- CARBONATE SOLVENTS FOR NON-AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES FOR METAL AND METAL-ION BATTERIES
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There is provided a metal or metal-ion battery comprising an aluminum current collector and a low-corrosiveness non-aqueous electrolyte comprising, as a solvent, a carbonate compound of formula (I): (I). This battery has an upper voltage limit of about 4.2 V or more and anodic dissolution of aluminum during battery operation at said voltage is suppressed.
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Paragraph 00153
(2020/10/28)
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- Ni-Catalyzed Reductive Arylacylation of Alkenes toward Carbonyl-Containing Oxindoles
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An easy-to-handle Ni-catalyzed three-component reductive arylacylation of alkenes using isobutyl chloroformate as a CO source was described. This reaction operates under mild reaction conditions without the need to use toxic CO gas or metal carbonyl reagents. In addition, this method allows for rapid synthesis of 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles with an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter containing a ketone group in good yields with broad substrate scope.
- Xu, Sheng,Wang, Kuai,Kong, Wangqing
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supporting information
p. 7498 - 7503
(2019/10/02)
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- A method for obtaining and alkylene glycol dialkyl carbonate
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The invention relates to a method for obtaining a dialkyl carbonate and an alkylene glycol from a material flow containing dialkyl carbonate, alkylene carbonate, alkylene glycol, and alcohol, said method having the following steps: (a) separating a material flow (5) containing dialkyl carbonate and alkylene glycol in the form of a heteroazeotrope from the material flow containing dialkyl carbonate, alkylene carbonate, alkylene glycol, and alcohol in a distillative manner in a first distillation stage (1), and (b) separating the material flow (5) containing dialkyl carbonate and alkylene glycol in the form of a heteroazeotrope into a first raw product flow (27) which substantially contains dialkyl carbonate and a second raw product flow (29) which substantially contains alkylene glycol in a device for the purpose of a phase separation (25).
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Paragraph 0084-0093
(2016/12/26)
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- Organic carbonate synthesis from CO2 and alcohol over CeO 2 with 2-cyanopyridine: Scope and mechanistic studies
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The combination system of CeO2-catalyzed carboxylation and 2-cyanopyridine hydration (CeO2 + 2-cyanopyridine system) is effective for the direct synthesis of organic carbonates from CO2 and alcohols. This catalyst system can be applied to various alcohols to afford the corresponding carbonates in high alcohol-based yields. The hydration of 2-cyanopyridine over CeO2 rapidly proceeds under the low concentration of water, which can remove the water from the reaction media. Since the reaction is limited by the chemical equilibrium, the removal of water remarkably shifts the chemical equilibrium to the carbonate side, leading to high carbonate yields. In addition, 2-picolinamide that is produced by hydration of 2-cyanopyridine forms an intramolecular hydrogen bonding between H atom of the amide group and N atom of the pyridine ring, which weakens the adsorption of 2-picolinamide on CeO2 by reduction of the acidity. The reaction mechanism of DMC formation in CeO2 + 2-cyanopyridine system is also proposed.
- Honda, Masayoshi,Tamura, Masazumi,Nakagawa, Yoshinao,Nakao, Kenji,Suzuki, Kimihito,Tomishige, Keiichi
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- Halogenated volatiles from the fungus Geniculosporium and the actinomycete Streptomyces chartreusis
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Two unidentified chlorinated volatiles X and Y were detected in headspace extracts of the fungus Geniculosporium. Their mass spectra pointed to the structures of a chlorodimethoxybenzene for X and a dichlorodimethoxybenzene for Y. The mass spectra of some constitutional isomers for X and Y were included in our databases and proved to be very similar, thus preventing a full structural assignment. For unambiguous structure elucidation all possible constitutional isomers for X and Y were obtained by synthesis or from commercial suppliers. Comparison of mass spectra and GC retention times rigorously established the structures of the two chlorinated volatiles. Chlorinated volatiles are not very widespread, but brominated or even iodinated volatiles are even more rare. Surprisingly, headspace extracts from Streptomyces chartreusis contained methyl 2-iodobenzoate, a new natural product that adds to the small family of iodinated natural products.
- Wang, Tao,Rabe, Patrick,Citron, Christian A.,Dickschat, Jeroen S.
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supporting information
p. 2767 - 2777
(2014/01/06)
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- Environment-friendly liquid fuel and production process thereof
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The present invention discloses a liquid fuel and production process thereof. The liquid fuel comprises dialkyl carbonates with the structural formula of wherein R and R' are same or different, and R and R' are selected from the group consisting of C1-C8 linear chain alkyl, C3-C8 branched chain alkyl, C3-C8 naphthene base and alkyl containing furan ring. The process of the production of the liquid fuel comprises the steps of: performing a cycloaddition reaction between 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran and carbon dioxide to produce a cyclic carbonate, then performing an ester exchange reaction between the cyclic carbonate and monohydric alcohol to produce the dialkyl carbonate. The liquid fuel produced by the present invention is clean, safe and biodegradable; it is compatible with advantages of conventional fossil-based liquid fuels and biological liquid fuels and has a wide range of applications. The process provides a new way for industrial production of the dialkyl carbonate and efficient and comprehensive utilization of biomass resources.
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Paragraph 0101
(2013/12/03)
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- PROCESS FOR COPRODUCING DI- AND/OR POLYISOCYANATES AND GLYCOLS
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A process for coproducing di- and/or polyisocyanates and glycols, comprising process stages A, B, C and E for preparing glycols and process stages A, C, D, E, F and G for preparing di- and/or polyisocyanates, which comprises accomplishing the material coupling via the separation of the reaction mixture obtained in process stage A into process stages B and C, by in process stage A, reacting an aqueous alkylene oxide with carbon dioxide to give a reaction mixture comprising alkylene carbonate,hydrolyzing a portion of the alkylene carbonate-comprising reaction mixture obtained in process stage A to glycol in process stage B,dewatering the remaining alkylene carbonate-comprising stream of the reaction mixture from process stage A in process stage C,in process stage D, synthesizing amine by hydrogenating an aromatic nitro compound or a nitrile,in process stage E, transesterifying the dewatered alkylene carbonate-comprising mixture from process stage C with a monohydroxy alcohol to give the corresponding dialkyl carbonate, obtaining glycol as a coproduct,in process stage F, reacting the dialkyl carbonate-comprising reaction mixture obtained in process stage E with the amine obtained in process stage D to a mixture comprising the corresponding mono-, di- and/or polycarbamate, whichin process stage G is cleaved to obtain the corresponding di- and/or polyisocyanate.
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Page/Page column 3
(2012/08/28)
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- PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF ALKYLTIN ALKOXIDES
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A process for the production of alkyltin alkoxides which comprises subjecting at least one alkyltin compound selected from among organotin compounds having tin-oxygen-tin linkages as the starting compound and a hydroxyl compound as the reactant to dehydration to obtain an alkyltin alkoxide corresponding to the starting compound and the reactant, characterized by continuously feeding the starting compound and the reactant into a reactor, discharging a water-containing low boiling point component from the reactor, and continuously withdrawing a reaction fluid containing an alkyltin alkoxide as the bottom from the reactor.
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Page/Page column 31
(2008/06/13)
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- METHOD FOR PRODUCING AROMATIC CARBONATE
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A method for producing an aromatic carbonate, comprising: (1) performing a reaction between an organometal compound and carbon dioxide to obtain a reaction mixture containing a dialkyl carbonate formed by the reaction,(2) separating the dialkyl carbonate from the reaction mixture to obtain a residual liquid,(3) reacting the residual liquid with an alcohol to form at least one organometal compound and form water and removing the water from the organometal compound, and(4) reacting the dialkyl carbonate separated in step (2) with an aromatic hydroxy compound to obtain an aromatic carbonate.
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Page/Page column 64-65; 115
(2010/11/08)
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- Facile Synthesis of Carbonates from Alcohols and Carbon Monoxide Promoted by Elemental Sulfur
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Carbonates 3 were readily synthesized by carbonylation of alcohols with carbon monoxide and elemental sulfur in the presence of a base followed by in situ treatment of the resulting salts with copper(II) chloride.
- Mizuno, Takumi,Nakamura, Fumikazu,Egashira, Yoshitaka,Nishiguchi, Ikuzo,Hirashima, Tsuneaki,et al.
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p. 636 - 638
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis of O-Alkyl Carbonochloridothioates
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The preparation of O-alkyl carbonochloridothioates (2) was improved by performing the reaction of thiophosgene with potassium alkoxides in the corresponding alcohol or in tetrahydrofuran at -65 deg C for 1 hour.In all cases, the reaction yielded products 2, O,O-dialkyl carbonothioates (4), and dialkyl carbonates (5) in varying distribution.
- Martinez, Manuel A.,Vega, Juan C.
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p. 760 - 761
(2007/10/02)
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- Nucleophilic Substitutions at Carbonic Acid Derivatives. XIX. Alcoholysis and Hydrolysis of Bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate
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The rate constants of hydrolysis and alcoholysis of bis(trichlormethyl)carbonate in dioxane have been determinated conductometrically.The effects of the water and alcohol concentrations, the temperature and deuterium have been studied.By the hydrolysis and alcoholysis of bis(trichlormethyl)carbonate the nucleophilic attack of water and alcohol is the rate-determining step, followed by a fast elimination of unstable trichloromethanol.
- Cotarca, Livius,Bacaloglu, Radu,Marcu, Nicolae,Tarnaveanu, Alexandru
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p. 881 - 886
(2007/10/02)
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- THE REACTIONS OF UNACTIVATED ARYL HALIDES WITH SODIUM METHOXIDE IN HMPA; SYNTHESIS OF PHENOLS, ANISOLES, AND METHOXYPHENOLS
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Sodium methoxide reacts with dichlorobenzenes in HMPA to give the chloroanisoles as a result of a SNAr process.Excess MeONa then effects the demethylation of the ethers to give the chlorophenols via an SN2 reaction.With tri- and tetrachlorobenzenes the initially formed chloroanisoles can be dealkylated to chlorophenols or can suffer further substitution to give the chlorodimethoxybenzenes; these react with excess MeONa to give the chloromethoxyphenols.The results obtained with the various isomers of the di-, tri-, and tetrachlorobenzenes are presented and discussed on the basis of the electronic effects of the substituents.
- Testaferri, L.,Tiecco, M.,Tingoli, M.,Chianelli, D.,Montanucci, M.
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p. 193 - 198
(2007/10/02)
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- Nucleophilic Displacement in Polyhalogenoaromatic Compounds. Part 11. Kinetics of Protiodeiodination of Iodoarenes in Dimethyl Sulphoxide-Methanol
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The rates of methoxide-ion induced protiodeiodination of a number of polychloroiodobenzenes and their derivatives have been measured in dimethyl sulphoxide-methanol (9:1 v/v; 323.2 K).The true reagent under these conditions appears to be the dimethyl sulphoxide anion, and the rates of reaction in some cases appear to approach that expected of a diffusion controlled process.This corresponds to a major decrease in the efficacy of further activating substituents in the aromatic system, altough deactivating groups such as p-OMe still show large effects.Chlorine promotes protiodeiodination in the order of efficiency o-Cl > m-Cl > p-Cl; the trifluoromethyl group activates displacement in the order o-CF3 > p-CF3 > m-CF3, although with much less difference between isomeric sites. o-Nitro-groups promote protiodeiodination whereas the p-nitro-group encourages methoxydeiodination.No evidence of methoxydeiodination was found in attack of the polychloroiodobenzenes, although the rates of methoxydechlorination of the corresponding polychlorobenzenes suggest that in some cases this might occur.Evidence rejecting the possible SRN1 mechanism and supporting nucleophilic attack by a carbanionic species upon iodine is presented.
- Bolton, Roger,Moore, Clive,Sandall, John P.B.
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p. 1593 - 1598
(2007/10/02)
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