activity is showed by the isomeric 1H-indol-2-yl(methylene)-benzohydrazides. Furthermore, hydrazones 4–17 showed photoprotective capacities with satisfactory in vitro SPF as compared to the commercial PBSA sunscreen filter. The indole 16 and 17, showing the best antioxidant and photoprotective profile, were included in different formulation and their topical release was evaluated. Varying the formulation composition, it was possible to optimize skin adsorption and solubility of the active indole in the formulation. The antiproliferative effect of the hydrazones 4–17 was tested on human erythroleukemia K562 and melanoma Colo-38 cells. Hydrazones 11, 16 and 17 showed growth inhibition at sub micromolar concentrations on both cell lines. These results indicate indole hydrazones as potential multifunctional molecules especially in the treatment of neoplastic diseases being the good antioxidant properties of 16 and 17 correlated to their high antiproliferative activity.
Demurtas, Monica,Baldisserotto, Anna,Lampronti, Ilaria,Moi, Davide,Balboni, Gianfranco,Pacifico, Salvatore,Vertuani, Silvia,Manfredini, Stefano,Onnis, Valentina
p. 568 - 576
(2019/03/02)

Rational modifications on a benzylidene-acrylohydrazide antiviral scaffold, synthesis and evaluation of bioactivity against Chikungunya virus
Chikungunya virus is a re-emerging arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, responsible for an acute febrile illness associated with painful and debilitating arthralgia, which can persist for several months or become chronic. Over the past few years, infection with this virus has spread worldwide with a previously unknown virulence. No specific antiviral treatments nor vaccines are currently available against this important pathogen. Starting from the structure of a class of selective anti-CHIKV agents previously identified in our research group, different modifications to this scaffold were rationally designed, and 69 novel small-molecule derivatives were synthesised and evaluated for their inhibition of Chikungunya virus replication in Vero cells. Further structure-activity relationships associated with this class of antiviral agents were elucidated for the original scaffolds, and novel antiviral compounds with EC50 values in the low micromolar range were identified. This work provides the foundation for further investigation of these new structures as antivirals against Chikungunya virus.
Giancotti, Gilda,Cancellieri, Michela,Balboni, Andrea,Giustiniano, Mariateresa,Novellino, Ettore,Delang, Leen,Neyts, Johan,Leyssen, Pieter,Brancale, Andrea,Bassetto, Marcella
p. 56 - 68
(2018/03/06)

Synthesis, spectroscopic identification and molecular docking of certain N-(2-[2-(1H-Indol-2-ylcarbonyl) hydrazinyl](oxo)acetyl phenyl)acetamides and N-[2-(2-[2-(Acetylamino)phenyl](oxo)acetyl hydrazinyl)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamides: New antimicrobial agents
N-(2-[2-(1H-Indol-2-ylcarbonyl)hydrazinyl](oxo)acetyl phenyl)acetamides (5a–h) and N-[2-(2-[2-(acetylamino)phenyl](oxo)acetyl hydrazinyl)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamides (5i–l) were synthesized and characterized with different analytical tools. N-Acetylisatines 4a–d were subjected to ring opening at their C2 carbons with the aid of different indole-bearing hydrazides 3a,b and 7 to afford the respective glyoxylamides 5a–l. The antimicrobial activity of the target compounds 5a–l was assessed with the aid of Diameter of the Inhibition Zone (DIZ) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and certain fungal strains. The antimicrobial screening revealed that Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans are the most sensitive microorganisms towards the synthesized compounds 5a–l. In addition, compounds 5c and 5h emerged as the most active congeners towards Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, respectively. Molecular docking studies revealed the possible binding mode of compounds 5c and 5h to their target proteins.
Almutairi, Maha S.,Zakaria, Azza S.,Al-Wabli, Reem I.,Hubert Joe,Abdelhameed, Ali S.,Attia, Mohamed I.
(2018/05/22)

OXADIAZOLE AND PHENOL DERIVATIVES AS ANTIBACTERIAL AND/OR HERBICIDAL AGENTS
Antimicrobial resistance is rising at an alarming rate. The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is a metabolic pathway that produces the isoprenoids isopentyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Notably, the MEP pathway is present in bacteria and not mammals, which made the enzymes of the MEP pathway attractive targets for discovering new anti-infective agents due to reduced chances of off-target interactions leading to side effects. The biophysical properties of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (IspD) and 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase (IspE) were determined to aid discovery of novel inhibitors. Thermal shift screening was used as an initial filter to narrow down a library of compounds with thermal shifts greater than 1° C., which could indicate binding to the IspD and IspE enzymes. Follow-up studies were performed using isothermal titration calorimetry and enzymatic inhibition assays. Results from these studies have revealed compounds with high micromolar inhibition of both IspD from Escherichia coli and IspE from Burkholderia thailandensis. The hit compounds are used for future development of more potent IspD and IspE inhibitors.
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Paragraph 0184; 0185

(2018/10/19)

3. 6 - Disubstituted [1, 2, 4] triazolo [3, 4 - b] [1, 3, 4] thiadiazole compound and use thereof
The invention discloses 3,6-disubstituted[1,2,4]triazolyl[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole compounds represented by general formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof. The compounds can be used as a transpeptidase SrtA inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pyogenes, Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and other Gram-positive bacteria, and can be used to prepare drugs for treating pathogen infection diseases with the transpeptidase SrtA of the Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pyogenes, Bacillus anthracis and Streptococcus pneumoniae as target. The compounds avoid selection pressure induced drug resistance of pathogens to a certain degree, and mitigate threat of continuous drug-resistant pathogens to the health of human.
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Paragraph 0073; 0074

(2018/11/22)

A indole compound and its preparation method and application (by machine translation)
The invention discloses a indole compound and its preparation method and application. The indole compounds of the structural formula such as formula (I) is shown. The indoles, rice galenical demonstrate the excellent inhibitory activity, the effect of most of the compound is obviously better than the positive control drug validamycin; especially compound I - 43, I - 44, I - 54, I - 73, II - 7 and II - 17, its galenical very good living body protection and treating effect, effect is better than the positive control; more specifically, compound I - 43 of the rice sheath blight bacteriostatic activity than validamycin activity is improved by nearly 300 times. The indole compounds in the prevention and/or treatment of rice sheath blight has great application prospects. In addition the compound of the invention is simple in construction, the preparation method is simple, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production. (I). (by machine translation)
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Paragraph 0123; 0124

(2018/10/02)

1,2,4-Triazole-3-thione Compounds as Inhibitors of Dizinc Metallo-β-lactamases
Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) cause resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to β-lactam antibiotics and are of serious concern, because they can inactivate the last-resort carbapenems and because MBL inhibitors of clinical value are still lacking. We previously identified the original binding mode of 4-amino-2,4-dihydro-5-(2-methylphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (compound IIIA) within the dizinc active site of the L1 MBL. Herein we present the crystallographic structure of a complex of L1 with the corresponding non-amino compound IIIB (1,2-dihydro-5-(2-methylphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione). Unexpectedly, the binding mode of IIIB was similar but reverse to that of IIIA. The 3 D structures suggested that the triazole–thione scaffold was suitable to bind to the catalytic site of dizinc metalloenzymes. On the basis of these results, we synthesized 54 analogues of IIIA or IIIB. Nineteen showed IC50 values in the micromolar range toward at least one of five representative MBLs (i.e., L1, VIM-4, VIM-2, NDM-1, and IMP-1). Five of these exhibited a significant inhibition of at least four enzymes, including NDM-1, VIM-2, and IMP-1. Active compounds mainly featured either halogen or bulky bicyclic aryl substituents. Finally, some compounds were also tested on several microbial dinuclear zinc-dependent hydrolases belonging to the MBL-fold superfamily (i.e., endonucleases and glyoxalase II) to explore their activity toward structurally similar but functionally distinct enzymes. Whereas the bacterial tRNases were not inhibited, the best IC50 values toward plasmodial glyoxalase II were in the 10 μm range.
Sevaille, Laurent,Gavara, Laurent,Bebrone, Carine,De Luca, Filomena,Nauton, Lionel,Achard, Maud,Mercuri, Paola,Tanfoni, Silvia,Borgianni, Luisa,Guyon, Carole,Lonjon, Pauline,Turan-Zitouni, Gülhan,Dzieciolowski, Julia,Becker, Katja,Bénard, Lionel,Condon, Ciaran,Maillard, Ludovic,Martinez, Jean,Frère, Jean-Marie,Dideberg, Otto,Galleni, Moreno,Docquier, Jean-Denis,Hernandez, Jean-Fran?ois
p. 972 - 985
(2017/06/27)

Indole hydrazone compounds
The invention provides a compound of the formula I as shown in the description. In the formula, R is connected with the carbon atom at the 2nd or 3rd site of indolyl and is selected from none or C1-3 alkylene. Molecular tweezers of bisindole acylhydrazone have a good recognition cooperation function on inspected malic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid and tryptophan, and have no recognition cooperation function on other inspected organic acids such as lactic acid, oxalic acid, tyrosine, histidine and serine. Therefore, due to the selective recognition property of a molecular tweezers receptor has the potential to be applied to fields such as analysis and separation of relevant organic acids in biological medicines, and transportation of organic acid medicines.
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(2017/11/17)

Study of molecular structure, chemical reactivity and first hyperpolarizability of a newly synthesized N-(4-oxo-2-phenylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide using spectral?analysis
A series of novel Quinazolinone derivatives were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The nature of reactants and products of chemical reactions has been determined using thermodynamic parameters (H, G, S). The TD–DFT calculation of the compound shows that electronic excitations is n→π? in nature and compounds having intramolecular hydrogen bonding is obvious in 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT–IR measurements and ESP map. In 1H NMR signal of the indolic NH protons appears at 7.26 ppm shows that intramolecular hydrogen is present in compounds. The vibrational analysis designates the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding N12–H34?O21 shows in lowering of NH and CO stretching vibrations frequency. The local reactivity descriptors Fukui functions (fk+, fk–), local softness's (sk+, sk–) and electrophilicity indices (ωk+, ωk–) determine the reactive sites within molecule. The computed first hyperpolarizability (β0) found to be 10.2254×10?30esu indicating that the compound is non–linear optical (NLO) material.
Chaudhary, Aniruddh Prasad,Bharti, Shailendra Kumar,Kumar, Santosh,Ved, Kumar,Padam, Kant
p. 356 - 363
(2017/07/28)

A double-indole hydrazone compound and use thereof
The invention provides a bisindole acylhydrazone compound shown as the formula I or salt, hydrate or crystals, accepted in the pharmacy, of the bisindole acylhydrazone compound. According to the bisindole acylhydrazone compound, R does not exist or is selected from alkylene of C1-5. The bisindole acylhydrazone compound has a certain antibacterial activity, and can serve as potential antibiotics or a daily chemical product. What is beyond the expectation is that compounds 4e-4h and compounds 4a-4c are quite similar in structure, the antibacterial activity of the compounds 4e-4h and the antibacterial activity of the compounds 4a-4c are obviously better than that of other compounds, particularly, the activity of the compound 4h is best and is remarkably better than that of compounds 4e-4g. The formula I is shown in the specification.
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Paragraph 0036; 0041

(2017/10/06)

A double-indole hydrazone compound and its salt (by machine translation)
The present invention provides a bis-indole compounds shown as formula I hydrazone compound or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or crystalline form. Wherein R is selected from none or C1 - 3 alkylene. This invention discovers, the present invention provides compound has antibacterial activity, can be used as a potential antibacterial drug or of daily use. It is not expected to, compound 4 d with a compound 4a - 4c structure is extremely similar, but its antibacterial activity is obviously superior to other compound; and, compound 4 d to Staphylococcus aureus bacteriostatic activity to be improved to the role of the Escherichia coli, note compound 4 d to Staphylococcus aureus more sensitive, if the use of the compound of antibacterial, in limited under the dosage, more easily targeted inhibit specific bacteria (such as jin pujun), to avoid other bacteria produce unnecessary drug resistance. (by machine translation)
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Paragraph 0032-0036; 0039-0040

(2017/10/06)

Development of Novel Bis(indolyl)-hydrazide-Hydrazone Derivatives as Potent Microtubule-Targeting Cytotoxic Agents against A549 Lung Cancer Cells
The biological significance of microtubules makes them a validated target of cancer therapy. In this study, we have utilized indole, an important pharmacological scaffold, to synthesize novel bis(indolyl)-hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives (NMK-BH compounds) and recognized NMK-BH3 as the most effective one in inhibiting A549 cell proliferation and assembly of tissue-purified tubulin. Cell viability experiments showed that NMK-BH3 inhibited proliferation of human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, normal human lung fibroblasts (WI38) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with IC50 values of -2, 48.5, and 62 μM, respectively. Thus, the relatively high cytotoxicity of NMK-BH3 toward lung carcinoma (A549) cells over normal lung fibroblasts (WI38) and PBMC confers a therapeutic advantage of reduced host toxicity. Flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunofluorescence studies in the A549 cell line revealed that NMK-BH3 induced G2/M arrest, mitochondrial depolarization, and apoptosis by depolymerizing the cellular interphase and spindle microtubules. Consistent with these observations, study in cell free system revealed that NMK-BH3 inhibited the microtubule assembly with an IC50 value of -7.5 μM. The tubulin-ligand interaction study using fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that NMK-BH3 exhibited strong and specific tubulin binding with a dissociation constant of -1.4 μM at a single site, very close to colchicine site, on β-tubulin. Collectively, these findings explore the cytotoxic potential of NMK-BH3 by targeting the microtubules and inspire its development as a potential candidate for lung cancer chemotherapy.
Das Mukherjee, Dipanwita,Kumar, N. Maruthi,Tantak, Mukund P.,Das, Amlan,Ganguli, Arnab,Datta, Satabdi,Kumar, Dalip,Chakrabarti, Gopal
p. 3020 - 3035
(2016/06/14)

Transition-Metal-Free Direct Arylation and Esterification Reaction of Unprotected Indolylcarboxylic Acid Derivatives: A New Entry to 2-(1 H -Indol-2-yl)-5-(phenylthio)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and Aryl 1 H -Indole-2-carboxylates
An efficient, ligand-free, transition-metal-free, direct arylation and esterification reaction of unprotected indolylcarboxylic acid derivatives with diaryliodonium salts was developed, thus providing a new entry to 2-(1H-indol-2-yl)-5-(phenylthio)-1,3,4-oxadiazole and aryl 1H-indole-2-carboxylate derivatives with good yields.
Wang, Dawei,Ge, Chenyang,Yu, Xin,Wan, Huida,Xu, Xiang
supporting information
p. 2616 - 2620
(2016/11/11)

Colorimetric and ON-OFF-ON fluorescent chemosensor for the sequential detection of Cu(II) and cysteine and its application in imaging of living cells
An easy-to-prepare colorimetric and ON-OFF-ON fluorescent naphthol derivative 1 has been synthesized and characterized for sequential detection of Cu2+ and cysteine. Chemosensor 1 detects Cu2+ selectively in DMSO/ H2O (3 : 7 v/v) by changing its UV-visible spectrum and color (colorless to yellow), leading to the formation of 1-Cu(II) complex. The resultant 1-Cu(II) complex recognizes cysteine (Cys) and the solution turns colorless with regeneration of the absorption band of 1. The detection limit of 1 for Cu2+ ion is found to be 0.27 μM, which is much lower than that recommended by WHO for drinking water (30 μM). Cu2+ ion exhibits quenching of the fluorescence intensity of 1, which is restored upon the addition of cysteine. Chemosensor 1 is used as an imaging reagent for detection of the cellular uptake of Cu2+ ion in A549 cell line (human lung carcinoma cell).
Singh, Yadvendra,Arun, Shiva,Singh, Brijesh Kumar,Dutta, Pradip Kumar,Ghosh, Tamal
p. 80268 - 80274
(2017/04/04)

Design, synthesis and QSAR study of arylidene indoles as anti-platelet aggregation inhibitors
A series of novel substituted indole carbohydrazide was synthesized and evaluated for anti-platelet aggregation activity. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral data and elemental analysis and were evaluated for their ability to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, arachidonic acid (AA) and collagen. Compounds 3e and 3b exhibited the highest activities against the platelet aggregation induced by collagen with IC50 values of 12.7 and 13.3 μM, respectively, and 2h with IC50 value of 51.88 μM and 2i with IC50 of 44.38 μM efficiently inhibited platelet aggregation induced by AA. The QSAR investigation indicated the importance of the topological, constitutional and geometrical parameters (PW3, PW4, LP1 and GATS6v) in describing the anti-platelet aggregation activity of the synthesized hydrazides. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of the compounds against L929 cell line and three cancer cell lines revealed that none of the compounds have significant cytotoxicity. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
Mirfazli, Seyedeh Sara,Khoshneviszadeh, Mehdi,Jeiroudi, Mohammad,Foroumadi, Alireza,Kobarfard, Farzad,Shafiee, Abbas
p. 1 - 18
(2016/01/25)

Synthesis of new functionalized indoles based on ethyl indol-2-carboxylate
Successful alkylations of the nitrogen of ethyl indol-2-carboxylate were carried out using aq. KOH in acetone. The respective N-alkylated acids could be obtained without separating the N-alkylated esters by increasing the amount of KOH and water. The use of NaOMe in methanol led to transesterification instead of the alkylation, while the use of NaOEt led to low yields of the N-alkylated acids. Hydrazinolysis of the ester gave indol-2-carbohydrazide which then was allowed to react with different aromatic aldehydes and ketones in ethanol catalyzed by acetic acid. Indol-2-thiosemicarbazide was used in a heterocyclization reaction to form thiazoles. The new structures were confirmed using NMR, mass spectrometry and X-ray single crystal analysis.
Boraei, Ahmed T. A.,El Ashry, El Sayed H.,Barakat, Assem,Ghabbour, Hazem A.
(2016/04/20)

Microwave-assisted synthesis and molecular recognition properties of novel indole acylhydrazone receptors
Indole acylhydrazones were synthesised in high yields under microwave irradiation By using indole carboxylic acid and 1,4-benzenedialdehyde as starting materials. Their structures were characterised by 1H NMR, IR, MS spectra and elemental analysis. Selective recognition properties of these receptors have been investigated by UV-Vis spectra titration indicating that these receptors can form 1:1 supramolecular complexes with malic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid and tryptophan.
Ye, Ying,Suo, Yourui,Yang, Fang,Yang, Yongjing,Han, Lijuan
p. 296 - 299
(2015/06/02)

Organocatalytic Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic 2,3-Dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazoles through an Intramolecular Cascade Cyclization
Hydrazone-carboxylic acids undergo intramolecular cyclization in the presence of pivaloyl chloride, iPr2NEt, and catalytic DABCO to form a range of substituted fused tricyclic 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazoles in high yields.
Fugard, Alison J.,Thompson, Bethany K.,Slawin, Alexandra M. Z.,Taylor, James E.,Smith, Andrew D.
p. 5824 - 5827
(2015/12/11)

Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Calothrixins and Ellipticines
The divergent synthesis of calothrixins and ellipticines has been accomplished by utilising the one-pot formation of o-diacylarenes as a key intermediate through rearrangement of o-hydroxy ketone monoacyl hydrazones by lead tetraacetate mediated oxidation. The divergent synthesis of calothrixins and ellipticines has been accomplished by utilising the one-pot formation of o-diacylarenes as a key intermediate through rearrangement of o-hydroxy ketone monoacyl hydrazones by lead tetraacetate mediated oxidation.
Dethe, Dattatraya H.,Murhade, Ganesh M.
p. 6953 - 6962
(2016/02/19)

Regioselective synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of S-glycosides and S,N-diglycosides of 1,2-Dihydro-5-(1H-indol-2-yl)-1,2,4- triazole-3-thione
Glycosylation of 1,2-Dihydro-5-(1H-indol-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O- acetyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl bromide and 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2- deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl chloride was investigated in the presence of Et3N and K2CO3 as acid scavengers. A regioselective S-glycosides were obtained by using Et3N whereas, using K2CO3 gave a mixtures of two hybrids having two glycosidic bonds. The two products of each mixture were separated and characterized as S,N1- and S,N2-bis(glycosylated) derivatives. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 2D NMR and mass spectra. The compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some compounds exhibited strong inhibition activity compared with the reference drugs (chloramphenicol and baneocin).
El Ashry, El Sayed H.,El Tamany, El Sayed H.,Abd El Fattah, Mohy El Din,Boraei, Ahmed T. A.,Abd El-Nabi, Heba M.
p. 106 - 113
(2013/10/01)

Design and synthesis of new hybrid triazine-indole derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents against hospital resistant strains
A new series of antimicrobial [2-(5,6-diaryl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-1H-indole] have been synthesized via microwave technology. The synthesized compounds were found to be potent against various clinical isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as hospital resistant strains, MRSA and MSSA when compared to the drugs Cephtriaxone, Gentamycin and Levofloxacin.
Al-Qawasmeh, Raed A.,Khanfar, Monther A.,Semreen, Mohamad H.,Odeh, Raed Abu,Al-Tel, Taleb H.
p. 2385 - 2394
(2013/11/19)

Salicylaldehyde-indole-2-acylhydrazone: A simple, colorimetric and absorption ratiometric chemosensor for acetate ion
A simple anion receptor (i.e. salicylaldehyde-indole-2-acylhydrazone) was synthesised and its recognition properties were investigated by naked-eye observation, UV-vis titration spectra, 1H NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The obtained results indicated that this receptor could realise the selective colorimetric sensing and absorption ratiometric response towards AcO- in CH3CN-DMSO medium, by virtue of threefold intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions formed with phenolic OH, indole NH and amide NH.
Bao, Xiao-Ping,Zheng, Peng-Cheng,Liu, Yong,Tan, Zan,Zhou, Yu-Hui,Song, Bao-An
p. 246 - 253
(2013/04/24)

A series of 2-arylamino-5-(indolyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles as potent cytotoxic agents
A series of 2-arylamino-5-(indolyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles 6a-v were prepared and studied for their anticancer activity against selected human cancer cell lines. The reaction of indolylhydrazides 3a-h with a variety of aryl isothiocyanates 4 afforded the key intermediate thiosemicarbazides 5a-v, which upon treatment with acetyl chloride produced the 2-arylamino-5-(indolyl)-1,3,4- thiadiazoles 6a-v in good yields. Most of the synthesized compounds showed selective cytotoxicity towards human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Of the synthesized 2-arylamino-5-(indolyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, compound 6f is the most potent towards tested cancer cell lines (IC50 = 0.15-1.18 μM).
Kumar, Dalip,Kumar, N. Maruthi,Noel, Brett,Shah, Kavita
p. 432 - 438
(2012/11/07)

Discovery of potent and selective inhibitors of human reticulocyte 15-lipoxygenase-1
There are a variety of lipoxygenases in the human body (hLO), each having a distinct role in cellular biology. Human reticulocyte 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-hLO-1), which catalyzes the dioxygenation of 1,4-cis,cis-pentadiene- containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, is implicated in a number of diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative conditions. Despite the potential therapeutic relevance of this target, few inhibitors have been reported that are both potent and selective. To this end, we have employed a quantitative high-throughput (qHTS) screen against ～74000 small molecules in search of reticulocyte 15-hLO-1 selective inhibitors. This screen led to the discovery of a novel chemotype for 15-hLO-1 inhibition, which displays nM potency and is >7500-fold selective against the related isozymes, 5-hLO, platelet 12-hLO, epithelial 15-hLO-2, ovine cyclooxygenase-1, and human cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, kinetic experiments were performed which indicate that this class of inhibitor is tight binding, reversible, and appears not to reduce the active-site ferric ion.
Rai, Ganesha,Kenyon, Victor,Jadhav, Ajit,Schultz, Lena,Armstrong, Michelle,Jameson, J. Brian,Hoobler, Eric,Leister, William,Simeonov, Anton,Holman, Theodore R.,Maloney, David J.
scheme or table
p. 7392 - 7404
(2011/01/12)

3-substituted indole antiproliferative angiogenesis inhibitors
3-Substituted indole carbohydrazides having the formula are useful for inhibiting angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Also disclosed are compositions which inhibit angiogenesis and cell proliferation and methods of inhibiting angiogenesis and cancer in a mammal.
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(2008/06/13)

On the synthesis and reactions of indole-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide
Indole-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide was prepared and allowed to react with aromatic aldehydes in acidic medium to give the corresponding hydrazone derivatives in good yields. The hydrazones were cyclized to indolo[2,3-d]pyridazine derivatives by refluxing with acetyl chloride. The indole carbohydrazide was converted to 2-triazolylindoles which acted as starting materials for several indole derivatives. A number of new indole derivatives were also prepared and structurally confirmed.
Sarhan
p. 753 - 763
(2007/10/03)

Pentafluorophenyl ester activation for the preparation of N,N'-diaroylhydrazines
Procedures are reported for the preparation of N,N'-diaroylhydrazines using pentafluorophenyl (Pfp) ester activation of aryl carboxylic acids. Mild conditions which avoid intermediate protection of ring substituents, allows the synthesis of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical diaroylhydrazines in high yields. The recent discovery of potent HIV-1 integrase inhibition by N,N'-bis-salicylhydrazine (1) highlights the potential importance of this class of compounds. The stability of pre-activated Pfp ester intermediates and the facility with which N,N'-diaroylhydrazines can be synthesized using this procedure (stirring at room temperature in DMF) may make the method particularly attractive for synthesis of hydrazide libraries.
Zhao, He,Burke Jr., Terrence R.
p. 4219 - 4230
(2007/10/03)

Synthesis of 2-(2,3-Dihydro-2-oxo-1,3,4-oxadiazolyl-5-yl) Benzo Heterocycles. A Novel Series of Orally Active Antiallergic Agents
A series of new 2-(2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl) benzo heterocycles has been prepared.These compounds were tested as inhibitors of antigen-induced release of histamine (AIR) in vitro from rat peritoneal mast cells (RMC) and as inhibitors of IgE-mediated rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat (PCA).Most of this new class of antiallergic agents showed good activity in the RMC assay.The most potent compound, 3-chloro-2-(2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)benzothiophene (6t), with an I50 value of 0.2 μM, is 15 times more potent than disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) in the RMC assay.Many compounds were orally active in the PCA test, and several of these compounds showed higher potency when given in this way to that shown by DSCG when given intraperitoneally.
Musser, John H.,Brown, Richard E.,Loev, Bernard,Bailey, Kevin,Jones, Howard,et al.
p. 121 - 125
(2007/10/02)

Synthesis of Substituted 2-(5'-Oxo/thioxo-1',3',4'-oxodiazol-2'-yl)indoles and 2-(5'-Oxo/thioxo-1,3,4'-oxodiazol-2'-ylamino)indoles
Indole-2-carboxylates (1a-i) and indole-2-carbamates (12d-i) react with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol to give the corresponding hydrazides (2a-i) and semicarbazides (13d-i).These compounds when heated under reflux with CS2 and KOH give 2-(5'-thioxo-1',3',4'-oxadiazol-2'-yl)indoles (5c,g) and 2-(5'-thioxo-1',3',4'-oxadiazol-2'-ylamino)indoles (16f,g,i).Compounds 2a-i and 13d-i undergo condensation with ethyl chloroformate to give the products 3a-g and 14d,g,h, respectively which on heating under reflux with diphenyl ether give the corresponding 2-(5'-oxo-1',3',4'-oxadiazol-2'-yl)indoles (4a-g) and 2-(5'-oxo-1',3',4'-oxadiazol-2'-ylimino)indoles (15d,g,h).Ethyl 2-phenylindole-3-carbamate (18), obtained from 3-aminoindole (17), has been condensed with hydrazine hydrate to give the semicarbazide (19) which on reation with ethyl chloroformate and heating under reflux with diphenyl ether produces 3-(5'-oxo-1',3',4'-oxadiazol-2'-ylamino)indole (21).
Hiremath, Shivayogi P.,Hiremath, Dakshayani M.,Purohit, Muralidhar G.
p. 571 - 576
(2007/10/02)