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A PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF L-GLUTAMINE
The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of L-Glutamine of Formula (I). The present invention also relates to an improved process for the purification of L-Glutamine of Formula (I) having specific bulk density and Hausner ratio.
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Page/Page column 13; 14; 15; 16

(2022/01/24)

Direct monitoring of biocatalytic deacetylation of amino acid substrates by1H NMR reveals fine details of substrate specificity
Amino acids are key synthetic building blocks that can be prepared in an enantiopure form by biocatalytic methods. We show that thel-selective ornithine deacetylase ArgE catalyses hydrolysis of a wide-range ofN-acyl-amino acid substrates. This activity was revealed by1H NMR spectroscopy that monitored the appearance of the well resolved signal of the acetate product. Furthermore, the assay was used to probe the subtle structural selectivity of the biocatalyst using a substrate that could adopt different rotameric conformations.
De Cesare, Silvia,McKenna, Catherine A.,Mulholland, Nicholas,Murray, Lorna,Bella, Juraj,Campopiano, Dominic J.
supporting information
p. 4904 - 4909
(2021/06/16)

A novel strategy for efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of D-glutamine using recombinant Escherichia coli cells
D-glutamine is a D type stereoisomer of glutamine which is involved in many metabolic processes. Seeking lower-cost and industrially scalable approaches for the synthesis of D-glutamine is very valuable both in academic career and potential applications. Herein, we developed a novel efficient chemoenzymatic strategy for producing D-glutamine. Initially, DL-glutamine was chemically prepared with cheap and accessible DL-glutamic acid as raw material. Subsequently, the L-glutamine among the racemic mixture was selectively hydrolyzed to L-glutamic acid by Escherichia coli whole-cell system which expressed L-aminopeptidase D-Ala-esterase/amidase (DmpA) from Ochrobactrum anthropi. The left D-glutamine was obtained by isoelectric point precipitation with 70% of the theoretical yield. Furthermore, we optimized enzymatic resolution conditions to determine the optimum parameters as pH 8, 30 °C, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, and 1 mM Mn2+. These results suggested that our strategy might be potentially usable for the synthesis of D-glutamine in industrial productions.
Du, Qinglin,Zhang, Xiangyang,Pan, Xinru,Zhang, Hongjuan,Yang, Yu-Shun,Liu, Junzhong,Jiao, Qingcai
(2020/06/17)

Discovery of new A- and B-type laxaphycins with synergistic anticancer activity
Two new cyclic lipopeptides termed laxaphycins B4 (1) and A2 (2) were discovered from a collection of the marine cyanobacterium Hormothamnion enteromorphoides, along with the known compound laxaphycin A. The planar structures were solved based on a combined interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR data and mass spectral data. The absolute configurations of the subunits were determined by chiral LC-MS analysis of the hydrolysates, advanced Marfey's analysis and 1D and 2D ROESY experiments. Consistent with similar findings on other laxaphycin A- and B-type peptides, laxaphycin B4 (1) showed antiproliferative effects against human colon cancer HCT116 cells with IC50 of 1.7 μM, while laxaphycins A and A2 (2) exhibited weak activities. The two major compounds isolated from the sample, laxaphycins A and B4, were shown to act synergistically to inhibit the growth of HCT116 colorectal cancer cells.
Cai, Weijing,Matthew, Susan,Chen, Qi-Yin,Paul, Valerie J.,Luesch, Hendrik
p. 2310 - 2319
(2018/04/02)

Substrate Specificity and Chemical Mechanism for the Reaction Catalyzed by Glutamine Kinase
Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, has a unique O-methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) moiety attached to its capsular polysaccharide. Investigations into the biological role of MeOPN have revealed that it contributes to the pathogenicity of C. jejuni, and this modification is important for the colonization of C. jejuni. Previously, the reactions catalyzed by four enzymes (Cj1418-Cj1415) from C. jejuni that are required for the biosynthesis of the phosphoramidate modification have been elucidated. Cj1418 (l-glutamine kinase) catalyzes the formation of the initial phosphoramidate bond with the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the amide nitrogen of l-glutamine. Here we show that Cj1418 catalyzes the phosphorylation of l-glutamine through a three-step reaction mechanism via the formation of covalent pyrophosphorylated (Enz-X-Pβ-Pγ) and phosphorylated (Enz-X-Pβ) intermediates. In the absence of l-glutamine, the enzyme was shown to catalyze a positional isotope exchange (PIX) reaction within β-[18O4]-ATP in support of the formation of the Enz-X-Pβ-Pγintermediate. In the absence of ATP, the enzyme was shown to catalyze a molecular isotope exchange (MIX) reaction between l-glutamine phosphate and [15N-amide]-l-glutamine in direct support of the Enz-X-Pβintermediate. The active site nucleophile has been identified as His-737 based on the lack of activity of the H737N mutant and amino acid sequence comparisons. The enzyme was shown to also catalyze the phosphorylation of d-glutamine, γ-l-glutamyl hydroxamate, γ-l-glutamyl hydrazide, and β-l-aspartyl hydroxamate, in addition to l-glutamine.
Taylor, Zane W.,Chamberlain, Alexandra R.,Raushel, Frank M.
(2018/09/21)

Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride as a Mild and Versatile Reagent for Cleaving Boroxazolidones to Their Corresponding Free α-Amino Acids
Protection of α-amino acids with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) to give their corresponding boroxazolidones is highly attractive, as it concurrently masks both the amino and the carboxylic acid functionalities. However, the harsh methods required for deprotection of these boroxazolidones have limited their use. Herein, we report that tetrabutylammonium fluoride serves as a mild and versatile reagent that can be used to cleave boroxazolidones to their corresponding free α-amino acids. The reaction conditions were explored, including the use of various nucleophilic fluoride sources, solvents, and reaction temperatures. Nucleophilic fluoride sources comprising an ammonium cation proved superior to other countercations. The scope of the reaction was extended to the cleavage of B,B-diphenyl- and B,B-diethyl boroxazolidone complexes. Furthermore, a wide range of α-amino acid side-chain functionalities were shown to be compatible, including acids, esters, amides, thiols, thioethers, alkynes, phenols, basic heterocycles, and important biorelevant molecules such as glutathione, (S)-adenosyl-l-homocysteine, and l-biocytin.
Poulie, Christian B. M.,Bunch, Lennart
supporting information
p. 1475 - 1478
(2017/04/01)

Studies on the Biochemical Formation Pathway of the Amino Acid l -Theanine in Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Other Plants
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most widely consumed beverage aside from water. The flavor of tea is conferred by certain metabolites, especially l-theanine, in C. sinensis. To determine why more l-theanine accumulates in C. sinensis than in other plants, we compare l-theanine contents between C. sinensis and other plant species (Camellia nitidissima, Camellia japonica, Zea mays, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Solanum lycopersicum) and use a stable isotope labeling approach to elucidate its biosynthetic route. We quantify relevant intermediates and metabolites by mass spectrometry. l-Glutamic acid, a precursor of l-theanine, is present in most plants, while ethylamine, another precursor of l-theanine, specifically accumulates in Camellia species, especially C. sinensis. Most plants contain the enzyme/gene catalyzing the conversion of ethylamine and l-glutamic acid to l-theanine. After supplementation with [2H5]ethylamine, all the plants produce [2H5]l-theanine, which suggests that ethylamine availability is the reason for the difference in l-theanine accumulation between C. sinensis and other plants.
Cheng, Sihua,Fu, Xiumin,Wang, Xiaoqin,Liao, Yinyin,Zeng, Lanting,Dong, Fang,Yang, Ziyin
p. 7210 - 7216
(2017/08/30)

Chromatographic Resolution of α-Amino Acids by (R)-(3,3'-Halogen Substituted-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 Stationary Phase in HPLC
Three new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for high-performance liquid chromatography were prepared from R-(3,3'-halogen substituted-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 (halogen = Cl, Br and I). The experimental results showed that R-(3,3'-dibromo-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 (CSP-1) possesses more prominent enantioselectivity than the two other halogen-substituted crown ether derivatives. All twenty-one α-amino acids have different degrees of separation on R-(3,3'-dibromo-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6-based CSP-1 at room temperature. The enantioselectivity of CSP-1 is also better than those of some commercial R-(1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 derivatives. Both the separation factors (α) and the resolution (Rs) are better than those of commercial crown ether-based CSPs [CROWNPAK CR(+) from Daicel] under the same conditions for asparagine, threonine, proline, arginine, serine, histidine and valine, which cannot be separated by commercial CR(+). This study proves the commercial usefulness of the R-(3,3'-dibromo-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 chiral stationary phase.
Wu, Peng,Wu, Yuping,Zhang, Junhui,Lu, Zhenyu,Zhang, Mei,Chen, Xuexian,Yuan, Liming
supporting information
p. 1037 - 1042
(2017/07/25)

Process for preparing hyperpolarized substrates and method for MRI
The present invention generally relates to a process for the preparation of aqueous solutions of hyperpolarized molecules ready for use in in-vivo MR diagnostic imaging, the use thereof as MRI contrast agent in investigation methods for producing diagnostic MR images of a human or non-human animal body organ, region or tissue.
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Page/Page column 32

(2017/08/01)

METHOD FOR SYNTHESIZING OPTICALLY ACTIVE a-AMINO ACID USING CHIRAL METAL COMPLEX COMPRISING AXIALLY CHIRAL N-(2-ACYLARYL)-2-[5,7-DIHYDRO-6H-DIBENZO[c,e]AZEPIN-6-YL] ACETAMIDE COMPOUND AND AMINO ACID
Objects of the present invention are to provide an industrially applicable method for producing an optically active α-amino acid in high yield and in a highly enantioselective manner, to provide a simple production method of an optically active α,α-disubstituted α-amino acid, and to provide an intermediate useful for the above production methods of an optically active α-amino acid and an optically active α,α-disubstituted α-amino acid. The present invention provides a production method of an optically active α-amino acid or a salt thereof, the production method comprising introducing a substituent into the α carbon in the α-amino acid moiety of a metal complex represented by the following Formula (1): by an alkylation reaction, an aldol reaction, the Michael reaction, or the Mannich reaction, and releasing an optically pure α-amino acid enantiomer or a salt thereof by acid decomposition of the metal complex.
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Paragraph 0416-0417

(2016/05/10)

METHOD FOR SYNTHESIZING OPTICALLY ACTIVE α-AMINO ACID USING CHIRAL METAL COMPLEX COMPRISING AXIALLY CHIRAL N-(2-ACYLARYL)-2-[5,7-DIHYDRO-6H-DIBENZO[c,e]AZEPIN-6-YL]ACETAMIDE COMPOUND AND AMINO ACID
Objects of the present invention are to provide an industrially applicable method for producing an optically active ±-amino acid in high yield and in a highly enantioselective manner, to provide a simple production method of an optically active ±,±-disubstituted ±-amino acid, and to provide an intermediate useful for the above production methods of an optically active ±-amino acid and an optically active ±,±-disubstituted ±-amino acid. The present invention provides a production method of an optically active ±-amino acid or a salt thereof, the production method comprising introducing a substituent into the ± carbon in the ±-amino acid moiety of a metal complex represented by the following Formula (1): by an alkylation reaction, an aldol reaction, the Michael reaction, or the Mannich reaction, and releasing an optically pure ±-amino acid enantiomer or a salt thereof by acid decomposition of the metal complex.
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Paragraph 0708-0710

(2016/11/17)

Identification and Biosynthetic Characterization of Natural Aromatic Azoxy Products from Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10
Aromatic azoxy compounds recently attracted wide interest for their unique liquid crystalline properties. However, biosynthetic pathways of natural azoxy products have rarely been reported. Three novel aromatic azoxy compounds, azoxymycins A, B, and C, have been isolated and identified from Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10, and their biosynthetic pathways have been reported.
Guo, Yuan-Yang,Li, Han,Zhou, Zhen-Xing,Mao, Xu-Ming,Tang, Yi,Chen, Xin,Jiang, Xin-Hang,Liu, Yu,Jiang, Hui,Li, Yong-Quan
p. 6114 - 6117
(2016/01/09)

Enantiospecific C-H Activation Using Ruthenium Nanocatalysts
The activation of C-H bonds has revolutionized modern synthetic chemistry. However, no general strategy for enantiospecific C-H activation has been developed to date. We herein report an enantiospecific C-H activation reaction followed by deuterium incorporation at stereogenic centers. Mechanistic studies suggest that the selectivity for the α-position of the directing heteroatom results from a four-membered dimetallacycle as the key intermediate. This work paves the way to novel molecular chemistry on nanoparticles.
Taglang, Céline,Martínez-Prieto, Luis Miguel,Del Rosal, Iker,Maron, Laurent,Poteau, Romuald,Philippot, Karine,Chaudret, Bruno,Perato, Serge,Sam Lone, Ana?s,Puente, Céline,Dugave, Christophe,Rousseau, Bernard,Pieters, Grégory
supporting information
p. 10474 - 10477
(2015/09/02)

A mild removal of Fmoc group using sodium azide
A mild method for effectively removing the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group using sodium azide was developed. Without base, sodium azide completely deprotected Nα-Fmoc-amino acids in hours. The solvent-dependent conditions were carefully studied and then optimized by screening different sodium azide amounts and reaction temperatures. A variety of Fmoc-protected amino acids containing residues masked with different protecting groups were efficiently and selectively deprotected by the optimized reaction. Finally, a biologically significant hexapeptide, angiotensin IV, was successfully synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis using the developed sodium azide method for all Fmoc removals. The base-free condition provides a complement method for Fmoc deprotection in peptide chemistry and modern organic synthesis. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
Chen, Chun-Chi,Rajagopal, Basker,Liu, Xuan Yu,Chen, Kuan Lin,Tyan, Yu-Chang,Lin, Fui,Lin, Po-Chiao
p. 367 - 374
(2014/03/21)

Probing of primed and unprimed sites of calpains: Design, synthesis and evaluation of epoxysuccinyl-peptide derivatives as selective inhibitors
Calpains are intracellular cysteine proteases with important physiological functions. Up- or downregulation of their expression can be responsible for several diseases, therefore specific calpain inhibitors may be considered as promising candidates for drug discovery. In this paper we describe the synthesis and characterization of a new class of inhibitors derived from the analysis of amino acid preferences in primed and unprimed sites of calpains by incorporation of l- or d-epoxysuccinyl group (Eps). Amino acids for replacement were chosen by considering the substrate preference of calpain 1 and 2 enzymes. The compounds were characterized by RP-HPLC, amino acid analysis and ESI-MS. Selectivity of the compounds was studied by using calpain 1 and 2; and cathepsin B. We have identified five calpain specific inhibitors with different extent of selectivity. Two of these also exhibited isoform selectivity. Compound NH 2-Thr-Pro-Leu-(d-Eps)-Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH2 proved to be a calpain 2 enzyme inhibitor with at least 11.8-fold selectivity, while compound NH2-Thr-Pro-Leu-(l-Eps)-Ser-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH2 possesses calpain 1 enzyme inhibition with at least 4-fold selectivity. The results of molecular modeling calculations suggest that the orientation of the bound inhibitor in the substrate binding cleft is markedly dependent on the stereochemistry of the epoxysuccinyl group.
Dókus, Levente E.,Menyhárd, Dóra K.,Tantos, ágnes,Hudecz, Ferenc,Bánóczi, Zoltán
supporting information
p. 274 - 280
(2014/06/24)

SEPARATING AGENT AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF
An embodiment of the present invention is a separating agent wherein a group represented by a chemical formula of: or a group represented by a chemical formula of: is introduced on a surface thereof.
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Paragraph 0067; 0068; 0069; 0070; 0071; 0072; 0089; 0090

(2015/01/07)

INDUCED HEPATOCYTES
An object of the present invention is to produce hepatic cells from non-hepatic cells that can be obtained less invasively and at low cost. The gene of HNF3α, HNF3β, or HNF3γ and the gene of HNF4α are transduced into non-hepatic cells. The present invention enables the production of induced hepatocytes from somatic cells that are non-hepatic cells, such as skin cells. The use of the induced hepatocytes obtained by the present invention can establish and develop, as general medical treatment, cell transplantation into the liver, artificial livers, and drug response tests, which are the areas that have not been generalized because of the difficulty of procuring hepatocytes.
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(2013/03/28)

SEPARATING AGENT FOR CHROMATOGRAPHY
A separating agent for chromatography is provided that is useful for the separation of specific compounds, e.g., for the optical resolution of amino acids. This separating agent for chromatography provides a higher productivity and contains a crown ether-like cyclic structure and optically active binaphthyl. This separating agent for chromatography containing a crown ether-like cyclic structure and optically active binaphthyl is provided by introducing a substitution group for binding to carrier into a specific commercially available 1,1′-binaphthyl derivative that has substituents at the 2, 2′, 3, and 3′ positions, then introducing a crown ether-like cyclic structure, and subsequently chemically bonding the binaphthyl derivative to the carrier through the substitution group for binding to carrier.
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Paragraph 0074; 0075

(2013/08/15)

Six new cyclic peptides from the roots of gypsophila oldhamiana
Six new cyclic peptides, gypsophin A-F (1-6), were isolated from Gypsophila oldhamiana. Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and chemical degradation. Compound 3 exhibited moderate activity of antiplatelet aggregation in vitro.
Wang, Gang,Luo, Jian-Guang,Yang, Ming-Hua,Wang, Xiao-Bing,Kong, Ling-Yi
p. 489 - 495
(2013/06/05)

Microbial enantioselective removal of the N-benzyloxycarbonyl amino protecting group
In order to deprotect N-carbobenzoxy-l-aminoacids (Cbz-AA) and related compounds, a series of microorganisms was selected from soil by enrichment cultures with Cbz-l-Glu as sole nitrogen source. A lyophilized whole-cell preparation of two Arthrobacter sp. strains grown on Cbz-Glu or Cbz-Gly exhibited a high cleavage activity. The conditions of hydrolysis have been optimized and a quantitative enantioselective deprotection of several Cbz-dl-amino acids was obtained, as well as the deprotection of N-carbamoylester derivatives of several synthetic amino compounds. The preparation of Cbz-d-allylglycine and l-allylglycine in high yield and high optical purity is described as an application of this method.
Maurs, Michele,Acher, Francine,Azerad, Robert
p. 22 - 26
(2012/10/29)

Stem Cell Culture Methods
The invention provides methods for reversibly inhibiting stem cell differentiation wherein a compound of formula (I) is contacted with a stem cell. The invention further provides a method for preparing a culture medium, a culture medium supplement and a composition comprising a compound of formula (I).
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(2012/08/27)

Stigonemapeptin, an Ahp-containing depsipeptide with elastase inhibitory activity from the bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacterium Stigonema sp.
Stigonemapeptin (1), a depsipeptide containing an Ahp (3-amino-6-hydroxy-2- piperidone) residue, was isolated from a bloom sample of the freshwater cyanobacterium Stigonema sp. collected from North Nokomis Lake in the Highland Lake District of northern Wisconsin. The planar structure was determined by 1D and 2D NMR experiments as well as HRESIMS analysis. The absolute configurations of the amino acids were determined using the advanced Marfey's method after acid hydrolysis. Stigonemapeptin (1), characterized by the presence of the Ahp residue, also contained the modified amino acids Abu (2-amino-2-butenoic acid) and N-formylated Pro. Stigonemapeptin (1) showed in vitro elastase and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 0.26 and 2.93 μM, respectively.
Kang, Hahk-Soo,Krunic, Aleksej,Orjala, Jimmy
experimental part
p. 807 - 811
(2012/06/29)

Calyxamides A and B, cytotoxic cyclic peptides from the marine sponge Discodermia calyx
Cyclic peptides containing 5-hydroxytryptophan and thiazole moieties were isolated from the marine sponge Discodermia calyx collected near Shikine-jima Island, Japan. The structures of calyxamides A (1) and B (2), including the absolute configurations of all amino acids, were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and degradation experiments. The structures are similar to keramamides F and G, previously isolated from Theonella sp. The analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences obtained from the metagenomic DNA of D. calyx revealed the presence of Candidatus Entotheonella sp., an unculturable δ-proteobacterium inhabiting the Theonella genus and implicated in the biosynthesis of bioactive peptides.
Kimura, Miki,Wakimoto, Toshiyuki,Egami, Yoko,Tan, Karen Co,Ise, Yuji,Abe, Ikuro
experimental part
p. 290 - 294
(2012/05/05)

Molecular cloning and characterization of γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase from pseudomonas nitroreducens IFO12694
y-Glutamyltranspeptidase from Pseudomonas nitroreducens IFO12694 (PnGGT) exhibited higher hydro-lytic activity than transfer activity, as compared with other y-glutamyltranspeptidases (GGTs). PnGGT showed little activity towards most of L-amino acids and towards glycyl-glycine, which is often used as a standard y-glutamyl accepter in GGT transfer reactions. The preferred substrates for PnGGT as a y-glutamyl accepter were amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, and isopropylamine.
Imaoka, Masashi,Yano, Shigekazu,Okumura, Masashi,Hibi, Takao,Wakayama, Mamoru
experimental part
p. 1936 - 1939
(2011/06/11)

Structure, mechanism, and substrate profile for Sco3058: The closest bacterial homologue to human renal dipeptidase
Human renal dipeptidase, an enzyme associated with glutathione metabolism and the hydrolysis of β-lactams, is similar in sequence to a cluster of ～400 microbial proteins currently annotated as nonspecific dipeptidases within the amidohydrolase superfamily. The closest homologue to the human renal dipeptidase from a fully sequenced microbe is Sco3058 from Streptomyces coelicolor. Dipeptide substrates of Sco3058 were identified by screening a comprehensive series of L-Xaa-L-Xaa, L-Xaa-D-Xaa, and D-Xaa-L-Xaa dipeptide libraries. The substrate specificity profile shows that Sco3058 hydrolyzes a broad range of dipeptides with a marked preference for an L-amino acid at the N-terminus and a D-amino acid at the C-terminus. The best substrate identified was L-Arg-D-Asp (kcat/Km = 7.6 x 105 M -1 s-1). The three-dimensional structure of Sco3058 was determined in the absence and presence of the inhibitors citrate and a phosphinate mimic of L-Ala-D-Asp. The enzyme folds as a (β/α)8 barrel, and two zinc ions are bound in the active site. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to probe the importance of specific residues that have direct interactions with the substrate analogues in the active site (Asp-22, His-150, Arg-223, and Asp-320). The solvent viscosity and kinetic effects of D2O indicate that substrate binding is relatively sticky and that proton transfers do not occurr during the rate-limiting step. A bell-shaped pH-rate profile for kcat and kcat/Km indicated that one group needs to be deprotonated and a second group must be protonated for optimal turnover. Computational docking of high-energy intermediate forms of L/D-Ala-L/D-Ala to the three-dimensional structure of Sco3058 identified the structural determinants for the stereochemical preferences for substrate binding and turnover.
Cummings, Jennifer A.,Nguyen, Tinh T.,Fedorov, Alexander A.,Kolb, Peter,Xu, Chengfu,Fedorov, Elena V.,Shoichet, Brian K.,Barondeau, David P.,Almo, Steven C.,Raushel, Frank M.
experimental part
p. 611 - 622
(2011/01/04)

Neuronal progenitors from feeder-free human embryonic stem cell culture
The present invention relates to methods for producing feeder cell-free neuroprogenitor cells (preferably adherent) from embryonic stems cells, preferably human embryonic stem cells, the feeder cell-free neuroprogenitor cells, preferably human cells themselves, as well as methods for producing feeder cell-free samples of neuronal cells, preferably adherent human neuronal cells and the feeder cell-free neuronal cells themselves. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treating neurodegenerative diseases as well as the use of the described cells in assay systems is also described.
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(2009/10/30)

Purification, characterization, molecular cloning, and expression of a new aminoacylase from streptomyces mobaraensis that can hydrolyze N-(Middle/Long)-chain-fatty-acyl-L-amino acids as well as N-Short-chain-acyl-L- amino acids
We report here on the purification, characterization, molecular cloning, and expression of a new aminoacylase, initially isolated from the supernatant of Streptomyces mobaraensis (Sm-AA). Purified wild-type Sm-AA was found to be a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 55 kDa. The cloned gene of Sm-AA contained an ORF of 1,383 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 460 amino acids. A BLAST search revealed that Sm-AA belongs to the peptidase M20 family, with identities to a hypothetical protein from Streptomyces pristinaespiralis, a putative peptidase from Streptomyces avermitilis, peptidase M20 from Frankia sp., succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase from Hemophilus influenzae, and aminoacylase-1 from porcine kidney at 89, 88, 67, 29, and 25% respectively. The Sm-AA gene was subcloned into an expression vector, pSH19, and was expressed in Streptomyces lividans TK24. The amount of the recombi- nant Sm-AA expressed in the S. lividans cells was approximately 42-fold higher than that of Sm-AA found in the supernatant of S. mobaraensis. Sm-AA showed high hydrolytic activity towards various N-acetyl-L-amino acids and N-(middle/long)-chain-fatty-acyl-L- amino acids, with a preference for the acyl derivatives of L-Met, L-Ala, L-Cys, etc. with an optimum pH and temperature for reaction of about 7.5 and 50 °C (at pH 7.5).
Koreishi, Mayuko,Nakatani, Yasuyuki,Ooi, Manami,Imanaka, Hiroyuki,Imamura, Koreyoshi,Nakanishi, Kazuhiro
experimental part
p. 1940 - 1947
(2010/07/02)

METHOD OF JUDGING LEUKEMIA, PRE-LEUKEMIA OR ALEUKEMIC MALIGNANT BLOOD DISEASE AND DIAGNOSTIC THEREFOR
The present invention relates to a method for diagnosing leukemia, pre-leukemia or aleukemic malignant blood diseases, a method of discriminating leukemia from pre-leukemia or aleukemic malignant blood diseases, a method of discriminating aplastic anemia from myelodysplastic syndrome, a method of diagnosing delayed engraftment of the hematopoietic stem cells after transplantation of the hematopoietic stem cells, and a method of diagnosing the graft versus host disease, each of said methods comprising quantifying stem cell growth factor (SCGF). The present invention also makes it possible to provide an agent for diagnosing leukemia, pre-leukemia or aleukemic malignant blood diseases and an agent for diagnosing delayed engraftment of the hematopoietic stem cells after transplantation of the hematopoietic stem cells or an agent for diagnosing graft versus host disease (GVHD), each containing as an active ingredient an antibody reacting with stem cell growth factor (SCGF).
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(2008/06/13)

Solid-phase syntheses of olefin-containing inhibitors for HTLV-1 protease using the Horner-Emmons reaction
The solid-phase Horner-Emmons reaction was successfully applied for the convenient syntheses of olefin-containing protease inhibitors. The isomerization during the solid-phase Horner-Emmons reaction can be minimized simply by the use of an appropriate amount of the base. The synthesized olefin peptides, which have an olefin γ-amino acid at the scissile site, were found to act as effective inhibitors for the HTLV-1 protease for the first time.
Bang, Jeong Kyu,Naka, Hiromi,Teruya, Kenta,Aimoto, Saburo,Konno, Hiroyuki,Nosaka, Kazuto,Tatsumi, Tadashi,Akaji, Kenichi
p. 10596 - 10599
(2007/10/03)

Anti-aging nutritional supplement
An anti-aging nutritional supplement composition includes vitamins, minerals, an inflammatory process support, a blood sugar/insulin support, a botanical antioxidants, a methylating factor, a DNA repair agent, a fat metabolizer, an absorption enhancer, a brain function support, whole foods, a cellular energizer, a nucleotide precursor, amino acids, a fatty acid complex, and digestive enzymes. The composition supplies nutritional supplements necessary for proper glycation, DNA methylation, anti-oxidation, and control of inflammatory processes. The composition and the method of use provide an effective anti-aging treatment by decreasing DNA damage, increasing DNA repair, and improving immune function of human body.
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(2008/06/13)

Purification and characterization of glutamine synthetase of Pseudomonas taetrolens Y-30: An enzyme usable for production of theanine by coupling with the alcoholic fermentation system of baker's yeast
Concentrated cell-extract of Pseudomonas taetrolens Y-30, isolated as a methylamine-assimilating organism, formed γ-glutamylethylamide (theanine) from glutamic acid and ethylamine in a mixture containing the alcoholic fermentation system of baker's yeast for ATP-regeneration. Glutamine synthetase (GS), probably responsible for theanine formation, was isolated from the extract of the organism grown on a medium containing 1% methylamine, 1% glycerol, 0.5% yeast extract, and 0.2% polypepton as carbon and nitrogen sources. The molecular mass was estimated to be 660 kDa by gel filtration and 55 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggesting that Ps. taetrolens Y-30 GS consists of 12 identical subunits. The enzyme required Mg2+ or Mn2+ for its activity. Under the standard reaction condition for glutamine formation (pH 8.0 with 3o mM Mg2+), GS showed 7% and 1% reactivity toward methylamine and ethylamine respectively of that to ammonia. Reactivity to the alkylamines varied with optimum pH of the reaction in response to divalent cation in the mixture: pH 11.0 was the optimum for the Mg 2+-dependent reaction with ethylamine, and pH 8.5 was the optimum for the Mn2+-dependent reaction. In a mixture of an optimum reaction condition with 1000 mM ethylamine (at pH 8.5 with 3 mM Mn2+), reactivity increased up to 7% of the reactivity to ammonia in the standard reaction condition. The isolated GS formed theanine in the mixture with the yeast fermentation system.
Yamamoto, Sachiko,Uchimura, Kousuke,Wakayama, Mamoru,Tachiki, Takashi
p. 1888 - 1897
(2007/10/03)

Monoclonal antibody against human telomerase catalytic subunit
The present invention provides a monoclonal antibody which can specifically and efficiently recognize hTERT protein; which is the catalytic subunit of telomerase, and provides a human chimeric antibody, a CDR grafted antibody, a single chain antibody, and a disulfide stabilized antibody each containing the monoclonal antibody. In addition, the present invention provides a method for detecting/quantitating hTERT protein using these antibodies, and provides diagnosis method, diagnosis agent, and therapeutic agent, for diseases, such as cancer, in which telomerase is involved using these bodies.
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(2008/06/13)

Analysis of underivatized amino acids and their D/L-enantiomers by sheathless capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry
Capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE/ESI-MS) was applied to the analysis of underivatized amino acids and the separation of their D/L-enantiomers. Under full-scan mode, all standard protein amino acids were separated and detected at low-femtomole levels using a 130-cm-long, 20-μm-i.d., 150-μm-o.d. underivatized fused-silica capillary with 1 M formic acid as the background electrolyte. The CE/ESI-MS technique was also applied to the separation of L-arginine from L-canavanine (a close analogue of arginine where the terminal methylene linked to the guanidine group of arginine is replaced by an oxygen atom) in a complex mixture containing all standard protein amino acids. The utility of CE/ESI-MS in the analysis of real-world samples was demonstrated by the identification of two metabolic diseases (PKU and tyrosinemia) through blood analysis with minimal sample preparation. In addition, the on-line separation of 11 underivatized L-amino acids from their D-enantiomers was achieved by using a 30 mM solution of (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid as the background electrolyte.
Schultz, Casey L.,Moini, Mehdi
p. 1508 - 1513
(2007/10/03)

Enzymatic synthesis of N-acyl-L-amino acids in a glycerol-water system using acylase I from pig kidney
N-Medium-and long-chain acyl-L-amino acids were enzymatically synthesized from the corresponding L-amino acids and fatty acids using a reverse hydrolysis. Enzymes that are suitable for the synthetic reaction of N-acyl-L-amino acids were screened on the basis of hydrolytic activity toward N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid as an indicator. Acylase I from pig kidney (EC 3.5.1.14) showed the highest N-acyl-L-amino acid hydrolytic activity among 57 commercially available enzymes tested. Acylase I effectively catalyzed the synthesis of N-lauroyl-L-amino acids except for N-lauroyl-L-proline and N-lauroyl-L-tyrosine in a glycerol-water system. Under the optimized reaction conditions, N-lauroyl-L-arginine and N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid were obtained in conversions of 82 and 44%, respectively. The equilibrium constants calculated from the conversion obtained were 5.6, 15.4, 18.0, and 39.4 for the syntheses of N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid, Nα-lauroyl-L-lysine, N-lauroyl-L-glutamine, and N-lauroyl-L-methionine, respectively. N-Acyl-L-arginines with myristic acid and palmitic acid as the fatty acid were also synthesized using acylase I.
Wada, Eiko,Handa, Masato,Imamura, Koreyoshi,Sakiyama, Takaharu,Adachi, Shuji,Matsuno, Ryuichi,Nakanishi, Kazuhiro
p. 41 - 46
(2007/10/03)

Application of 4-alkoxy-1,1,1-trifluoro[chloro]alk-3-en-2-ones as selective protecting groups of amino acids
A convenient selective protection of the α-amino carboxyl group of amino acids bearing reactive side chain groups such as arginine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, histidine, serine and lysine, using 4-alkoxy-1,1,1-trifluoro[chloro]alk-3-en-2-ones is reported. The reactions were performed without esterification of the carboxyl group and N-deprotection was carried out using a six molar solution of hydrochloric acid.
Zanatta, Nilo,Squizani, Adriana M. C.,Fantinel, Leonardo,Nachtigall, Fabiane M.,Bonacorso, Helio G.,Martins, Marcos A. P.
p. 2409 - 2415
(2007/10/03)

Permucous preparation
A composition for permucosal administration characterized by containing Antago-3 or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, and a sucrose fatty acid ester. With the composition for permucosal administration of the invention there is provided a long-term stable preparation having the high permucosal absorption of physiologically active peptide Antago-3 without irritation.
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(2008/06/13)

Compounds for and methods of inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases
The present invention relates to compounds of Formula I that inhibit matrix metalloproteinases and to a method of inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases using the compounds More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of treating diseases in which matrix metalloproteinases are involved such as multiple sclerosis, atherosclerotic plaque rupture, restenosis, aortic aneurysm, heart failure, periodontal disease, corneal ulceration, burns, decubital ulcers, chronic ulcers or wounds, cancer metastasis, tumor angiogenesis, osteoporosis, rheumatoid or osteoarthritis, renal disease, left ventricular dilatation, or other autoimmune or inflammatory diseases dependent upon tissue invasion by leukocytes.
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(2008/06/13)

A thermodynamic study of the hydrolysis of L-glutamine to (L-glutamate + ammonia) and of L-asparagine to (L-aspartate + ammonia)
Calorimetric enthalpies of reaction were measured for the two enzyme-catalyzed reactions, i.e., L-glutamine(aq) + H2O(l) = L-glutamate(aq) + ammonia(aq) (1) and L-asparagine(aq) + H2O(l) = L-aspartate(aq) + ammonia(aq) (2). The standard molar enthalpies for reference reactions involving specific species were computed using an equilibrium model that considered the multiplicity of ionic forms of the reactants and products. Using the thermodynamic quantities obtained for the reference reactions, the values of the apparent equilibrium constant for reactions 1 and 2 at 311.15 K and pH 7 were 250. In performing these calculations, it was assumed that there was no binding of Mg2+(aq) to any of the species involved in the reactions 1 and 2. The standard transformed Gibbs energy changes for these two reactions under physiological conditions were both -14 kJ/mole. The thermodynamic results were discussed with respect to the structural changes involved in these reactions.
Goldberg,Kishore,Kishore,Tewari
p. 1077 - 1090
(2007/10/03)

Parenteral nutrition therapy with amino acids
Parenteral nutrition aqueous solutions are provided which preferably contain glutamine together with other organic nitrogen containing compounds. The respective concentrations of the compounds present in any given such solution are typically approximately multiples of the concentration of the same compounds as found in normal human plasma, and the respective mole ratios of various such compounds in any given such solution relative to one another are approximately the same mole ratio associated with the same compounds as found in normal human plasma. Processes for using such solutions are provided.
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(2008/06/13)

4-HYDROXY-BENZOPYRAN-2-ONES AND 4-HYDROXY-CYCLOALKYL[B]PYRAN-2-ONES USEFUL TO TREAT RETROVIRAL INFECTIONS
The present invention relates to compounds of formula I which are 4-hydroxy-benzopyran-2-ones and 4-hydroxy-cycloalkyl[b]pyran-2-ones useful for inhibiting a retrovirus in a mammalian cell infected with said retrovirus. STR1 Wherein R 10 and R 20 taken together are: STR2
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(2008/06/13)

Catalytic activity of the N-terminal domain of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B can be reengineered by single-point mutation
The development of mechanistic strategies for the modification of enzyme function is of considerable biotechnological interest. We now report that replacement of the catalytically important residue Asp-74 by aspartic acid (N74D) in the N-terminal domain of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B (AS-B) confers nitrile hydratase activity upon the mutant enzyme. Furthermore, while wild type AS-B can efficiently catalyze the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate, the N74D AS-B mutant exhibits very low glutaminase activity. These results are consistent with similar experiments on papain, supporting the hypothesis that mutation of a critical active site residue to affect the partitioning of an intermediate common to multiple reaction mechanisms may represent an approach by which enzymes can be obtained with different catalytic function. Our experiments also provide the first direct chemical evidence for a close mechanistic relationship between papain, a thiol protease, and AS-B, a class II Ntn amidotransferase. These enzymes are not likely to have arisen by evolution from a common ancestral protein.
Boehlein, Susan K.,Rosa-Rodriguez, José G.,Schuster, Sheldon M.,Richards, Nigel G. J.
p. 5785 - 5791
(2007/10/03)

Cosmetic composition
A composition suitable for topical application to mammalian skin and hair for inducing, maintaining or increasing hair growth comprises a hair growth promoter chosen from glutamine derivatives and salts thereof. The composition preferably also comprises an activity enhancer which may be chosen from hair growth stimulants, penetration enhancers and cationic polymers.
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(2008/06/13)

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of specifically stable-isotope labelled L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine and L-proline
A synthetic scheme has been developed for the preparation of 13C- or 15N-enriched 2-oxoglutaric acid (1), L-glutamic acid (2), L-glutamine (3) and L-proline (4), from simple and commercially available highly enriched synthons.The products have been obtained with high isotope enrichment (>98percent) and high optical purity on a gram scale.The scheme allows the specific labelling of every C- or N-position and any combination of positions.The used combination of organic synthetic steps and enzymatic steps proves to be a very efficient way to obtain optically active biomolecules.
Cappon, J J,Baart, J,Walle, G A M van der,Verdegem, P J E,Raap, J,Lugtenburg
p. 813 - 816
(2007/10/02)

Structures of puwainaphycins A-E
Puwainaphycins A-E, one of which (C) is a potent cardioactive agent in isolated mouse atria, are cyclic decapeptides that have beeen isolated from a terrestrial blue-green alga Annabaena sp. BQ-16-1. The structures of puwainaphycins A-E, including most of the stereochemical features, have been elucidated by a combination of spectral and chemical methods.
Gregson, John M.,Chen, Jian-Lu,Patterson, Gregory M. L.,Moore, Richard E.
p. 3727 - 3734
(2007/10/02)

Purification and Characterization of γ-Glutamylmethylamide Synthetase from Methylophaga sp. AA-30
γ-Glutamylmethylamide synthetase was purified about 70-fold from a cell-free extract of Methylophaga sp.AA-30 by ammonium sulfate fractionation, Octyl-Sepharose column chromatography, and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration.Only a single protein band was detected after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified preparation; the band was at a position corresponding to a molecular weight of 56,000.The molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated to be 440,000 by Superose 6HR gel filtration, so we suggest that the enzyme is an octomer of identical subunits.The enzyme had maximum activity at pH 7.5 and 40 deg C.It could use ethylamine and propylamine instead of methylamine as the substrate, but it could not use D-glutamate or L-glutamine instead of L-glutamate.
Kimura, Toshio,Sugahara, Isao,Hanai, Katsuyuki,Tonomura, Yuuko
p. 708 - 711
(2007/10/02)

Process for making an optically active mixture of an n-acyl-amino acid or ester containing at least two chiral centers
In the process of hydrocarboxylating an α-enamide with CO and H2O or an organic hydroxyl compound to produce an N-acyl-α-amino acid or ester, respectively, the improvement comprising using as the α-enamide reactant, an α-enamide which has a chiral center that is essentially all L or D, thereby producing a reaction mixture containing diastereomeric N-acyl-α-amino acids or esters having two chiral centers, said mixture having essentially no enantiomeric pairs.
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(2008/06/13)

Process for making an optically active mixture of an N-acyl-amino acid or ester containing at least two chiral centers
In the process of hydrocarboxylating an α-enamide with CO and H2 O or an organic hydroxyl compound to produce an N-acyl-α-amino acid or ester, respectively, the improvement comprising using as the α-enamide reactant, an α-enamide which has a chiral center that is essentially all L or D, thereby producing a reaction mixture containing diastereomeric N-acyl-α-amino acids or esters having two chiral centers, said mixture having essentially no enantiomeric pairs.
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(2008/06/13)

PHOTOLABILE p-METHOXYPHENACYLOXYCARBONYL GROUP FOR THE PROTECTION OF AMINES
P-Methoxyphenacyloxycarbonyl (Phenoc) is a new photolabile protective group for amines.Various phenacyl urethanes, i.e.Phenoc protected amines, have been prepared.An application of the group in peptide synthesis is reported.
Church, George,Ferland, Jean-Marie,Gauthier, Jean
p. 1901 - 1904
(2007/10/02)

Synthetic peptide with human interleukin 1 activity
Synthetic peptide with human interleukin 1 acti-vity, which peptide can be used as a stimulant of the immune functions and can be defined by the general formula:, Val-Gln-Gly-Glu-Glu-Ser-Asn-Asp-Lys-X (I), where:, Val = L-valine; Gln = L-glutamine; Gly = glycine; Glu = L-glutamic acid; Ser = L-serine; Asn = L-asparagine; Asp = L-aspartic acid; Lys = L-lysine; X = cysteine (Cys), OH, NH2, a benzyl ester or an alkyl ester group having a number of carbon atoms from 1 to 7.
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(2008/06/13)

PROPERTIES OF Nα,Nca-DI-TERT-BUTYLOXYCARBONYL-ω-CARBAMOYL-α-AMINO ACIDS AND DIRECT SYNTHESIS OF PROTECTED HOMOGLUTAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES
The protected carboxamide function of Nα,Nca-di-tert-butyloxy-carbonyl-ω-carbamoyl-α-amino acids worked well with nucleophilic reagents.Applying this novel reactivity, we developed an efficient synthetic route to Nα-tert-butyloxycarbonylhomoglutamic acid and its derivatives, including Nα-tert-butyloxycarbonylhomoglutamic acid δ-benzyl ester, from Nα,Nca-di-tert-butyloxycarbonylhomoglutamine.KEYWORDS - protected homoglutamic acid synthesis; Nca-tert-butyloxycarbonylated carboxamide; hydrolysis; selective deprotection; Nα-tert-butyloxycarbonylhomoglutamic acid δ-benzyl ester; Nα-tert-butyloxycarbonylhomoglutamic acid α-tert-butyl ester; Nα-tert-butyloxycarbonylhomoglutamine; optical purity
Sakura, Naoki,Hirose, Kyoko,Hashimoto, Tadashi
p. 3506 - 3509
(2007/10/02)