- Urea as an ammonia surrogate in the hantzsch’s synthesis of polyhydro-quinolines / 1,4-dihydropyridines under green reaction conditions
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Synthesis of polyhydroquinolines via Hantzsch’s multicomponent reaction (MCR) involves the use of a hygroscopic and moderately toxic ammonium salt as one of the key reactants. In our effort, we have found urea as an effective ammonia surrogate when the MC
- Anna, Venkateswara Rao,Dhananjaya, G.,Mahesh Kumar, P.,Narayana Murthy, V.,Pal, Manojit,Pulla Reddy, S.,Raghunadh, Akula
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supporting information
p. 226 - 232
(2021/03/19)
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- The First Recyclable, Nanocrystalline CdS Thin Film Mediated Eco-benign Synthesis Of Hantzsch 1, 4 Dihyropyridines, 1, 8-Dioxodecahydroacridine and Polyhydroquinolines derivatives
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In the present study, we report a recyclable, nanocrystalline CdS thin film mediated efficient one-pot, three component synthesis of Hantzsch 1, 4 Dihydropyridine in good yields. The catalyst is also effective for the efficient synthesis of Polyhydroquinoline and 1, 8-dioxodecahydroacridine derivatives in good to excellent yields. The CdS thin film catalyst was prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The cadmium sulphide thin film was characterized by powder XRD and FT-IR studies. The average crystallite size (D) was calculated from powder XRD by using Scherrer formula and SEM analysis. The elemental composition of the CdS thin film was established by EDS analysis. The effect of temperature, substituent's, catalyst loading and mole ratio on the reaction was also studied. All the products were thoroughly characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, Mass spectral and CHN analysis. A plausible mechanism for the CdS thin film catalyzed synthesis of 1, 4 DHP's is proposed. The heterogeneous catalyst could be easily recovered from the reaction mixture and successively reused at least five times without loss of activity.
- Lavanya,Venkatapathy,Magesh,Perumal,Sathishkumar,Amudha
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- From Zn(II) to Cu(II) framework via single-crystal to single-crystal metathesis with superior gas uptake and heterogeneous catalytic properties
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In this work, a Zn(II) framework, {[Zn2(L)4(H2O)4]·(7DMF)(7H2O)}n (1Zn), has been synthesized using a bent tetracarboxylic acid ligand (H4L). The structure of 1Zn contains [Zn2(COO)4] paddle-wheel secondary building units with axial sites occupied by water molecules. Interestingly, the isostructural Cu(II) framework {[Cu2(L)4(H2O)4]·(7DMF)(7H2O)}n (1Cu) has been obtained via single-crystal to single-crystal metathesis reaction. The activated 1Cu (denoted as a1Cu; a stands for activated) has open coordination sites. This species showed enhanced CO2 adsorption and heterogeneous catalytic properties for the Hantzsch coupling reaction involving condensation of an aldehyde with ethyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate to produce 1,4-dihydropyridines, and three-component coupling of amines, aldehydes and alkynes to generate propargylic amines with high efficiency.
- Gupta, Mayank,De, Dinesh,Tomar, Kapil,Bharadwaj, Parimal K.
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p. 925 - 934
(2018/08/06)
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- Facile template-free route to fabricate core–shell Fe3O4@PANI-SO3H urchin-like nanoparticles as reusable catalyst for Hantzsch reaction: change morphology upon sulfonation
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Abstract: This paper describes a novel and effective approach to fabricate the core–shell Fe3O4@PANI-SO3H urchin-like morphology in a self-assembly method as nano-magnetic solid acid catalyst. The Fe3O4@PANI microspheres were synthesized via an in situ surface polymerization of aniline monomer in an acidic condition, using ammonium persulfate as the oxidant. It was found that upon sulfonation of polyaniline (PANI), the morphology changes to morphology similar to urchin confirming the transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy results. The as-prepared solid acid catalyst was also carefully analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and vibrating sample magnetometry. This new magnetic core–shell material was shown to have high catalytic performance for one–pot synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. In addition, the catalyst can be easily separated using an external magnet. Recyclability and reusability for several runs, facile accessibility, and simple handling are the merits of this magnetic-heterogeneous acid catalyst. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
- Shahamat, Zahra,Nemati, Firouzeh,Elhampour, Ali
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p. 6649 - 6666
(2018/06/25)
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- A New Type of Magnetically-Recoverable Heteropolyacid Nanocatalyst Supported on Zirconia-Encapsulated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as a Stable and Strong Solid Acid for Multicomponent Reactions
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Abstract: A novel highly efficient magnetically retrievable catalyst was developed by the immobilization of H3PW12O40 (20–60 wt%) on the surface of zirconia-encapsulated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The prepared HPW supported on nano-Fe3O4@ZrO2 heterogeneous acid catalyst (or n-Fe3O4@ZrO2/HPW) was fully characterized by several physicochemical techniques such as: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The FT-IR spectroscopic data revealed that H3PW12O40 molecules on the nano-Fe3O4@ZrO2 support existed in the Keggin structure. The acidity of the catalyst was measured by the help of a potentiometric titration with n-butylamine. It was surprising that this very strong solid acid catalyst exhibited an excellent acid strength which was as a result of possessing a higher number of surface active sites compared to its homogeneous analogues. The catalytic activity of the as-prepared novel nano-Fe3O4@ZrO2/HPW was explored through the one-pot three-component synthesis of different 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (i.e. Biginelli reaction) and 1,4-dihydropyridines (i.e. Hantzsh reaction) under solvent free condition. The sample of 40 wt% showed higher acidity and activity in the catalytic transformation. After the reaction, the catalyst/product isolation could be easily achieved with an external magnetic field and the catalyst could be easily recycled for at least five times without any decrease in its high catalytic activity. The excellent recyclability was attributed to the strong interaction between the hydroxyl groups of the nano-Fe3O4@ZrO2 support and the HPW species. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
- Zolfagharinia, Somayeh,Kolvari, Eskandar,Koukabi, Nadiya
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p. 1551 - 1566
(2017/05/17)
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- Sulfated polyborate: An efficient and reusable catalyst for one pot synthesis of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines derivatives using ammonium carbonate under solvent free conditions
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A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of four-component 1,4-dihydropyridines of various aldehydes, β-ketoesters and ammonium carbonate catalyzed by sulfated polyborate with high yields under a solvent free condition at 90?°C is described. The key advantages of the present method are high yields, short reaction time, solvent free condition, easy workup, recyclability of catalyst and ability to tolerate a variety of functional groups which gives economical as well as ecological rewards.
- Rekunge, Deelip S.,Khatri, Chetan K.,Chaturbhuj, Ganesh U.
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supporting information
p. 1240 - 1244
(2017/03/02)
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- Synthesis of 2,3-dihydropyrroles by photo rearrangement of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines with high diastereoselectivity
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The Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines were found to be transforming to the 2,3-dihydropyrroles by photo rearrangement with air under irradiation of LED light (410?nm) with high diastereoselectivity (dr?>?20:1). This reaction includes tandem photo oxidation/rearrangement. The 2,3-dihydropyrroles were obtained in moderate yields with successfully one-pot process starting from aldehydes, ammonium acetate and ethyl acetoacetate.
- Zhong, Qidi,Fan, Qiangwen,Yan, Hong
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supporting information
p. 1292 - 1295
(2017/03/10)
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- RETRACTED ARTICLE: One-pot synthesis of Hantzsch dihydropyridines using a highly efficient and stable PdRuNi@GO catalyst
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Addressed herein, highly monodispersed PdRuNi nanoparticles furnished with graphene oxide (PdRuNi@GO NPs) were prepared as novel, stable, efficient and exceptionally reusable heterogeneous catalysts for 1,4-dihydropyridine synthesis via multicomponent con
- Demirci, Tuna,?elik, Betül,Yildiz, Yunus,Eri?, Sinan,Arslan, Mustafa,Sen, Fatih,Kilbas, Benan
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p. 76948 - 76956
(2016/08/30)
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- Cu-doped ZnO nanocrystalline powder as a catalyst for green and convenient multi-component synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine
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Abstract A simple, efficient, and convenient one-step method for synthesis of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine, using Cu-doped ZnO nanocrystalline powder as a catalyst is reported. The method offers several advantages including excellent yields, green solvent, easy work-up, simplicity in operation and catalyst reusability.
- Alinezhad, Heshmatollah,Mohseni Tavakkoli, Sahar
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p. 5931 - 5940
(2015/08/18)
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- One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of Hantzsch 1,4-Dihydropyridines Promoted by Dimethyl Phosphate Ionic Liquids
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A one-pot three-component reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, AcONH4, and different aldehydes has been successfully performed in the presence of ionic liquids (ILs) possessing a (MeO)2PO2- counterion. The impact of electronic and steric effects of the substituents of aromatic aldehydes, as well as the influence of different anions of ILs on the product yield, have been investigated. The application of dimethyl phosphate ILs in the synthesis of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines presents a simple method for obtaining structurally diverse products in moderate to high yields without using any additional catalyst.
- Priede, Elina,Zicmanis, Andris
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p. 1095 - 1103
(2015/08/24)
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- Covalently Bonded Ionic Liquid-Type Sulfamic Acid onto SBA-15: SBA-15/NHSO3H as a Highly Active, Reusable, and Selective Green Catalyst for Solvent-Free Synthesis of Polyhydroquinolines and Dihydropyridines
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Amine-functionalized ordered mesoporous organic-inorganic hybrid materials are designed as solid supports to covalently immobilize the SO3H group to achieve sulfamic acid (SBA-15/ NHSO3H) as a novel catalyst. SBA-15/NHSO3H
- Rostamnia, Sadegh,Hassankhani, Asadollah
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p. 2753 - 2756
(2015/05/04)
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- Basic isoreticular nanoporous metal-organic framework for Biginelli and Hantzsch coupling: IRMOF-3 as a green and recoverable heterogeneous catalyst in solvent-free conditions
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The IRMOF-3 metal-organic framework (MOF) acts as a suitable green catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of dihydropyrimidinone and dihydropyridine derivatives through the Biginelli and Hantzsch reactions, and the desired products were obtained in high yield
- Rostamnia, Sadegh,Morsali, Ali
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p. 10514 - 10518
(2014/03/21)
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- Covalently bonded ionic liquid-type sulfamic acid onto SBA-15: SBA-15/NHSO3H as a highly active, reusable, and selective green catalyst for solvent-free synthesis of polyhydroquinolines and dihydropyridines
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Amine-functionalized ordered mesoporous organic-inorganic hybrid materials are designed as solid supports to covalently immobilize the SO3H group to achieve sulfamic acid (SBA-15/ NHSO3H) as a novel catalyst. SBA-15/NHSO3H
- Rostamnia, Sadegh,Hassankhani, Asadollah
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p. 2753 - 2756
(2015/01/08)
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- New magnetic nanocomposites of ZrO2-Al2O 3-Fe3O4 as green solid acid catalysts in organic reactions
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A series of magnetic solid acid nano-catalysts were designed and prepared through a facile co-precipitate approach. The original nanocomposites ZrO 2-Al2O3-Fe3O4 were characterized by means of ICP-AES
- Wang, Anqi,Liu, Xiang,Su, Zhongxing,Jing, Huanwang
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- The SBA-15/SO3H nanoreactor as a highly efficient and reusable catalyst for diketene-based, four-component synthesis of polyhydroquinolines and dihydropyridines under neat conditions
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An efficient diketene ring-opening synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives using SBA-15 sulfonic acid modified mesoporous substrates a green and reusable catalyst in a single-pot four-component coupling reaction of diketene, alcohol, enamine, and alde
- Rostamnia, Sadegh,Pourhassan, Fatemeh
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p. 401 - 403
(2013/06/27)
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- A magnetic nanoparticle supported Ni2+-containing ionic liquid as an efficient nanocatalyst for the synthesis of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines in a solvent-free dry-system
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The highly efficient synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) is reported via the condensation reaction of aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate, using an environmentally benign Ni2+-containing 1-methyl-3-(3-trimethoxysilylprop
- Safari, Javad,Zarnegar, Zohre
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p. 26094 - 26101
(2013/12/04)
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- Diketene-based neat four-component synthesis of the dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyridine backbones using silica sulfuric acid (SSA)
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Heterocyclic skeleton building blocks to afford dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyridines based on neat adducts of diketene, alcohols and aldehydes via silica sulfuric acid (SSA) catalyzed ring opening of diketene in four-component Biginelli-type and Hant
- Rostamnia, Sadegh,Lamei, Kamran
-
experimental part
p. 930 - 932
(2012/09/21)
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- A magnetic particle-supported sulfonic acid catalyst: Tuning catalytic activity between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
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Surface functionalization of magnetic particles is an elegant way to bridge the gap between heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. The introduction of magnetic particles (MPs) in a variety of solid matrices allows the combination of well-known procedures for catalyst heterogenization with techniques for magnetic separation. We have conveniently loaded sulfonic acid groups on magnetic particles supports in which chlorosulfonic acid is used as sulfonating agent. The main targets are room temperature, solvent-free conditions, rapid (immediately) and easy immobilization technique, and low cost precursors for the preparation of highly active and stable MPs with high densities of functional groups. The inorganic, magnetic, solid acid catalyst was characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and titration. The catalyst is active for the Hantzsch reaction and the products are isolated in high to excellent yields (90-98%). Supporting this acid catalyst on magnetic particles offers a simple and non-energy-intensive method for recovery and reuse of the catalyst by applying an external magnet. Isolated catalysts were reused for new rounds of reactions without significant loss of their catalytic activity. Copyright
- Koukabi, Nadiya,Kolvari, Eskandar,Zolfigol, Mohammad Ali,Khazaei, Ardeshir,Shaghasemi, Behzad Shirmardi,Fasahati, Behzad
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experimental part
p. 2001 - 2008
(2012/10/08)
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- Zn[(L)-proline], as a recyclable and green catalyst for efficient and one-pot three-component synthesis of 1,4-Dihydro- pyridines under solvent-free and microwave irradiation conditions
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Zn[(L)-proline], was faund to be efficient, green, and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines by condensation reaction of aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate in high to excellent yields under solvent-free and microwave irradiation conditions. The present methodology offers several advantages, such as a simple procedure with an easy workup, high yields, and the absence of any volatile and hazardous organic solvent. Morever, the catalyst can be easily recovered and reused at least three time with only slight reduction in its catalytic activity.
- Montazeri, Naser,Pourshamsian, Khalil,Zoghi, Rozita,Mahjoob, Saber
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experimental part
p. 103 - 107
(2012/08/07)
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- Synthesis of some new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives through a facile one-pot Hantzsch condensation catalyzed by triethylamine
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A facile and efficient synthesis of new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives was reported via Hantzsch three-component condensation reaction of aldehydes or formylphenylboronic acids, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate in the presence of a catalytic amount of triethylamine under solvent-free conditions. The method described here offers several advantages including high yields, short reaction times, and simple work-up procedure.
- Ghalem, Wassima,Boulcina, Raouf,Debache, Abdelmadjid
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experimental part
p. 733 - 737
(2012/05/20)
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- Cd(NO3)2.4H2O catalyzed one-pot synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine and polyhydroquinoline derivatives through the Hantzsch multicomponent condensation
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The synthesis of various 1,4-dihydropyridine and polyhydroquinoline derivatives was achieved in good to excellent yields using cadmium (II) nitrate as catalyst to promote the classical andmodified Hantzsch conditions in good yields under mild conditions.
- Tafer, Radia,Boulcina, Raouf,Carboni, Bertrand,Debache, Abdelmadjid
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p. 1555 - 1560
(2013/03/28)
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- An efficient and solvent-free one-pot synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines under microwave irradiation
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An efficient synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines using lanthanum oxide as a catalyst from aldehydes, β-ketoester and ammonium acetate without solvent under the irradiation of microwave is described. Compared with the classical Hantzsch reaction, this new me
- Kuraitheerthakumaran,Pazhamalai,Gopalakrishnan
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experimental part
p. 1199 - 1202
(2012/01/06)
-
- Silica sulfuric acid: An efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines under mild and solvent-free conditions
-
A series of 1,4-dihydropyridines have been prepared by a one-pot condensation of aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst silica sulfuric acid at room temperature under solvent-free condition. This new protocol has the advantage of short reaction time and excellent yields, and is an environmentally benign route to the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines.
- Datta, Bandita,Pasha, M. Afzal
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experimental part
p. 1180 - 1184
(2012/06/04)
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- Silica Sulfuric Acid: An Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the One-Pot Synthesis of 1,4-Dihydropyridines under Mild and Solvent-Free Conditions
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A series of 1,4-dihydropyridines have been prepared by a one-pot condensation of aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst silica sulfuric acid at room temperature under solvent-free condition. This new protocol has the advantage of short reaction time and excellent yields, and is an environmentally benign route to the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines.
- Datta, Bandita,Pasha, M. Afzal
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p. 1180 - 1184
(2016/04/10)
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- Hantzsch reaction on free nano-Fe2O3 catalyst: Excellent reactivity combined with facile catalyst recovery and recyclability
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A magnetic nanoparticle catalyst was readily prepared from inexpensive starting materials which catalyzed the Hantzsch reaction. High catalytic activity and ease of recovery from the reaction mixture using an external magnet, and several reuse times without significant losses in performance are additional eco-friendly attributes of this catalytic system.
- Koukabi, Nadiya,Kolvari, Eskandar,Khazaei, Ardeshir,Zolfigol, Mohammad Ali,Shirmardi-Shaghasemi, Behzad,Khavasi, Hamid Reza
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experimental part
p. 9230 - 9232
(2011/10/03)
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- Simple and efficient synthesis of 2,6-dialkyl-3,5-dialkoxycarbonyl-4-(3- aryl-1-phenyl-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridines using TPAP/NMO as a catalyst under mild conditions
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Biologically important pyrazolylpyridines were synthesized in excellent yield by the oxidation of pyrazolyl 1,4-dihydropyridines (pyrazolyl 1,4-DHPs) using tetrapropylammonium perruthenate/N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (TPAP/NMO) under mild conditions at 0 °C.
- Murugan,Ramamoorthy,Sundarrajan,Ramakrishna
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body text
p. 2998 - 3002
(2011/05/04)
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- Adducts of diketene, alcohols, and aldehydes: Useful building blocks for 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones and 1,4-dihydropyridines
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A novel, one-pot, solvent-free synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-one and 1,4-dihydropyridines derivatives via a four-component cyclocondensation reaction of diketene, alcohol, and aldehyde with urea or ammonium acetate is presented. Georg Thieme Ve
- Alizadeh, Abdolali,Rostamnia, Sadegh
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experimental part
p. 4057 - 4060
(2011/02/22)
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- An efficient one-step synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines via a triphenylphosphine-catalyzed three-component Hantzsch reaction under mild conditions
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An efficient one-step synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines in good to excellent yields via the triphenylphosphine-catalyzed Hantzsch three-component reaction of an aromatic aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate is described.
- Debache, Abdelmadjid,Ghalem, Wassima,Boulcina, Raouf,Belfaitah, Ali,Rhouati, Salah,Carboni, Bertrand
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experimental part
p. 5248 - 5250
(2009/12/06)
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- One-pot synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines via a phenylboronic acid catalyzed Hantzsch three-component reaction
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A simple, inexpensive, and efficient one-pot synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives was achieved in good yields via the three-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate using PhB(OH)2 as catalyst. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Debache, Abdelmadjid,Boulcina, Raouf,Belfaitah, Ali,Rhouati, Salah,Carboni, Bertrand
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p. 509 - 512
(2008/12/21)
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- COMPOUNDS AND COMBINATIONS THEREOF FOR INHIBITING BETA-AMYLOID PRODUCTION AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF
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Provided are compounds which can be used in combination for treating diseases associated with a condition associated with cerebral accumulation of Alzheimer’s amyloid, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Also provided are methods of treating or reducing the risk of developing β-amyloid production, β-amyloid deposition, β-amyloid neurotoxicity (including abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau) and microgliosis associated with cerebral accumulation of Alzheimer’s amyloid by administering therapeutically effective amounts of compounds which in combination can decrease β-amyloid production and capacitative calcium entry in cells. Further provided are methods for diagnosing diseases associated with cerebral accumulation of Alzheimer’s amyloid in animals or humans by administering diagnostically effective amounts of the compounds.
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Page/Page column 128
(2010/11/29)
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- Microwave-assisted synthesis of antimicrobial dihydropyridines and tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ones: Novel compounds against aspergillosis
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Ten 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridine and three 4-aryl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydropyrimidin-2-one derivatives have been synthesized and examined for their activity against pathogenic strains of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. Although none of the three compo
- Chhillar, Anil K.,Arya, Pragya,Mukherjee, Chandrani,Kumar, Pankaj,Yadav, Yogesh,Sharma, Ajendra K.,Yadav, Vibha,Gupta, Jyotsana,Dabur, Rajesh,Jha, Hirday N.,Watterson, Arthur C.,Parmar, Virinder S.,Prasad, Ashok K.,Sharma, Gainda L.
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p. 973 - 981
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines under solvent-free condition using Zn[(L)proline]2 as Lewis acid catalyst
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The present short communication describes a Lewis acid (Zn[(L)proline] 2) catalysed one pot synthesis of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives under solvent-free condition by conventional heating and microwave irradiation. The Lewis acid catalyst Zn[(L)proline]2 used in this reaction afford moderate to good yield. The catalyst is reusable upto five cycles without appreciable loss of its catalytic activity.
- Sivamurugan,Kumar, R. Suresh,Palanichamy,Murugesan
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p. 969 - 974
(2007/10/03)
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- A convenient hantzsch synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines using tetraethyl orthosilicate
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Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a water scavenger is described. With this method reaction time was drastically shortened in comparison with conventional methods. Generally, the obtained yields were good or excellent. S
- Litvic, Mladen,Cepanec, Ivica,Vinkovic, Vladimir
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p. 385 - 390
(2007/10/03)
-