- Carbazole hydrodenitrogenation over nickel phosphide and Ni-rich bimetallic phosphide catalysts
-
Silica-supported nickel phosphide (Ni2P) and Ni-rich bimetallic phosphide catalysts were investigated for the hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of carbazole with and without a benzothiophene co-feed. The Ni2P/ SiO2, Co0.1Ni1.9P/SiO2, and Fe 0.03Ni1.97P/SiO2 catalysts exhibited high carbazole HDN activities and out-performed a commercial sulfided Ni-Mo/Al 2O3 catalyst under the testing conditions employed. Co-feeding of benzothiophene inhibited carbazole HDN over the metal phosphides, but the Ni2P/SiO2 and Ni-rich bimetallic phosphide catalysts maintained higher activities than the sulfided Ni-Mo/Al 2O3 catalyst. The product selectivities of the metal phosphide and sulfide catalysts were similar, except that the sulfided Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst yielded more hydrogenated carbazoles while the metal phosphide catalysts produced more of the partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon cyclohexylbenzene. The metal phosphide catalysts favored ring-opened (hexylcyclohexane) and ring-contracted ((2-methylcyclopentyl)cyclohexane) products, indicating the presence of metal and Br?nsted acid sites on the catalyst surfaces. The Ni2P/SiO2 and bimetallic phosphide catalysts exhibited excellent stabilities in the HDN conditions employed (carbazole-only and mixed feeds), as indicated by phase purity, average crystallite size and resistance to sulfur incorporation of the supported metal phosphide particles.
- Bowker, Richard H.,Ilic, Boris,Carrillo, Bo A.,Reynolds, Michael A.,Murray, Brendan D.,Bussell, Mark E.
-
p. 221 - 230
(2014/07/08)
-
- Acid-catalyzed Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. X. Alkylations with Cyclohexane
-
The complex reaction mixtures of the nonconventional alkylation of benzene with cyclohexane in the presence of Lewis/proton acids and promotors were investigated by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.Four representative groups of hydrocarbons were found including cycloalkylbenzenes, substituted indanes or tetralines (C12H16), C1-C6-alkylbenzenes and isomeric biscycloalkyls (C12H22).Their formation is interpreted as a competition between alkylation, (without or with isomerization), ringfission with cycloalkylation or fragmentation, and self-alkylation; phenylcycloalkylcations and phenylalkylcations are the intermediates.
- Miethchen, Ralf,Steege, Sigrid,Kroeger, Carl-Friedrich
-
p. 823 - 834
(2007/10/02)
-