- N -Heterocyclic carbenes on close-packed coinage metal surfaces: Bis-carbene metal adatom bonding scheme of monolayer films on Au, Ag and Cu
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By means of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), complementary density functional theory (DFT) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) we investigate the binding and self-assembly of a saturated molecular layer of model N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) on Cu(111), Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. XPS reveals that at room temperature, coverages up to a monolayer exist, with the molecules engaged in metal carbene bonds. On all three surfaces, we resolve similar arrangements, which can be interpreted only in terms of mononuclear M(NHC)2 (M = Cu, Ag, Au) complexes, reminiscent of the paired bonding of thiols to surface gold adatoms. Theoretical investigations for the case of Au unravel the charge distribution of a Au(111) surface covered by Au(NHC)2 and reveal that this is the energetically preferential adsorption configuration.
- Jiang, Li,Zhang, Bodong,Médard, Guillaume,Seitsonen, Ari Paavo,Haag, Felix,Allegretti, Francesco,Reichert, Joachim,Kuster, Bernhard,Barth, Johannes V.,Papageorgiou, Anthoula C.
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- 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate: The unexpected synthesis of an ionic liquid precursor and carbene-CO2 adduct
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1,3-Dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate is formed in good yield, rather than the anticipated organic salt, 1,3-dimethyl-imidazolium methyl carbonate, as the reaction product resulting from both N-alkylation and C-carboxylation of 1-methylimidazole with dime
- Holbrey, John D.,Reichert, W. Matthew,Tkatchenko, Igor,Bouajila, Ezzedine,Walter, Olaf,Tommasi, Immacolata,Rogers, Robin D.
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- Highly Modular Piano-Stool N-Heterocyclic Carbene Iron Complexes: Impact of Ligand Variation on Hydrosilylation Activity
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The piano-stool configuration combined with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligation constitutes an attractive scaffold for employing iron in catalysis. Here, we have expanded this scaffold by installing a pentamethyl cyclopentadienyl (Cp*) ligand as a strong electron donor compared to the traditionally used unsubstituted cyclopentadiene (Cp). Moreover, decarboxylation is introduced as a method to prepare these iron(II) NHC complexes, which avoids the isolation of air-sensitive free carbenes. In addition to the Cp/Cp? variation, the complexes have been systematically modulated at the NHC scaffold, the NHC wingtip groups, and the ancillary ligands in order to identify critical factors that govern the catalytic activity of the iron center in the hydrosilylation of aldehydes. These modulations reveal the importance of steric tailoring and optimization of electron density for high catalytic performance. The data demonstrate a critical role of the NHC scaffold with triazolylidenes imparting consistently higher activity than imidazolylidenes and a correlation between catalytic activity and steric rather than electronic factors. Moreover, the implementation of steric bulk is strongly dependent on the nature of the NHC and severely limited by the Cp? iron precursor. The best performing catalytic systems reach turnover frequencies, TOFmax's, of up to 360 h-1 at 60 °C. Mechanistic investigations by 1H NMR and in situ IR spectroscopies indicate a catalyst activation that involves CO release and aldehyde coordination to the [Fe(Cp)(NHC)I] fragment.
- Nylund, Pamela V. S.,Ségaud, Nathalie C.,Albrecht, Martin
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- Thermally Activated n-Doping of Organic Semiconductors Achieved by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Based Dopant
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Molecular doping plays an important role in the modification of carrier density of organic semiconductors thus enhancing their optoelectronic performance. However, efficient n-doping remains challenging, especially owing to the lack of strongly reducing and air-stable n-dopants. Herein, an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursor, DMImC, is developed as a thermally activated n-dopant with the excellent stability in air. Its thermolysis in situ regenerates free NHC and subsequently dopes typical organic semiconductors. In sequentially doped FBDPPV films, DMImC does not disturb the π–π packing of the polymer and achieves good miscibility with the polymer. As a result, a high electrical conductivity of up to 8.4 S cm?1 is obtained. Additionally, the thermally activated doping and the excellent air stability permit DMImC to be noninteractively co-processed with polymers in air. Our results reveal that DMImC can be served as an efficient n-dopant suitable for various organic semiconductors.
- Ding, Yi-Fan,Yang, Chi-Yuan,Huang, Chun-Xi,Lu, Yang,Yao, Ze-Fan,Pan, Chen-Kai,Wang, Jie-Yu,Pei, Jian
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Read Online
- Application of N-heterocyclic carbene and carbene precursor as n-type dopant in semiconductor materials
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The invention discloses application of N-heterocyclic carbene and a carbene precursor as an n-type dopant in semiconductor materials. The N-heterocyclic carbene and the carbene precursor can be used as a stable and efficient n-type dopant of a solution to
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Paragraph 0074-0076
(2021/04/14)
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- Sterically controlling 2-carboxylated imidazolium salts for one-step efficient hydration of epoxides into 1,2-diols
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In order to overcome the disadvantages of excessive water and many byproducts in the conventional process of epoxide hydration into 1,2-diols, 2-carboxylated imidazolium salts were first adopted as efficient catalysts for one-step hydration of epoxides into 1,2-diols. By regulating the cation chain lengths, different steric structures of 2-carboxylated imidazolium salts with chain lengths from C1 to C4 were prepared. The salt with the shortest substituent chain (DMIC) exhibited better thermal stability and catalytic performance for hydration, achieving nearly 100% ethylene oxide (EO) conversion and 100% ethylene glycol (EG) selectivity at 120 °C, 0.5 h with just 5 times molar ratio of H2O to EO. Such a tendency is further confirmed and explained by both XPS analysis and DFT calculations. Compared with other salts with longer chains, DMIC has stronger interaction of CO2?anions and imidazolium cations, exhibiting a lower tendency to release CO2?and form HO-CO2?, which can nucleophilically attack and synergistically activate ring-opening of epoxides with imidazolium cations. The strong huge sterically dynamic structure ring-opening transition state slows down the side reaction, and both cations and anions stabilized the transition state imidazolium-EG-HO-CO2?, both of which could avoid excessive hydration into byproducts, explaining the high 1,2-diol yield. Based on this, the cation-anion synergistic mechanism is then proposed.
- Cheng, Weiguo,Dong, Li,Fu, Mengqian,Su, Qian,Tan, Xin,Yao, Xiaoqian,Ying, Ting,Zhang, Suojiang
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p. 2992 - 3000
(2021/05/07)
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- A substituent- And temperature-controllable NHC-derived zwitterionic catalyst enables CO2upgrading for high-efficiency construction of formamides and benzimidazoles
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Chemocatalytic upgrading of the greenhouse gas CO2 to valuable chemicals and biofuels has attracted broad attention in recent years. Among the reported approaches, N-formylation of CO2 with an amine is of great significance due to its versatility in the construction of N-containing linear and cyclic skeletons. Herein, a stable N-heterocyclic carbene-carboxyl adduct (NHC-CO2) was facilely prepared and could be used as a recyclable zwitterionic catalyst for efficient CO2 reductive upgrading via either N-formylation or further coupling with cyclization under mild conditions (25 °C, 1 atm CO2) using hydrosilane as a hydrogen source. More than 30 different alkyl and aromatic amines could be transformed into the corresponding formamides or benzimidazoles with remarkable yields (74%-98%). The electronic effect of the introduced substituent on NHC-CO2 was found to evidently affect the thermostability and nucleophilicity of the zwitterionic catalyst, which is directly correlated with its catalytic activity. Moreover, NHC-CO2 could supply CO2 by in situ decarboxylation at a specific temperature that is dependent on the introduced substituent type. Experimental and computational studies showed that the carboxyl species on NHC-CO2 was not only a nucleophilic center, but also a C1 source which rapidly captures or substitutes ambient CO2 during hydrosilylation. In addition, a simple and green conceptual process was designed for the product purification and catalyst recycling, with a good feasibility for small-scale production.
- Li, Hu,Li, Zhengyi,Wu, Hongguo,Yang, Song,Yu, Zhaozhuo,Zhang, Lilong,Zhu, Kaixun
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supporting information
p. 5759 - 5765
(2021/08/23)
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- Amidate compound, catalyst for polyurethane production, and method for producing polyurethane resin
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Provided is an amidate compound represented by the formula (1): wherein A is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, n is an integer of 1 or more, and D is a nitrogen-containing organic group represented by the formula (2): wherein R1, R2, and R3 are the same or different, and are each a hydrocarbon group that may contain a heteroatom; some or all of R1, R2, and R3 may be bonded together to form a ring structure; X is a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom; and a is 0 or 1, wherein a is 1 when X is a nitrogen atom, and a is 0 when X is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.
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Page/Page column 122
(2020/07/09)
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- MANUFACTURE METHOD OF N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE COMPLEX COMPOUND, N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE COMPLEX COMPOUND PRODUCED BY THE SAME, AND METHOD FOR DELAYING POLYMERIZATION OF POLYURETHANE USING THE SAME
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The present invention relates to solid N - heterocyclic carbene complexes which are delay catalysts for polyurethane polymerization. More specifically N - heterocyclic carbene is synthesized, and carbon dioxide (CO) is synthesized on a synthesized N - heterocyclic carbene. 2 The adduct of N - heterocyclic carbene complex, which is a solid, coordinated with any one of zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), and magnesium (Mg) salts salt, can solve the problem of the availability of N - heterocyclic carbene complexes. When the polyurethane polymerization proceeds at room temperature to 60 °C or more, the polyurethane polymerization reaction is initiated, so that the polyurethane polymerization reaction can be effectively performed by delaying polymerization of the polyurethane.
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Paragraph 0066-0069
(2020/12/22)
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- Cooperation of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes on a Gold Surface
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Atomically precise tailoring of interface structures is crucial for developing functional materials. We demonstrate an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based molecular tool, which modifies the structure of a gold surface with atomic accuracy by the formation of gold nanorods. After adsorption on the gold surface, individual surface atoms are pulled out by the NHCs, generating single-atom surface defects and mobile NHC-Au species. Atomistic calculations reveal that these molecular “ballbots” can act as assembling tools to dislocate individual surface atoms. The predicted functionality of these carbene-based complexes is confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy measurements. Cooperative operation of these NHC-Au species induces a step-wise formation of gold nanorods. Consequently, the surface is re-structured by a zipper-type mechanism. Our work presents a foundation to utilize molecular-based nanotools to design surface structures.
- Amirjalayer, Saeed,Bakker, Anne,Freitag, Matthias,Fuchs, Harald,Glorius, Frank
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supporting information
p. 21230 - 21235
(2020/10/09)
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- PRODUCTION METHOD FOR AMIDATE COMPOUND
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A method for producing an amidate compound represented by Formula (3), comprising reacting a urethane compound represented by Formula (1) with a carboxylate compound represented by Formula (2): (in the formulas, A, n, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, X, and a are as described in the Description).
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Paragraph 0120-0122
(2020/02/13)
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- MANUFACTURE METHOD OF N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE COMPLEX COMPOUND, N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE COMPLEX COMPOUND PRODUCED BY THE SAME, AND METHOD FOR DELAYING POLYMERIZATION OF POLYURETHANE USING THE SAME
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The present invention relates to a solid N-heterocyclic carbene complex compound which is a delay catalyst for polyurethane polymerization. More specifically, the present invention: synthesizes N-heterocyclic carbene; and produces a solid N-heterocyclic carbene complex compound in which the synthesized N-heterocyclic carbine is coordinate-bonded with any one of adducts selected from carbon dioxide (CO_2), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), and magnesium (Mg) salt. The N-heterocyclic carbene complex compound produced thereby is able to solve the problem of available time. A polyurethane polymerization reaction can be effectively carried out by an action of delaying the polymerization of polyurethane since the polyurethane polymerization reaction is able to start when heated at 60°C or more whereas polyurethane polymerization hardly proceeds at room temperature.(S110) Step of synthesizing N-heterocyclic carbene(S210) Step of producing an N-heterocyclic carbene mixture by adding N-heterocyclic carbene to tetrahydrofuran and stirring(S220) Step of producing an N-heterocyclic carbene complex compound by making an adduct react with the N-heterocyclic carbene mixtureCOPYRIGHT KIPO 2020
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Paragraph 0066-0069
(2020/03/17)
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- Next-Generation Water-Soluble Homogeneous Catalysts for Conversion of Glycerol to Lactic Acid
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An attractive method for valorization of glycerol is the catalytic transformation to lactic acid. By overcoming the solubility challenge associated with known homogeneous catalysts for this reaction, we show that thermally robust Ir(I), Ir(III), and Ru(II
- Finn, Matthew,Ridenour, J. August,Heltzel, Jacob,Cahill, Christopher,Voutchkova-Kostal, Adelina
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supporting information
p. 1400 - 1409
(2018/05/23)
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- Base-Free Generation of Organic Electron Donors from Air-Stable Precursors
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Organic electron donors (OEDs) are powerful reducing agents recognized for their potential in the reduction of challenging substrates and in original applications. Nonetheless, their low stability in atmospheric oxygen or over time complicates their manipulation and storage. To overcome these constraints and enhance OED practicality, new air- and moisture-stable aminopyridinium carboxylate and carbonate precursors were synthesized and thermally activated to generate the potent electron donor in situ. Carboxylate adducts proved to be excellent latent OED systems, enabling the facile and efficient reduction of challenging substrates. Their reduction properties were correlated to their structural characteristics by thermogravimetric and spectroscopic analysis.
- Tintori, Guillaume,Nabokoff, Pierre,Buhaibeh, Ruqaya,Bergé-Lefranc, David,Redon, Sébastien,Broggi, Julie,Vanelle, Patrice
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supporting information
p. 3148 - 3153
(2018/03/13)
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- Facile synthesis of NHC-stabilized Ni nanoparticles and their catalytic application in the: Z -selective hydrogenation of alkynes
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Well defined Ni nanoparticles (NiNPs) stabilized with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been synthesized through a new methodology involving the decarboxylation of a zwitterionic CO2 adduct. Their catalytic performance was tested in the partial hydrogenation of alkynes into (Z)-alkenes under very mild reaction conditions (50 °C and 5 bar H2 pressure), providing excellent activities and selectivities.
- De Los Bernardos, Miriam Díaz,Pérez-Rodríguez, Sara,Gual, Aitor,Claver, Carmen,Godard, Cyril
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supporting information
p. 7894 - 7897
(2017/07/17)
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- Convergent Activation Concept for CO2 Fixation in Carbonates
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Concepts to facilitate the conversion of epoxides with carbon dioxide to the corresponding cyclic carbonates commonly focus on the activation of the epoxide. Herein we report a catalytic system which allows the simultaneous activation of carbon dioxide and the epoxide. This convergent activation concept is realized by combining a suitable carbene as catalyst for the carbon dioxide activation with a second catalytic system based on potassium iodide for epoxide activation. Initial experiments showed synergistic effects and thus proving the feasibility of this activation concept. Moreover a standard protocol was developed and the substrate scope under these conditions has been studied. Under mild and solvent-free conditions 14 epoxides could be converted. The respective cyclic carbonates were obtained in good to excellent yields with selectivities ≥ 99 % after simple filtration.
- Desens, Willi,Werner, Thomas
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p. 622 - 630
(2016/02/27)
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- Masked N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Alkylation of Phenols with Organic Carbonates
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An easily prepared masked N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate (DMI-CO2), was investigated as a “green” and inexpensive organocatalyst for the alkylation of phenols. The process made use of various low-toxicity and renewable alkylating agents, such as dimethyl- and diethyl carbonate, in a focused microwave reactor. DMI-CO2 was found to be a very active catalyst and excellent yields of a range of aryl alkyl ethers were obtained under relatively benign conditions. The observed difference in the conversion behavior of phenol methylation, in the presence of either the carbene or 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU) catalyst, was rationalized on the basis of mechanistic investigations. The primary mode of action for the N-heterocyclic carbene is nucleophilic catalysis. Activation of the dialkyl carbonate electrophile results in concomitant evolution of an organo-soluble alkoxide, which deprotonates the phenolic starting material. In contrast, DBU is initially protonated by the phenol and thus consumed. Subsequent regeneration and participation in nucleophilic catalysis only becomes significant after some phenolate alkylation occurs.
- Lui, Matthew Y.,Yuen, Alexander K. L.,Masters, Anthony F.,Maschmeyer, Thomas
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p. 2312 - 2316
(2016/10/24)
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- Photochemical Reduction of CO2 Using 1,3-Dimethylimidazolylidene
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Product analysis along with fluorescence quenching and laser flash photolysis experiments demonstrate that it is possible to effect a net photochemical reduction of CO2 through photolysis of an excited state donor in the presence of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate.
- Denning, Derek M.,Thum, Matthew D.,Falvey, Daniel E.
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supporting information
p. 4152 - 4155
(2015/09/15)
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- 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate: A zwitterionic salt for the efficient synthesis of vicinal diols from cyclic carbonates
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The development of efficient, cheap and recyclable catalysts for reactions under mild reaction conditions is a very attractive topic in green chemistry. Herein, a series of basic ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated as catalysts for the synthesis of vicinal diols via the hydrolysis of cyclic carbonates in order to improve this kind of synthetic process. The effects of the IL structure, the molar ratio of cyclic carbonate to water, and various reaction parameters on the catalytic performance were investigated in detail. It was found that 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate, a simple halogen-free zwitterionic catalyst, showed high activity (a space-time yield of 1086 h-1) and excellent selectivity for the preparation of ethylene glycol via the hydrolysis of ethylene carbonate. The catalyst could be reused over six times without obvious loss of catalytic activity. Also, it was applicable to a variety of cyclic carbonates for the production of their corresponding vicinal diols with high yields and selectivities. A possible catalytic cycle for this kind of catalytic process was proposed based on the experimental results, NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. This reaction protocol opens a new possibility for chemical synthesis as a substitution for traditional base or basic ILs. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014.
- Sun, Jian,Yao, Xiaoqian,Cheng, Weiguo,Zhang, Suojiang
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supporting information
p. 3297 - 3304
(2014/06/10)
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- Electrosynthesis of imidazolium carboxylates
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Synthesis of imidazolium carboxylate compounds was efficiently achieved by electrochemical reduction of imidazolium precursors under very mild conditions.
- De Robillard, Guillaume,Devillers, Charles H.,Kunz, Doris,Cattey, Helene,Digard, Eric,Andrieu, Jacques
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supporting information
p. 4410 - 4413
(2013/09/24)
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- Synthesis of rhodium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes and their catalytic activity in the hydrosilylation of alkenes in ionic liquid medium
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Rhodium complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands were prepared from bis(η4-1,5-cyclooctadiene) dichlorodirhodium and 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-2-carboxylate, and the catalytic properties of rhodium complexes prepared in the hydrosilylation of alkenes in ionic liquid media were investigated. It was found that both the catalytic activity and selectivity of the rhodium complexes bearing NHC ligands were influenced by the attached substituents of the imidazolium cation. Additionally, rhodium complexes bearing NHC ligands in ionic liquid BMimPF6 could be reused without noticeable loss of catalytic activity and selectivity.
- Li, Jiayun,Peng, Jiajian,Bai, Ying,Lai, Guoqiao,Li, Xiaonian
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experimental part
p. 2116 - 2121
(2011/06/22)
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- A systematic investigation of factors influencing the decarboxylation of imidazolium carboxylates
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(Chemical Equation Presented) A series of 1,3-disubstituted-2-imidazolium carboxylates, an adduct of CO2 and N-heterocyclic carbenes, were synthesized and characterized using single crystal X-ray, thermogravimetric, IR, and NMR analysis. The TG
- Van Ausdall, Bret R.,Glass, Jeremy L.,Wiggins, Kelly M.,Aarif, Atta M.,Louie, Janis
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scheme or table
p. 7935 - 7942
(2010/01/16)
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- CO2 adducts of N-heterocyclic carbenes: Thermal stability and catalytic activity toward the coupling of CO2 with epoxides
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(Chemical Equation Presented) Thermal stability of CO2 adducts of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) was studied by means of in situ FTIR method with monitoring of the ν(CO2) region of the infrared spectra under various conditions. 1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolinium-2-carboxylate (SIPr-CO2) shows higher thermal stability compared with 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium-2-carboxylate (IPr-CO2). The presence of free CO2 can significantly inhibit the decomposition of NHC-CO2 adducts, while the addition of an epoxide such as propylene oxide has a negative effect on stabilizing these adducts. As zwitterionic compounds, NHC-CO2 adducts were also proved to be effective organic catalysts for the coupling reaction of CO2 and epoxides to afford cyclic carbonates, for which a possible mechanism was proposed. Among these NHC-CO2 adducts, the relatively unstable IPr-CO2 exhibits the highest catalytic activity. The presence of an electrophile such as SalenAlEt could greatly improve the catalytic activity of IPr-CO2 due to intermolecular cooperative catalysis of the binary components.
- Zhou, Hui,Zhang, Wen-Zhen,Liu, Cui-Hua,Qu, Jing-Ping,Lu, Xiao-Bing
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p. 8039 - 8044
(2008/12/22)
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- Imidazol-2-and-4-ylidene by decarboxylation. Studies on the cross-conjugated mesomeric betaine-alkaloid norzooanemonine and its pseudo-cross-conjugated isomer
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1,3-Dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate and -4-carboxylate (norzooanemonine), which belong to two distinct classes of heterocyclic mesomeric betaines, undergo thermal decarboxylations to the N-heterocyclic carbenes imidazol-2-ylidene and imidazol-4-ylidene, respectively. These carbenes can be detected by ESI mass spectrometry and can be trapped by isocyanates to imidazolium-amidates, the structure of which was proved by independent syntheses. We performed calculations to characterize the different types of conjugation in the imidazolium-carboxylates. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry.
- Schmidt, Andreas,Beutler, Ariane,Albrecht, Marcel,Snovydovych, Bohdan,Ramirez, Francisco Javier
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p. 287 - 295
(2008/09/21)
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- Imidazolium carboxylates as versatile and selective N-heterocyclic carbene transfer agents: Synthesis, mechanism, and applications
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N,N′-Disubstituted imidazolium carboxylates, readily synthetically available, isolable, air- and water-stable reagents, efficiently transfer N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) groups to Rh, Ir, Ru, Pt, and Pd, to give novel NHC complexes, e.g., [Pd(NHC)3/
- Voutchkova, Adelina M.,Feliz, Marta,Clot, Eric,Eisenstein, Odile,Crabtree, Robert H.
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p. 12834 - 12846
(2008/04/03)
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- Synthesis of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium-2-carboxylates by direct carboxylation of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium chlorides with CO2
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1,3-Dialkylimidazolium-2-carboxylates 1a and 1b are obtained in good to excellent yield and selectivity by carboxylation of the corresponding 1,3-dialkylimidazolium chloride salts with a CO2/Na2CO3 system at temperatures ranging from 80 to 135 °C. The effect of temperature and reaction time on the yield and the selectivity of the carboxylation products has been studied. Coupling the CO2-based synthesis of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium-2-carboxylates with the transcarboxylation reaction described earlier [Tommasi, I.; Sorrentino, F.; Tetrahedron Lett., 2005, 46, 2141] allows us to set up a new synthetic procedure for the synthesis of organic carboxylates and alkylcarbonate anions avoiding the use of strong bases.
- Tommasi, Immacolata,Sorrentino, Fabiana
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p. 6453 - 6456
(2007/10/03)
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- Disubstituted imidazolium-2-carboxylates as efficient precursors to N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of Rh, Ru, Ir, and Pd
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N,N′-Disubstituted imidazolium-2-carboxylates are efficient precursors to NHC complexes of Rh, Ir, Pd, and Ru. Copyright
- Voutchkova, Adelina M.,Appelhans, Leah N.,Chianese, Anthony R.,Crabtree, Robert H.
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p. 17624 - 17625
(2007/10/03)
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