- Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Acylation of Carboxylic Acids with Alkyl Halides and N-Hydroxyphthalimide Esters Enabled by Electrochemical Process
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A sustainable Ni-catalyzed reductive acylation reaction of carboxylic acids via an electrochemical pathway is presented, affording a variety of ketones as major products. The reaction proceeds at ambient temperature using unactivated alkyl halides and N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) esters as coupling partners, which exhibits several synthetic advantages, including mild conditions and convenience of amplification (58% yield for 6 mmol scale reaction). (Figure presented.).
- Zhou, Xiao,Guo, Lin,Zhang, Haoxiang,Xia, Raymond Yang,Yang, Chao,Xia, Wujiong
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p. 1526 - 1531
(2022/03/31)
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- A General Organocatalytic System for Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex Photoactivation and Its Use in Radical Processes
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We report herein a modular class of organic catalysts that, acting as donors, can readily form photoactive electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes with a variety of radical precursors. Excitation with visible light generates open-shell intermediates under mild conditions, including nonstabilized carbon radicals and nitrogen-centered radicals. The modular nature of the commercially available xanthogenate and dithiocarbamate anion organocatalysts offers a versatile EDA complex catalytic platform for developing mechanistically distinct radical reactions, encompassing redox-neutral and net-reductive processes. Mechanistic investigations, by means of quantum yield determination, established that a closed catalytic cycle is operational for all of the developed radical processes, highlighting the ability of the organic catalysts to turn over and iteratively drive every catalytic cycle. We also demonstrate how the catalysts' stability and the method's high functional group tolerance could be advantageous for the direct radical functionalization of abundant functional groups, including aliphatic carboxylic acids and amines, and for applications in the late-stage elaboration of biorelevant compounds and enantioselective radical catalysis.
- De Pedro Beato, Eduardo,Melchiorre, Paolo,Spinnato, Davide,Zhou, Wei
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supporting information
p. 12304 - 12314
(2021/08/20)
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- Selective catalytic synthesis of α-alkylated ketones and β-disubstituted ketones via acceptorless dehydrogenative cross-coupling of alcohols
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Herein, a phosphine-free pincer ruthenium(III) catalyzed β-alkylation of secondary alcohols with primary alcohols to α-alkylated ketones and two different secondary alcohols to β-branched ketones are reported. Notably, this transformation is environmentally benign and atom efficient with H2O and H2 gas as the only byproducts. The protocol is extended to gram-scale reaction and for functionalization of complex vitamin E and cholesterol derivatives.
- Bhattacharyya, Dipanjan,Sarmah, Bikash Kumar,Nandi, Sekhar,Srivastava, Hemant Kumar,Das, Animesh
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supporting information
p. 869 - 875
(2021/02/06)
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- Ruthenium-Catalyzed α-Alkylation of Ketones Using Secondary Alcohols to β-Disubstituted Ketones
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An assortment of aromatic ketones was successfully functionalized with a variety of unactivated secondary alcohols that serve as alkylating agents, providing β-disubstituted ketone products in good to excellent yields. Remarkably, challenging substrates such as simple acetophenone derivatives are effectively alkylated under this ruthenium catalysis. The substituted cyclohexanol compounds displayed product-induced diastereoselectivity. Mechanistic studies indicate the involvement of the hydrogen-borrowing pathway in these alkylation reactions. Notably, this selective and catalytic C-C bond-forming reaction requires only a minimal load of catalyst and base and produces H2O as the only byproduct, making this protocol attractive and environmentally benign.
- Thiyagarajan, Subramanian,Vijaya Sankar, Raman,Gunanathan, Chidambaram
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supporting information
p. 7879 - 7884
(2020/11/02)
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- Stereodivergent Alkyne Hydrofluorination Using Protic Tetrafluoroborates as Tunable Reagents
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The discovery of safe, general, and practical procedures to prepare vinyl fluorides from readily available precursors remains a synthetic challenge. The metal-free hydrofluorination of alkynes constitutes an attractive though elusive strategy for their preparation. Introduced here is an inexpensive and easily handled reagent that enables the development of simple and scalable protocols for the regioselective hydrofluorination of alkynes to access both the E and Z isomers of vinyl fluorides. These reaction conditions were suitable for a diverse collection of alkynes, including several highly functionalized pharmaceutical derivatives. Computational and experimental mechanistic studies support C?F bond formation through vinyl cation intermediates, with the E- and Z-hydrofluorination products forming under kinetic and thermodynamic control, respectively.
- Geaneotes, Paul,Guo, Rui,Liu, Peng,Qi, Xiaotian,Wang, Ruihan,Wang, Yi-Ming,Xiang, Hengye
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supporting information
p. 16651 - 16660
(2020/07/16)
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- Palladium-Catalyzed Dual Ligand-Enabled Alkylation of Silyl Enol Ether and Enamide under Irradiation: Scope, Mechanism, and Theoretical Elucidation of Hybrid Alkyl Pd(I)-Radical Species
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We report herein that a palladium catalyst in combination with a dual phosphine ligand system catalyzes alkylation of silyl enol ether and enamide with a broad scope of tertiary, secondary, and primary alkyl bromides under mild irradiation conditions by blue light-emitting diodes. The reactions effectively deliver α-alkylated ketones and α-alkylated N-acyl ketimines, and it is difficult to prepare the latter by other methods in a stereoselective manner. The α-alkylated N-acyl ketimine products can be further subjected to chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed asymmetric reduction with Hantzsch ester to deliver chiral N-acyl-protected α-arylated aliphatic amines in high enantioselectivity up to 99% ee, thus providing a method for facile synthesis of chiral α-arylated aliphatic amines, which are of importance in medicinal chemistry research. The N-acetyl ketimine product also reacted smoothly with various types of Grignard reagents to afford sterically bulky N-acetyl α-tertiary amines in high yields. Theoretical studies in combination with experimental investigation provide understanding of the reaction mechanism with respect to the dual ligand effect and the irradiation effect in the catalytic cycle. The reaction is suggested to proceed via a hybrid alkyl Pd(I)-radical species generated by inner-sphere electron transfer of phosphine-coordinated Pd(0) species with alkyl bromide. This intriguing hybrid alkyl Pd(I)-radical species is elucidated by theoretical calculation to be a triplet species coordinated by three phosphine atoms with a distorted tetrahedral geometry, and spin prohibition rather than metal-to-ligand charge transfer contributes to the kinetic stability of the hybrid alkyl Pd(I)-radical species to impede alkyl recombination to generate Pd(II) alkyl intermediate.
- Zhao, Bin,Shang, Rui,Wang, Guang-Zu,Wang, Shaohong,Chen, Hui,Fu, Yao
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p. 1334 - 1343
(2020/02/04)
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- Regioselective Vinylation of Remote Unactivated C(sp3)?H Bonds: Access to Complex Fluoroalkylated Alkenes
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Regioselective incorporation of a particular functional group into aliphatic sites by direct activation of unreactive C?H bonds is of great synthetic value. Despite advances in radical-mediated functionalization of C(sp3)?H bonds by a hydrogen-atom transfer process, the site-selective vinylation of remote C(sp3)?H bonds still remains underexplored. Reported herein is a new protocol for the regioselective vinylation of unactivated C(sp3)?H bonds. The remote C(sp3)?H activation is promoted by a C-centered radical instead of the commonly used N and O radicals. The reaction possesses high product diversity and synthetic efficiency, furnishing a plethora of synthetically valuable E alkenes bearing tri-/di-/mono-fluoromethyl and perfluoroalkyl groups.
- Wu, Shuo,Wu, Xinxin,Wang, Dongping,Zhu, Chen
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p. 1499 - 1503
(2019/01/04)
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- Photoredox Reaction of 2-Mercaptothiazolinium Salts with Silyl Enol Ethers
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A method for the generation of free radicals from thiazolinium salts upon photocatalytic reduction is described. The thiazolinium salts are generated by treatment with methyl triflate of 2-mercaptothiazolines, which can be readily obtained from alkyl bromides and tosylates via a nucleophilic substitution reaction or by hydrothiolation of alkenes. Silyl enol ethers were used to trap the radicals, furnishing ketones after successive single-electron oxidation and elimination of the silyl cation.
- Zemtsov, Artem A.,Ashirbaev, Salavat S.,Levin, Vitalij V.,Kokorekin, Vladimir A.,Korlyukov, Alexander A.,Dilman, Alexander D.
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- Stereodivergent synthesis of alkenes by controllable syn-/anti-fragmentation of β-hydroxysulfonyl intermediates
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The reduction of the carbonyl group in acylated trifluoroethyl alkanesulfonates follows the Felkin-Ahn selectivity, and the so-formed diastereomeric β-hydroxysulfonyl intermediates undergo syn- and anti-fragmentation, depending on the reaction conditions. In effect, isomeric E- and Z-alkenes are formed in a stereodivergent manner, which mimics the mechanistic manifold of the Peterson olefination.
- Górski, Bartosz,Basiak, Dariusz,Grzesiński, ?ukasz,Barbasiewicz, Micha?
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supporting information
p. 7660 - 7663
(2019/08/30)
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- Catalytic Cross-Coupling of Secondary Alcohols
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Herein, an unprecedented ruthenium(II) catalyzed direct cross-coupling of two different secondary alcohols to β-disubstituted ketones is reported. Cyclic, acylic, symmetrical, and unsymmetrical secondary alcohols are selectively coupled with aromatic benzylic secondary alcohols to provide ketone products. A single catalyst oxidizes both secondary alcohols to provide selectively β-disubstituted ketones to broaden the scope of this catalytic protocol. Number of bond activation and bond formation reactions occur in selective sequence via amine-amide metal-ligand cooperation operative in Ru-MACHO catalyst. The product-induced diastereoselectivity was also observed. Kinetic and deuterium labeling experiments suggested that the aliphatic secondary alcohols undergo oxidation reaction faster than benzylic secondary alcohols, selectively assimilating to provide the cross-coupled products. Reactions are sensitive to steric hindrance. This new C-C bond forming methodology requires low catalyst load and catalytic amount of base. Notably, the reaction produces H2 and H2O as the only byproducts making the protocol greener, atom economical and environmentally benign.
- Thiyagarajan, Subramanian,Gunanathan, Chidambaram
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supporting information
p. 3822 - 3827
(2019/04/09)
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- Ruthenium-Catalyzed Direct Cross-Coupling of Secondary Alcohols to β-Disubstituted Ketones
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The β-disubstituted ketone functionality is prevalent in biologically active compounds and in pharmaceuticals. A ruthenium-catalyzed direct synthesis of β-disubstituted ketones by cross-coupling of two different secondary alcohols is reported. This new protocol was applied to the synthesis of variety of β-disubstituted ketones from various cyclic, acyclic, symmetrical, and unsymmetrical secondary alcohols. An amine-amide metal-ligand cooperation in a Ru catalyst facilitates the activation and formation of covalent bonds in selective sequences to provide the products. Kinetic and deuterium-labeling experiments suggested that aliphatic alcohols oxidize faster than benzylic secondary alcohols. A plausible mechanism is proposed on the basis of mechanistic and kinetic studies. Water and H 2 are the only byproducts from this selective cross-coupling of secondary alcohols. 1 Introduction 2 Catalytic Self-or Cross-Coupling of Alcohols and Selectivity Challenges 3 Recent Developments in the Synthesis of β-Disubstituted Ketones 4 Scope of Ruthenium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Secondary Alcohols 5 Mechanistic Studies and Proposed Mechanism 6 Conclusion.
- Gunanathan, Chidambaram,Thiyagarajan, Subramanian
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p. 2027 - 2034
(2019/11/05)
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- Fe-Catalyzed decarbonylative alkylation-peroxidation of alkenes with aliphatic aldehydes and hydroperoxide under mild conditions
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A convenient Fe-catalyzed decarbonylative alkylation-peroxidation of alkenes with aliphatic aldehydes and TBHP to provide chain elongated peroxides is developed, which is further applied to the one-pot synthesis of alkylated ketones. Aliphatic aldehydes were decarbonylated into 1°, 2° and 3° alkyl radicals at low temperature which subsequently allows the cascade construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-O bonds via radical insertion and radical-radical coupling. Various alkenes including mono-substituted, terminally disubstituted or internally disubstituted styrenes bearing synthetically useful functional groups and electron-poor acrylates were tolerated.
- Wu, Chuan-Shuo,Li, Rong,Wang, Qi-Qiang,Yang, Luo
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supporting information
p. 269 - 274
(2019/01/28)
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- Photocatalytic decarboxylative alkylations mediated by triphenylphosphine and sodium iodide
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Most photoredox catalysts in current use are precious metal complexes or synthetically elaborate organic dyes, the cost of which can impede their application for large-scale industrial processes. We found that a combination of triphenylphosphine and sodium iodide under 456-nanometer irradiation by blue light–emitting diodes can catalyze the alkylation of silyl enol ethers by decarboxylative coupling with redox-active esters in the absence of transition metals. Deaminative alkylation using Katritzky’s N-alkylpyridinium salts and trifluoromethylation using Togni’s reagent are also demonstrated. Moreover, the phosphine/iodide-based photoredox system catalyzes Minisci-type alkylation of N-heterocycles and can operate in tandem with chiral phosphoric acids to achieve high enantioselectivity in this reaction.
- Fu, Ming-Chen,Shang, Rui,Zhao, Bin,Wang, Bing,Fu, Yao
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p. 1429 - 1434
(2019/04/30)
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- Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Alkylation of Silyl Enol Ethers to Synthesize Functionalized Aryl Alkyl Ketones
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Photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative alkylation of silyl enol ethers has been developed. Diverse functionalized aryl alkyl ketones were afforded in modest to good yields using N-(acyloxy)phthalimide as an easy access alkyl radical source under mild and operationally simple conditions. The excellent performance of drug molecules such as fenbufen and indomethacin and naturally occurring carboxylic acids such as stearic acid and dehydrocholic acid further demonstrated the practicability of the reaction.
- Kong, Weiguang,Yu, Changjiang,An, Hejun,Song, Qiuling
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p. 349 - 352
(2018/01/28)
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- Inert naphthenic hydrocarbon C(sp3)-H bond functionalization method
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The invention belongs to the field of organic synthesis, and particularly relates to an inert naphthenic hydrocarbon C(sp3)-H bond functionalization method. The method comprises the following steps: adding substituted styrene as shown in Formula Ia, catalyst ferrous chloride, oxidizer and alkali into a dry reaction bulb; adding naphthenic hydrocarbon as shown in Formula IIa; putting the reaction bulb under a condition of 100-120 DEG C, and reacting for 12-24 hours; and after the reaction is completed, filtering the reaction solution through glass dropper containing silica gel, flushing with ethyl acetate, performing spin-drying on the filtrate, and separating through column chromatography to obtain a target product as shown in Formula I. The reaction formula is shown in the specification.
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Paragraph 0030
(2017/08/15)
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- Copper(I)-promoted cycloalkylation-peroxidation of unactivated alkenes via sp3 C-H functionalisation
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A copper(i)-promoted cycloalkylation-peroxidation strategy has been developed via a three-component reaction involving cycloalkanes, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and internal conjugated alkenes possessing electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs). This process installs C-O and C-C bonds via sp3 C-H functionalisation with concomitant generation of two stereocentres. This regioselective radical addition of coumarin system is opposite to that of styrene.
- Banerjee, Arghya,Santra, Sourav Kumar,Mishra, Aniket,Khatun, Nilufa,Patel, Bhisma K.
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supporting information
p. 1307 - 1312
(2015/01/30)
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- Peroxide promoted tunable decarboxylative alkylation of cinnamic acids to form alkenes or ketones under metal-free conditions
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A tunable decarboxylative alkylation of cinnamic acids with alkanes was developed to form alkenes or ketones under transition metal-free conditions. In the presence of DTBP or DTBP/TBHP, the reaction gave alkenes and ketones respectively via a radical mechanism in moderate to good yields. This journal is
- Ji, Jing,Liu, Ping,Sun, Peipei
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supporting information
p. 7546 - 7549
(2015/05/04)
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- Clean borrowing hydrogen methodology using hydrotalcite supported copper catalyst
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The catalytic activity of Mg-Al hydrotalcite supported copper catalyst was investigated for clean CC and CN bond forming reactions using alcohols as alkylating agent via borrowing hydrogen methodology. The catalyst showed excellent conversion of ketone and amine substrates (71-99%) to alkylated products with high selectivity in alkylation reactions.
- Dixit, Manish,Mishra, Manish,Joshi, Pradyuman A.,Shah, Dinesh O.
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- COMPOUNDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HCV
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The present invention relates to viral polymerase inhibitors of formula (I), salts, solvates, hydrates, racemates, enatiomers and isomers thereof, in particular inhibitors of viral polymerases within the Flaviviridae family such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), processes for their preparation and their use in the treatment of Flaviviridae viral infection such as Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections
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Page/Page column 35; 36
(2013/03/28)
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- Radical alkylations of alkyl halides and unactivated C-H bonds using vinyl triflates
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Radical alkylations of activated alkyl iodides and bromides were achieved using vinyl triflates in the presence of hexadimethyltin, whereas those of unactivated C-H bonds using vinyl triflates proceeded cleanly under tin-free conditions. Georg Thieme Verl
- Lee, Jin Young,Lim, Kyoung-Chan,Meng, Xiangjian,Kim, Sunggak
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experimental part
p. 1647 - 1650
(2010/09/04)
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- One-pot synthesis using the supported reagent system Na2CO 3/SiO2-PPA/SiO2: Synthesis of Benzo[b]thiophenes and naphthothiophenes
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A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of benzo[b]thiophenes and naphtho[2,l-6]thiophenes from arenethiols and α-halo ketones using Na2CO3/SiO2-PPA/ SiO2. Reaction of a-halo ketones with arenethiols is promoted by Na2CO3/SiO2 to afford α-sulfanyl ketones, which cyclize in the presence of PPA/SiO2 to give the corresponding thiophene-fused arenes in one-pot. The reaction using α-bromo acetals instead of α-halo ketones also gave the corresponding naphtho[2,l-b] thiophenes via a three-step reaction in one-pot. Thieme Stuttgart.
- Aoyama, Tadashi,Orito, Mami,Takido, Toshio,Kodomari, Mitsuo
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body text
p. 2089 - 2099
(2009/04/03)
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- CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
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Compounds of formula (I):wherein variable groups are as defined within; for use in the inhibition of 11betaHSD1 are described
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- Catalytic cross-coupling of alkylzinc halides with α-chloroketones
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The cross-coupling of alkylzinc halides with α-chloroketones catalyzed by Cu(acac)2 is described. Using this method, primary and secondary alkyl groups are introduced adjacent to a ketone carbonyl under mild reaction conditions and in good yield. Cyclic, acyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic α-chloroketones are suitable substrates. Optically active α-chloroketones are converted to optically active products. The reaction was found to proceed stereospecifically with inversion of stereochemistry. The reaction is proposed to occur by direct substitution of the chloride with the alkyl group of an organocopper, -magnesium, or -zinc species. Copyright
- Malosh, Chrysa F.,Ready, Joseph M.
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p. 10240 - 10241
(2007/10/03)
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- Direct preparation of benzylic manganese reagents from benzyl halides, sulfonates, and phosphates and their reactions: Applications in organic synthesis
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The use of highly active manganese (Mn)*, prepared by the Rieke method, was investigated for the direct preparation of benzylic manganese reagents. The oxidative addition of the highly active manganese to benzylic halides was easily completed under mild conditions. Moreover, benzylic manganese sulfonates and phosphates were prepared by direct oxidative addition of Mn* to the carbon-oxygen bonds of benzylic sulfonates and phosphates. The resulting benzylic manganese reagents were found to undergo cross-coupling reactions with a variety of electrophiles. Most of these reactions were carried out in the absence of any transition metal catalyst under mild conditions. In addition, the use of highly active manganese was also studied for preparation of homo-coupled products of functionalized benzyl halides without transition metal catalysts. These useful approaches provided not only a facile synthetic route to the preparation of resoricinolic lipids but a facile synthesis of functionalized 4-benzylpyridines by regioselective and chemo selective γ-addition of benzylic group to N-alkoxycarbonylpyridinum salts.
- Suh, YoungSung,Lee, Jun-Sik,Kim, Seoung-Hoi,Rieke, Reuben D.
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- A new synthetic protocol for the direct preparation of organomanganese reagents; organomanganese tosylates and mesylates
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A new synthetic route to organomanganese sulfonate reagents has been developed. These useful reagents can be readily prepared via direct oxidative addition of highly reactive manganese to carbon-oxygen bonds of the corresponding tosylates and mesylates under mild conditions.
- Kim, Seung-Hoi,Rieke, Reuben D.
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p. 4931 - 4934
(2007/10/03)
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- Selective Catalytic Hydrogenation in the presence of Lanthanide tris-β-Diketonates as "Protecting" Reagents
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The selectivity of >C=C double bonds catalytic hydrogenation increases considerably in the presence of some lanthanide tris-β-diketonates for those unsaturated aldehydes and ketones possessing highly susceptible to reduction carbonyl group.It is a result of the selective co-ordination between the lanthanide complex added and the carbonyl group of a substrate.In most cases the complete protection of carbonyl groups is observed if the complex is added in equimolar amount to the substrate.A number of lanthanum tris-β-diketonates have been tested; the complexes with fluorinated ligands were demonstrated to ensure the highest selectivity of the hydrogenation.The correlation between the constants of equilibrium in reaction mixture and "protecting" activity of the complexes is discussed.A few examples demostrate the practical utilization of the lanthanum tris-β-diketonates to the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes and ketones.
- Komarov, Igor V.,Denisenko, Victor E.,Kornilov, Mikhail Yu.
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p. 6921 - 6926
(2007/10/02)
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- Benzoxazolamines and Benzothiazolamines: Potent, Enantioselective Inhibitors of Leukotriene Biosynthesis with a Novel Mechanism of Action
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A series of benzoxazolamine and benzothiazolamine analogs that inhibit leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis are described.The initial lead, (S)-N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)phenylalanine ethyl ester (5a), was discovered in a screening program for inhibition of Ca-ionophore-A23187-induced LTB4 release in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (IC50 0.23 μM).Through structural modification, it was determined that hydrophobic substituents in the 5-position and replacement of the phenyl ring of phenylalanine with a cyclohexyl group greatly enhance potency.Several ester bioisosteres that retain potency and enantiomeric selectivity are described.Lead optimization culminated in (S)-N--5-methyl-2-benzoxazolamine (43b), IC50 0.001 μM.The compounds described are not inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase but, rather, act at the level of arachidonic acid release.
- Lazer, Edward S.,Miao, Clara K.,Wong, Hin-Chor,Sorcek, Ronald,Spero, Denice M.,et al.
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p. 913 - 923
(2007/10/02)
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- Generation of Alkyl Radicals from 1-Oxidoalkylidenechromium(0) Complexes by Oxidation with Manganese(III) 2-Pyridinecarboxylate and Their Reactions with Olefins
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Tetramethylammonium pentacarbonyl(1-oxidoalkylidene)chromium(0) complexes, prepared from the corresponding carbanion and hexacarbonylchromium(0), are oxidized with manganese(III) 2-pyridinecarboxylate to generate carbon-centered radicals which react with various olefins giving the intermolecular addition products.
- Narasaka, Koichi,Sakurai, Hidehiro
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p. 1269 - 1272
(2007/10/02)
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- Three-Component Radical Condensations Involving Benzoylmethyl Radicals, Alkenes, and Diphenyl Disulfide
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Acyl-substituted methyl radicals (RCOCH2.; R = H, Me, Ph), generated by photolysis of RCOCH2HgCl, add to alkenes, enol ethers, or vinyl sulfides to give adduct radicals that are readily trapped by PhSSPh to yield a three-component condensation product.The presence of an alkali metal carbonate is crucial in preventing side reactions resulting in the conversion of the mercurial to RCOCH3 by PhSH formed in the photolysis.
- Russell, Glen A.,Kulkarni, Shekhar V.
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p. 2678 - 2685
(2007/10/02)
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