- Activation of C-Cl Bonds in Chloroalkanes by Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles: Formation of Tetrasubstituted Ammonium Salts from Tertiary Amines
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Nickel oxide nanoparticles, readily available and easy to handle, were found to be an effective catalyst in the catalytic activation of C-Cl bonds in chloroalkanes. Coupling reactions of chloroalkanes and tertiary amines in the presence of the nickel oxide nanoparticle catalyst gave moderate to high yields of quaternary ammonium salts depending upon the amines.
- Park, Kang Hyun,Jung, Il Gu,Chung, Young Keun,Han, Jin Wook
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- METHOD FOR SYNTHESIZING AMMONIUM SALT AND COMPOSITION OBTAINED BY INCORPORATING POLYSACCHARIDES INTO AMMONIUM SALT
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PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for synthesizing an ammonium salt containing a quaternary ammonium salt in a shorter time than a conventionally known example and to provide a new composition containing an ammonium salt and polysaccharides such as cellulose or chitin. SOLUTION: There are provided: a method for synthesizing ammonium salt containing a quaternary ammonium salt in a shorter time than a conventionally known example; and a method for producing a new composition containing an ammonium salt and polysaccharides such as cellulose or chitin. COPYRIGHT: (C)2015,JPOandINPIT
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Paragraph 0030
(2016/12/22)
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- Thermal stability of quaternary ammonium hexafluorophosphates and halides
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Thermal decomposition of hexafluorophosphates of short-chain tetraalkylammonium salts of the general formula R3R'NPF6, where R3 = R' = CH3, C2H5, C 4H9; R3 = C2H5, R' = CH2C6H6 or CH2CH=CH2, was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis. Measurements were performed in air in the temperature interval 20-500°N. The thermal stability of halides with the same cations in the same temperature interval was studied for comparison. The effect of cation on the thermal stability of the halides and hexafluorophosphates was examined. The mechanism of thermal decomposition of quaternary ammonium hexafluorophosphates was suggested.
- Zhuravlev,Nikol'skii,Voronchikhina
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p. 824 - 830
(2014/02/14)
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- Preparation of fat-liquor based on jojoba oil under phase transfer catalysis
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Jojoba oil is of immense importance for industrial applications. There are a lot of published articles concerning its various uses in cosmetics, detergents, surfactants and lubricants. Therefore, this work was devoted to exploring its application for further use in the leather industry as a fat-liquoring agent. The fat-liquoring process is one important step in leather manufacturing, with the intention of obtaining leather of full, soft handle, flexibility, and pliability as well as improving its mechanical properties. The study involved preparation of jojoba fat-liquor via a sulfitation process. An improvement of the sulfitation process based on combined SO3 content was achieved under phase transfer catalysis (PTC). Two differently prepared types of phase transfer catalyst of phosphonium and ammonium types were investigated, namely, benzyl tri-phenyl phosphonium chloride (BTPP) and tri-ethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (TEBA). The fat-liquored leather led to an improvement in its mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break. In addition, a significant enhancement of the texture of the treated leather by jojoba fat-liquor as indicated in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images was observed.
- Nashy, El-Shahat H. A.,Megahed,Abd El-Ghaffar
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experimental part
p. 1239 - 1246
(2011/11/12)
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- The synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts from ammonium salts and dialkyl carbonate
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Quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized from ammonium salts and dialkyl carbonates over an ionic liquid catalyst 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2006.
- Zheng, Zhuoqun,Wu, Tinghua,Zhou, Xiaoping
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p. 1864 - 1865
(2008/03/14)
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- Distribution of the products of benzhydryl bromide heterolysis in the presence of triphenylverdazyl in aprotic solvents
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The distribution of products of benzhydryl bromide heterolysis in the presence of triphenylverdazyl in anhydrous nitrobenzene and propylene carbonate, as well as in anhydrous acetonitrile in the presence of benzyltriethylammonium chloride was studied. In kinetic experiments the contribution of verdazyl alkylation was always minor, and verdazyl was mostly consumed in the reaction with HBr evolved during solvolysis. Thus, triphenylverdazyl is not an indicator of the solvent-separated ion pair of benzhydryl bromide. Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2006.
- Serebryakov,Kryzhanovskaya,Dzhurinskaya
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p. 798 - 800
(2008/02/02)
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- Structure and Stability of Quaternary Ammonium Interhalides: Experimental and Quantum-Chemical Study
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The electronic structure of a series of ammonium interhalides [R 1R2R3R4N]XI2, where R1 = CH3, C2H5, C3H 7, F, H; R2 = R3 = R4 = CH 3, H; X = Cl, Br, I, was studied by ab initio calculations (RHF/3-21G, RHF/HW, MP2/HW). The thermodynamic stability of these compounds correlates with the strength of the hydrogen bond N-H...X and three-center interhalide bond X-I-I. Calculations confirmed that, in polar solvents, these compounds preferably decompose to [R1R2R3R 4N]+ and XI2- (with subsequent decomposition of the anion), and in nonpolar solvents, to the neutral species [R1R2R3R4N]X and I2. The calculation results were compared to the experimental data obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and spectrophotometry.
- Simonyan,Kletskii,Chernov'yants,Gol'eva
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p. 575 - 582
(2007/10/03)
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- Local anesthetic compounds and uses
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Novel compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods are disclosed for producing local anesthesia of long-duration. The compounds of this invention are multibinding compounds that comprise from 2 to 10 ligands covalently attached to a linker or linkers, each ligand being capable of binding to a ligand binding site in a voltage-gated Na+channel to modulate the biological processes/functions thereof.
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- Chlorination and alkylation of toluene with carbon tetrachloride
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It was shown that benzyl chloride can be synthesized from toluene and carbon tetrachloride with a high selectivity. The optimum conditions of side-chain chlorination and benzene-ring alkylation in the CCl4-toluene system were determined.
- Smirnov,Nevskaya,Golubeva
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- Carbapenem-3-carboxylic acid ester derivatives
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Disclosed are carbapenem-3-carboxylic acid ester derivatives of formula (I), wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, R2 is an alkyl group which may be substituted by a cycloalkyl group having about 4 to 7 carbon atoms and which may be substituted by a lower alkyl group, or is a cycloalkyl group having 4 to 7 carbon atoms which may be substituted by a lower alkyl group and n is 0 or 1. The compounds are highly absorbable through the digestive tract and are rapidly converted in the body to the active compound, which shows strong antibacterial activity. STR1
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- ACID DEACTIVATION OF A NUCLEOPHILE IN THE PHASE-TRANSFER PHENOLYSIS OF CYCLOPHOSPHAZENES AND ITS MECHANISM UNDER HOMOGENEOUS CONDITIONS
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The reactions of tetraalkylammonium salts of 2,4-dinitrophenol (ArO-Q+) with the cyclic trimer of phosphonitrile chloride were studied in a two-phase system of a buffer solution and benzene and in a homogeneous system modeling the conditions of the organic phase. In a two-phase system the aryloxide ion, while being incompletely ionized in the aqueous phase, is extracted into the organic phase together with the neutral form of the phenol, which results in the inhibition of the reaction of monoaryloxyphosphazene formation. The reason lies in the deactivation of the nucleophile as a result of the formation of less reactive complexes with an H bond between the anion and/or the ion pair ArO-Q+ and the proton donor (ROH) contained in the organic phase. On the basis of the kinetic relations and of the results of a study of the equilibrium processes it was found that in the case of strong proton donors (phenols) complexes of the anion and of the ion pair ArO-Q+ with a composition of 1:1 react with the substrate, but in case of weak donors (alcohols) an ion pair not bound into a complex and associations with the anion with compositions of 1:1 and 1:2 react. The reactivity of the complexes of composition 1:1 is thus proportional to the values of the constants of complex formation with ROH, and the inhibiting action of the latter is governed by a single correlation equation without regard to the type of the H-bond acceptor and to the nature of ROH. On the basis of the quantum-chemical calculations it was supposed that the ambiguous effect of ROH on the nucleophilicity of the anions and of the ArO-Q+ ion pairs is determined by the differences in specific solvation between the transition states of the reactions involving these forms of the reagent.
- Afon'kin, A. A.,Shumeiko, A. E.,Popov, A. F.
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p. 457 - 463
(2007/10/02)
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- PHASE-TRANSFER PHENOLYSIS OF CYCLOPHOSPHAZENES DURING NONCOMPETITIVE EXTRACTION OF THE IONIC REACTANT: RATE-LIMITING STAGE AND THE TYPE OF THE DOMINANT NUCLEOPHILE
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We studied the reaction of salts of nitro-substituted phenols with cyclophosphazenes in a diphase system of a borate buffer and an organic solvent.Tetraalkylammonium arylates were found to react with the cyclophosphazenes under phase-transfer conditions as free or associated with H2O ionic pairs and hydrated arylate ions.The dominating role of one nucleophile in the reaction is due to the ability of the arylate salt to dissociate into ions and to associate with H2O.Either the stage of mass transfer of the ionic reactant or the chemical interaction itself can be therate-limiting stage.The factors increasing the ability of the dominant nucleophile to pass into the organic phase and decreasing its reactivity increase the probability that the phase-transfer process goes through a limiting stage of the chemical transformation of the reactant.A mechanism of the phase-transfer catalysis is proposed in which the possibility for the reactions to proceed in the bulk of the organic phase or at the interface is determined by the ratio of the experimentally observed rates of phase transfer of the reactant and of its reaction with the substrate.
- Afon'kin, A.A.,Shumeiko, A.E.,Popov, A.F.
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p. 2097 - 2103
(2007/10/02)
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- Photoinduced C-C Bond Formation from Alkyl Halides catalysed by Luminescent Dinuclear Gold(I) and Copper(I) Complexes
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The photoluminescent properties of (2+) , (2+) and (2+) have been investigated.Irradiation of a degassed acetonitrile solution of benzyl chloride or 1-bromopentane in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor such as triethylamine and a catalytic amount of (2+) led to the formation of bibenzyl or n-decane.Similar photoreactions with much lower yields of the C-C bond coupling products have also been observed with (2+) and (2+) as catalysts.The mechanism of the photoreaction between alkyl halides and (2+) has been investigated by steady-state photolysis, Stern-Volmer quenching and flash-photolysis studies.
- Li, Dan,Che, Chi-Ming,Kwong, Hoi-Lun,Yam, Vivian Wing-Wah
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p. 3325 - 3330
(2007/10/02)
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- Process for the chlorination of sugars
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Sugars and partly protected sugar derivatives are chlorinated by reaction of unprotected hydroxyl groups with thionyl chloride to form a persulphite followed by decomposition of the sulphite groups to form chlorosulphites, displacement of the chlorosulphite groups and insertion of chlorine atoms at one or more positions, characterised in that formation and displacement of the chlorosulphite groups and insertion of chlorine atoms is effected by reaction with thionyl chloride in an inert solvent in the presence of a quaternary salt of the general formula: wherein R1, R2 and R3, which may be the same or different, each represent a lower alkyl group, and R4 represents a hydrocarbon group with at least seven carbon atoms; and, when the sugar or partly protected sugar derivative has more than three unprotected hydroxyl groups, the process comprises the following stages: (a) reaction of the sugar or partly protected sugar derivative with thionyl chloride in the presence of pyridine to form a persulphite; (b) isolation of the polysulphite to remove free pyridine; and (c) reaction of the isolated polysulphite with thionyl chloride in an inert solvent or suspension medium in the presence of a quaternary salt of the general formula (I).
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- Method for performing organic reactions in silicone oils
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Disclosed is a process for the performance of organic reactions in the liquid phase wherein silicone oils are used as the reaction medium. These silicone oils have no functional groups, are liquid at room temperature and have viscosities between 40 and 20,000 cs. at 25° C. The obtained reaction products are very pure and generally do not require additional purifying operations.
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- Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Cobalt with Benzyltriethylammonium Chloride
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A simple and rapid extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination of cobalt(II) is described.The ion-association formed between the SCN--complex of CoII and benzyltriethylammonium ion is extracted into 1,2-dichloroethane in a wide range of pH.The extracted species has an absorption maximum at 625 nm, and obeys Beer's law for 0.5 - 55 μg ml-1 of CoII; the molar absorptivity being 0.179*104 dm3 mol-1 cm-1.Optimum conditions for colour development and interference from foreign ions have been studied.
- Bayan, K. C.,Das, H. K.
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p. 357 - 358
(2007/10/02)
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