- Surfactant control of the ortho/para ratio in the bromination of anilines. 3
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We report the bromination of N,N-dimethylaniline in aqueous suspension of cetylpyridinium tribromide, cetylquinuclidinium tribromide, laurylquinuclidinium tribromide, cetyltributylammonium tribromide, cetyldimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium tribromide, 1,2-bis(cetyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)ethane tribromide, 1,3-bis(cetyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)propane tribromide, 1,4-bis(cetyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)butane tribromide, (2S,3S)-2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-bis(N-cetyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)butane tribromide. The nature of the head groups of the surfactant, as well as the length of the hydrophobic chain, influence the regioselectivity of the reaction and permits a hypothesis on the structure of the aggregates.
- Cerichelli, Giorgio,Luchetti, Luciana,Mancini, Giovanna
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Read Online
- Visible light-induced mono-bromination of arenes with BrCCl3
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A highly efficient and regioselective bromination of electron-rich arenes and heteroarenes using commercially available BrCCl3as a “Br” source has been developed. The reaction was performed in air under mild conditions with photocatalyst Ru(bpy)3Cl2·6H2O, avoiding the usage of strong acids and strong oxidants. Mono-brominated products were obtained with medium to excellent yields (up to 94%). This strategy has shown good compatibility and highpara-selectivity, which will facilitate the complicated synthesis.
- Fan, Jiali,Wei, Qiancheng,Zhu, Ershu,Gao, Jing,Cheng, Xiamin,Lu, Yongna,Loh, Teck-Peng
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supporting information
p. 5977 - 5980
(2021/06/18)
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- Flexible on-site halogenation paired with hydrogenation using halide electrolysis
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Direct electrochemical halogenation has appeared as an appealing approach in synthesizing organic halides in which inexpensive inorganic halide sources are employed and electrical power is the sole driving force. However, the intrinsic characteristics of direct electrochemical halogenation limit its reaction scope. Herein, we report an on-site halogenation strategy utilizing halogen gas produced from halide electrolysis while the halogenation reaction takes place in a reactor spatially isolated from the electrochemical cell. Such a flexible approach is able to successfully halogenate substrates bearing oxidatively labile functionalities, which are challenging for direct electrochemical halogenation. In addition, low-polar organic solvents, redox-active metal catalysts, and variable temperature conditions, inconvenient for direct electrochemical reactions, could be readily employed for our on-site halogenation. Hence, a wide range of substrates including arenes, heteroarenes, alkenes, alkynes, and ketones all exhibit excellent halogenation yields. Moreover, the simultaneously generated H2at the cathode during halide electrolysis can also be utilized for on-site hydrogenation. Such a strategy of paired halogenation/hydrogenation maximizes the atom economy and energy efficiency of halide electrolysis. Taking advantage of the on-site production of halogen and H2gases using portable halide electrolysis but not being suffered from electrolyte separation and restricted reaction conditions, our approach of flexible halogenation coupled with hydrogenation enables green and scalable synthesis of organic halides and value-added products.
- Shang, Xiao,Liu, Xuan,Sun, Yujie
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supporting information
p. 2037 - 2043
(2021/03/26)
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- CO2-tuned highly selective reduction of formamides to the corresponding methylamines
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We herein describe an efficient, CO2-tuned and highly selective C-O bond cleavage of N-methylated formanilides. With easy-to-handle and commercially available NaBH4 as the reductant, a variety of formanilides could be turned into the desired tertiary amines in moderate to excellent yields. The role of CO2 has been investigated in detail, and the mechanism is proposed on the basis of experiments.
- Chao, Jianbin,Guo, Zhiqiang,Pang, Tengfei,Wei, Xuehong,Xi, Chanjuan,Yan, Leilei
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supporting information
p. 7534 - 7538
(2021/10/12)
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- Photochemical Reaction of N,N-Dimethylanilines with N-Substituted Maleimides Utilizing Benzaldehyde as the Photoinitiator
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Photoorganocatalysis constitutes a powerful domain of photochemistry and organic synthesis. The scaffold of pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolinoles exhibits interesting and potent inhibition against various enzymes, making them really promising pharmaceutical targets. Herein, we describe a photochemical methodology for the reaction of N,N-dimethylanilines with N-substituted maleimides, utilizing benzaldehyde as the photoinitiator. A variety of substituted N,N-dimethylanilines and N-substituted maleimides were converted into the corresponding adducts in moderate to high yields.
- Nikitas, Nikolaos F.,Theodoropoulou, Maria A.,Kokotos, Christoforos G.
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supporting information
p. 1168 - 1173
(2021/02/01)
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- Simplified preparation of a graphene-co-shelled Ni/NiO@C nano-catalyst and its application in theN-dimethylation synthesis of amines under mild conditions
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The development of Earth-abundant, reusable and non-toxic heterogeneous catalysts to be applied in the pharmaceutical industry for bio-active relevant compound synthesis remains an important goal of general chemical research.N-methylated compounds, as one of the most essential bioactive compounds, have been widely used in the fine and bulk chemical industries for the production of high-value chemicals. Herein, an environmentally friendly and simplified method for the preparation of graphene encapsulated Ni/NiO nanoalloy catalysts (Ni/NiO@C) was developed for the first time, for the highly selective synthesis ofN-methylated compounds using various functional amines and aldehydes under easy to handle, and industrially applicable conditions. A large number of primary and secondary amines (more than 70 examples) could be converted to the correspondingN,N-dimethylamines with the participation of different functional aldehydes, with an average yield of over 95%. A gram-scale synthesis also demonstrated a similar yield when compared with the benchmark test. In addition, it was further proved that the catalyst could easily be recycled because of its intrinsic magnetism and reused up to 10 times without losing its activity and selectivity. Also, for the first time, the tandem synthesis ofN,N-dimethylamine products in a one-pot process, using only a single earth-abundant metal catalyst, whose activity and selectivity were more than 99% and 94%, respectively, for all tested substrates, was developed. Overall, the advantages of this newly developed method include operational simplicity, high stability, easy recyclability, cost-effectiveness of the catalyst, and good functional group compatibility for the synthesis ofN-methylation products as well as the industrially applicable tandem synthesis process.
- Liu, Jianguo,Ma, Longlong,Song, Yanpei,Zhang, Mingyue,Zhuang, Xiuzheng
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supporting information
p. 4604 - 4617
(2021/06/30)
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- Borane-Trimethylamine Complex as a Reducing Agent for Selective Methylation and Formylation of Amines with CO2
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We report herein that a borane-trimethylamine complex worked as an efficient reducing agent for the selective methylation and formylation of amines with 1 atm CO2 under metal-free conditions. 6-Amino-2-picoline serves as a highly efficient catalyst for the methylation of various secondary amines, whereas in its absence, the formylation of primary and secondary amines was achieved in high yield with high chemoselectivity. Mechanistic studies suggest that the 6-amino-2-picoline-borane catalytic system operates like an intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair to activate CO2.
- Zhang, Yanmeng,Zhang, He,Gao, Ke
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p. 8282 - 8286
(2021/10/25)
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- Visible-Light-Induced C(sp2)-C(sp3) Cross-Dehydrogenative-Coupling Reaction of N-Heterocycles with N-Alkyl- N-methylanilines under Mild Conditions
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Disclosed herein is a cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reaction of N-heterocycles including 1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H, 4H)-diones and quinoxaline-2(1H)-ones with N-methylanilines to form C(sp2)-C(sp3) under visible-light illumination and ambient air at room temperature. In this process, easily available Ru(bpy)3Cl2·6H2O serves as the catalyst, and air acts as the green oxidant. This method features high atom economy, environmental friendliness, and convenient operation and provides an efficient and practical access to aminomethyl-substituted N-heterocycles with extensive functional group compatibility in 40-86% yields.
- Zhang, Hong-Yu,Chen, Jianjun,Lu, Cong-Cong,Han, Ya-Ping,Zhang, Yuecheng,Zhao, Jiquan
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p. 11723 - 11735
(2021/09/02)
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- Trialkylammonium salt degradation: Implications for methylation and cross-coupling
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Trialkylammonium (most notably N,N,N-trimethylanilinium) salts are known to display dual reactivity through both the aryl group and the N-methyl groups. These salts have thus been widely applied in cross-coupling, aryl etherification, fluorine radiolabelling, phase-transfer catalysis, supramolecular recognition, polymer design, and (more recently) methylation. However, their application as electrophilic methylating reagents remains somewhat underexplored, and an understanding of their arylation versus methylation reactivities is lacking. This study presents a mechanistic degradation analysis of N,N,N-trimethylanilinium salts and highlights the implications for synthetic applications of this important class of salts. Kinetic degradation studies, in both solid and solution phases, have delivered insights into the physical and chemical parameters affecting anilinium salt stability. 1H NMR kinetic analysis of salt degradation has evidenced thermal degradation to methyl iodide and the parent aniline, consistent with a closed-shell SN2-centred degradative pathway, and methyl iodide being the key reactive species in applied methylation procedures. Furthermore, the effect of halide and non-nucleophilic counterions on salt degradation has been investigated, along with deuterium isotope and solvent effects. New mechanistic insights have enabled the investigation of the use of trimethylanilinium salts in O-methylation and in improved cross-coupling strategies. Finally, detailed computational studies have helped highlight limitations in the current state-of-the-art of solvation modelling of reaction in which the bulk medium undergoes experimentally observable changes over the reaction timecourse. This journal is
- Assante, Michele,Baillie, Sharon E.,Juba, Vanessa,Leach, Andrew G.,McKinney, David,Reid, Marc,Washington, Jack B.,Yan, Chunhui
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p. 6949 - 6963
(2021/06/02)
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- Simple RuCl3-catalyzed N-Methylation of Amines and Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes using Methanol
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Methanol is a potential hydrogen source and C1 synthon, which finds interesting applications in both chemical synthesis and energy technologies. The effective utilization of this simple alcohol in organic synthesis is of central importance and attracts scientific interest. Herein, we report a clean and cost-competitive method with the use of methanol as both C1 synthon and H2 source for selective N-methylation of amines by employing relatively cheap RuCl3.xH2O as a ligand-free catalyst. This readily available catalyst tolerates various amines comprising electron-deficient and electron-donating groups and allows them to transform into corresponding N-methylated products in moderate to excellent yields. In addition, few marketed pharmaceutical agents (e. g., venlafaxine and imipramine) were also successfully synthesized via late-stage functionalization from readily available feedstock chemicals, highlighting synthetic value of this advanced N-methylation reaction. Using this platform, we also attempted tandem reactions with selected nitroarenes to convert them into corresponding N-methylated amines using MeOH under H2-free conditions including transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes-to-anilines and prepared drug molecules (e. g., benzocaine and butamben) as well as key pharmaceutical intermediates. We further enable one-shot selective and green syntheses of 1-methylbenzimidazole using ortho-phenylenediamine (OPDA) and methanol as coupling partners.
- Sarki, Naina,Goyal, Vishakha,Tyagi, Nitin Kumar,Puttaswamy,Narani, Anand,Ray, Anjan,Natte, Kishore
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p. 1722 - 1729
(2021/04/19)
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- Method for realizing N-alkylation by using alcohols as carbon source under photocatalysis
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The invention discloses a method for realizing N-alkylation by using alcohols as a carbon source under photocatalysis, and belongs to the technical field of catalytic synthesis. Alcohol, a substrate raw material and a catalyst are placed in a reaction device, ultraviolet and/or visible light irradiation is carried out in an inert atmosphere, after the irradiation is finished, solid-liquid separation is carried out to remove the catalyst, and an N-alkylation product can be obtained through extraction, distillation and purification, wherein the substrate raw material comprises any one of an amine compound, an aromatic nitro compound or an aromatic nitrile compound, the alcohol comprises any one or more of soluble primary alcohols, and the catalyst is metal oxide/titanium dioxide or metal sulfide/titanium dioxide. The method is simple and easy to operate, can be used for efficient photocatalysis one-pot multi-step hydrogenation N-alkylation reaction, and is mild in reaction condition, high in chemical selectivity of N-alkylamine, good in catalyst stability and easy to recycle.
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Paragraph 0048-0056; 0058
(2021/03/13)
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- Additive-freeN-methylation of amines with methanol over supported iridium catalyst
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An efficient and versatile zinc oxide-supported iridium (Ir/ZnO) catalyst was developed to catalyze the additive-freeN-methylation of amines with methanol. Mechanistic studies suggested that the high catalytic reactivity is rooted in the small sizes (1.4 nm) of Ir nanoparticles and the high ratio (93%) of oxidized iridium species (IrOx, Ir3+and Ir4+) on the catalyst. Moreover, the delicate cooperation between the IrOxand ZnO support also promoted its high reactivity. The selectivity of this catalyticN-methylation was controllable between dimethylation and monomethylation by carefully tuning the catalyst loading and reaction solvent. Specifically, neat methanol with high catalyst loading (2 mol% Ir) favored the formation ofN,N-dimethylated amine, while the mesitylene/methanol mixture with low catalyst loading (0.5 mol% Ir) was prone to producing mono-N-methylated amines. An environmentally benign continuous flow system with a recycled mode was also developed for the efficient production ofN-methylated amines. With optimal flow rates and amine concentrations, a variety ofN-methylamines were produced with good to excellent yields in this Ir/ZnO-based flow system, providing a starting point for the clean and efficient production ofN-methylamines with this cost-effective chemical process.
- Liu, Xiang,Loh, Teck-Peng,Qiang, Wenwen,Wang, Jing,Ye, Sen,Zhu, Longfei
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p. 3364 - 3375
(2021/06/06)
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- Mesoionic N-heterocyclic olefin catalysed reductive functionalization of CO2for consecutiveN-methylation of amines
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A mesoionic N-heterocyclic olefin (mNHO) was introduced as a metal-free catalyst for the reductive functionalization of CO2leading to consecutive doubleN-methylation of primary amines in the presence of 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN). A wide range of secondary amines and primary amines were successfully methylated under mild conditions. The catalyst sustained over six successive cycles ofN-methylation of secondary amines without compromising its activity, which encouraged us to check its efficacy towards doubleN-methylation of primary amines. Moreover, this method was utilized for the synthesis of two commercially available drug molecules. A detailed mechanistic cycle was proposed by performing a series of control reactions along with the successful characterisation of active catalytic intermediates either by single-crystal X-ray study or by NMR spectroscopic studies in association with DFT calculations.
- Das, Arpan,Maji, Subir,Mandal, Swadhin K.
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p. 12174 - 12180
(2021/09/28)
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- Utilization of renewable formic acid from lignocellulosic biomass for the selective hydrogenation and/or N-methylation
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Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant renewable sources in nature. Herein, we have developed the utilization of renewable formic acid from lignocellulosic biomass as a hydrogen source and a carbon source for the selective hydrogenation and further N-methylation of various quinolines and the derivatives, various indoles under mild conditions in high efficiencies. N-methylation of various anilines is also developed. Mechanistic studies indicate that the hydrogenation occurs via a transfer hydrogenation pathway.
- Zhou, Chao-Zheng,Zhao, Yu-Rou,Tan, Fang-Fang,Guo, Yan-Jun,Li, Yang
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p. 4724 - 4728
(2021/09/06)
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- Stepwise mechanism for the bromination of arenes by a hypervalent iodine reagent
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A mild, metal-free bromination method of arenes has been developed using the combination of bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobencene and trimethylsilyl bromide. In situ-formed dibromo(phenyl)-λ3-iodane (PhIBr2) is proposed as the reactive intermediate. This methodology using PIFA/TMSBr has been applied with success to a great number of substrates (25 examples). The treatment of mono-substituted activated arenes led to para-brominated products (2u-z) in excellent 83-96% yields. Density functional theory calculations indicate a stepwise mechanism involving a double bromine addition followed by a type II dyotropic reaction with concomitant re-aromatization of the six-membered ring.
- Arrieta, Ana,Cossío, Fernando P.,Granados, Albert,Shafir, Alexandr,Vallribera, Adelina
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p. 2142 - 2150
(2020/03/11)
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- New procedure for the highly regioselective aerobic bromination of aromatic compounds using copper-based nanocatalyst
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A new procedure for the highly regioselective aerobic bromination of aromatic compounds in the presence of copper-based nanoparticles (CuO/ZnO nanocatalyst) under reflux condition is described. Mechanistic parameters are discussed and the plausible mechanism is proposed. Recyclability of the CuO/ZnO nanocatalyst has also been explored upon aerobic bromination of aromatic compounds.
- Albadi, Jalal,Jalali, Mehdi
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p. 234 - 239
(2020/02/29)
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- Zinc Powder Catalysed Formylation and Urealation of Amines Using CO2 as a C1 Building Block?
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Transformation of CO2 into valuable organic compounds catalysed by cheap and biocompatible metal catalysts is one of important topics of current organic synthesis and catalysis. Herein, we report the zinc powder catalysed formylation and urealation of amines with CO2 and (EtO)3SiH under solvent free condition. Using 2 molpercent zinc powder as the catalyst, a series of secondary amines, both the aromatic ones and the aliphatic ones, can be formylated into formamides. When primary aromatic amines were used as the substrates, the reactions produce urea derivatives. The electronic and steric effects from the substrates on the formylation and urealation reactions were observed and discussed. The recovery and reusability of zinc powder were investigated, showing the zinc powder can be reused in the formylation reaction without loss of catalytic activity. The analysis on the reactants/products mixture after filtering out the zinc powder showed the zinc concentration in the mixture is low to 1 ppm. The pathways for the formylation and urealation of amines with this catalytic system were also investigated, and related to the different substrates.
- Du, Chongyang,Chen, Yaofeng
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supporting information
p. 1057 - 1064
(2020/06/30)
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- Method for preparing bromo reagent by oxidative bromination reaction and method for further preparing bromine-containing compound
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The invention relates to a method, and for preparing a bromine-containing compound through a reaction, of a :electron-substituted furan compound.rich electron-substituted furan compound, rich in an electron-rich substituted thiophene compound: The substituent of,rich electron-substituted furan compound containing, of an electron-rich substituted furan compound . The method for preparing the bromine-containing compound by the reaction of the present invention comprises the following steps. preparing an electron-rich substituted furan), compound (by). reacting with a bromine, containing substituted phenyl group, (.rich, electron-substituted furan compound and an aromatic or unsaturated bond-containing compound with an electron-rich substituted furan compound containing an electron-rich substituted furan compound.
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Paragraph 0032-0033
(2020/03/17)
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- Visible-light-promoted radical cross-coupling of: Para-quinone methides with N-substituted anilines: An efficient approach to 2,2-diarylethylamines
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An efficient protocol to access 2,2-diarylethylamines via visible-light-promoted radical reactions of para-quinone methides (p-QMs) with N-alkyl anilines has been disclosed. These reactions feature metal-free, redox-neutral, and mild reaction conditions with wide functional group compatibility.
- Wu, Qiao-Lei,Guo, Jing,Huang, Gong-Bin,Chan, Albert S. C.,Weng, Jiang,Lu, Gui
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supporting information
p. 860 - 864
(2020/02/15)
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- Facile synthesis of controllable graphene-co-shelled reusable Ni/NiO nanoparticles and their application in the synthesis of amines under mild conditions
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The primary objective of many researchers in chemical synthesis is the development of recyclable and easily accessible catalysts. These catalysts should preferably be made from Earth-abundant metals and have the ability to be utilised in the synthesis of pharmaceutically important compounds. Amines are classified as privileged compounds, and are used extensively in the fine and bulk chemical industries, as well as in pharmaceutical and materials research. In many laboratories and in industry, transition metal catalysed reductive amination of carbonyl compounds is performed using predominantly ammonia and H2. However, these reactions usually require precious metal-based catalysts or RANEY nickel, and require harsh reaction conditions and yield low selectivity for the desired products. Herein, we describe a simple and environmentally friendly method for the preparation of thin graphene spheres that encapsulate uniform Ni/NiO nanoalloy catalysts (Ni/NiO?C) using nickel citrate as the precursor. The resulting catalysts are stable and reusable and were successfully used for the synthesis of primary, secondary, tertiary, and N-methylamines (more than 62 examples). The reaction couples easily accessible carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) with ammonia, amines, and H2 under very mild industrially viable and scalable conditions (80 °C and 1 MPa H2 pressure, 4 h), offering cost-effective access to numerous functionalized, structurally diverse linear and branched benzylic, heterocyclic, and aliphatic amines including drugs and steroid derivatives. We have also demonstrated the scale-up of the heterogeneous amination protocol to gram-scale synthesis. Furthermore, the catalyst can be immobilized on a magnetic stirring bar and be conveniently recycled up to five times without any significant loss of catalytic activity and selectivity for the product.
- Cui, Zhibing,Liu, Jianguo,Liu, Qiying,Ma, Longlong,Singh, Thishana,Wang, Chenguang,Wang, Nan,Zhu, Yuting
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supporting information
p. 7387 - 7397
(2020/11/19)
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- Exploiting single-electron transfer in Lewis pairs for catalytic bond-forming reactions
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A single-electron transfer (SET) between tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (B(C6F5)3) andN,N-dialkylanilines is reported, which is operativeviathe formation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex involving π-orbital interactions as a key intermediate under dark conditions or visible-light irradiation depending on the structure of the aniline derivatives. This inherent SET in the Lewis pairs initiates the generation of the corresponding α-aminoalkyl radicals and their additions to electron-deficient olefins, revealing the ability of B(C6F5)3to act as an effective one-electron redox catalyst.
- Aramaki, Yoshitaka,Hotta, Mao,Imaizumi, Naoki,Kumagai, Jun,Ooi, Takashi
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p. 4305 - 4311
(2020/05/18)
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- Alkyl-substituted ethyl acetate-based guanidine ionic liquid as well as preparation and application thereof
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The invention discloses alkyl-substituted ethyl acetate-based guanidine ionic liquid as well as preparation and application thereof, which are characterized in that tetramethylguanidine and 2-bromo ester are ionized to obtain alkyl-substituted ethyl acetate-based guanidine ionic liquid, and the alkyl-substituted ethyl acetate-based guanidine ionic liquid is applied as a catalyst to formylation and methylation reactions of carbon dioxide, N-methylaniline and derivatives of the N-methylaniline to selectively generate N-methylformylaniline or N, N-dimethylaniline and derivatives thereof. Compared with the prior art, the alkyl-substituted ethyl acetate-based guanidine ionic liquid has the advantages of good catalytic performance, mild reaction conditions, simple post-treatment, simple synthesis, low cost, greenness and high efficiency, avoids the use of a large amount of organic solvents when being used as a solvent and a catalyst at the same time, and has important meanings in the research of medicinal chemistry and medical intermediate compounds.
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Paragraph 0050-0053
(2020/07/21)
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- Preparation of a novel bromine complex and its application in organic synthesis
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Although molecular bromine (Br2) is a useful brominating reagent, it is not easy to handle. Herein, we describe the preparation of a novel air-stable bromine complex prepared from 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) and Br2, which was identified to be (DMI)2HBr3 by spectral and X-ray techniques. This complex was then used to brominate olefins, carbonyl compounds, and aromatics, as well as in the Hofmann rearrangement. Yields of reaction products using this complex were almost the same or superior to those using other bromine alternatives.
- Nishio, Yuya,Yubata, Kotaro,Wakai, Yutaro,Notsu, Kotaro,Yamamoto, Katsumi,Fujiwara, Hideki,Matsubara, Hiroshi
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p. 1398 - 1405
(2019/02/07)
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- Cu-mediated selective bromination of aniline derivatives and preliminary mechanism study
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A simple and efficient bromination of aniline, aniline derivatives, and analogs have been developed. Forty three examples were given and the highest yield reached was 98%. Different substrates including substituted aniline, pyridin-amine, N-substituted aniline, N,N-disubstituted aniline, N-phenyl-amide, N-phenyl-sulfonamide, and nitrogen-containing heterocycles were all reactive and selectively generated desired bromo-products. The method can be applied to synthesize drug intermediate and quinoxaline derivatives.
- Zhao, Hong-Yi,Yang, Xue-Yan,Lei, Hao,Xin, Minhang,Zhang, San-Qi
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supporting information
p. 1406 - 1415
(2019/05/01)
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- Atom-economical brominations with tribromide complexes in the presence of oxidants
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Bromination is an important transformation in organic synthesis, and novel efficient bromination techniques are still required. Herein, we demonstrate atom-economical brominations using (DMI)2HBr3, a novel tribromide complex, with oxidants such as DMSO and Oxone. Using this system, olefinic and aromatic brominations, as well as selective α-monobrominations of ketones proceeded well to afford the desired bromides in good yields. Importantly, in these reactions all of the bromine atoms in this complex are used to brominate.
- Yubata, Kotaro,Matsubara, Hiroshi
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supporting information
p. 1001 - 1004
(2019/03/13)
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- Electrochemical Regioselective Bromination of Electron-Rich Aromatic Rings Using n Bu 4 NBr
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Electrochemical regioselective bromination of electron-rich aromatic rings using stoichiometric tetrabutylammonium bromide (n Bu 4 NBr) has been accomplished under mild conditions. This protocol provides an environmentally friendly and simple way for the construction of C-Br bond in moderate to high yields with wide functional group tolerance.
- Bai, Ya,Che, Xin,Liu, Nian,Ning, Shulin,Shi, Lingling,Wang, Shutao,Wang, Siyu,Xiang, Jinbao,Xie, Wenxia
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supporting information
p. 1313 - 1316
(2019/06/20)
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- Celite-Polyaniline supported palladium catalyst for chemoselective hydrogenation reactions
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Polyaniline coated on particles of celite is used as support to load palladium catalyst. This heterogenized Celite?PANI?Pd system, is used as an efficient catalyst for chemoselective hydrogenation reactions. The catalyst is characterized by usual spectral, analytical techniques and studied for hydrogenation reactions at ambient conditions. The mild reaction conditions allow the control over the reactions and excellent selectivity is achieved in number of conversions. Hydrogenation of a carbon–carbon double bond was favored over other polar π-bond systems, while labile functional groups such as benzyl ether, benzyl esters, cyano, nitro and halogen remained unaffected. Primary amines were converted to N,N-dimethyl amines with formaldehyde, the double bond of coumarin was selectively hydrogenated without opening of the lactone functionality.
- Patel, Heta A.,Rawat, Maitreyee,Patel, Arun L.,Bedekar, Ashutosh V.
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- Nickel(II) Tetraphenylporphyrin as an Efficient Photocatalyst Featuring Visible Light Promoted Dual Redox Activities
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Nickel(II) tetraphenylporphyrin (NiTPP) is presented as a robust, cost-effective and efficient visible light induced photoredox catalyst. The ground state electrochemical data (CV) and electronic absorption (UV-Vis) spectra reveal the excited state redox potentials for [NiTPP]*/[NiTPP].? and NiTPP].+/[NiTPP]* couples as +1.17 V and ?1.57 V vs SCE respectively. The potential values represent NiTPP as a more potent photocatalyst compare to the well-explored [Ru(bpy)3]2+. The non-precious photocatalyst exhibits excited state redox reactions in dual fashions, i. e., it is capable of undergoing both oxidative as well as reductive quenching pathways. Such versatility of a photocatalyst based on first-row transition metals is very scarce. This unique phenomenon allows one to perform diverse types of redox reactions by employing a single catalyst. Two different sets of chemical reactions have been performed to represent the synthetic utility. The catalyst showed superior efficiency in both carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. Thus, we believe that NiTPP is a valuable addition to the photocatalyst library and this study will lead to more practical synthetic applications of earth-abundant-metal-based photoredox catalysts. (Figure presented.).
- Mandal, Tanumoy,Das, Sanju,De Sarkar, Suman
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supporting information
p. 3200 - 3209
(2019/05/16)
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- Synergistic catalysis of Cu+/Cu0 for efficient and selective N-methylation of nitroarenes with para-formaldehyde
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In this paper, an inexpensive heterogeneous copper nanoparticles catalyst derived from CuAl-layered double hydroxide via an in situ topotactic transformation process was developed. Cu nanoparticles with uniform size were homogeneously dispersed on amorphous Al2O3 with strong metal-support interaction. Characterization results reveals that the Cu0 and Cu+ were simultaneously formed with Cu+ species as the dominant sites on the surface during the reduction process. The resultant catalyst Cu/Al2O3 demonstrates high catalytic activity, selectivity and durability for the reductive N-methylation of easily available nitroarenes in a cost-efficient, environmentally friendly and cascade manner. A broad spectrum of nitroarenes could be efficiently N-methylated to their corresponding N,N-dimethyl amines with good compatibility of various functional groups. The protocol is also applicable for the late-stage functionalization of biologically and pharmaceutically active nitro molecules. A structure-function relationship discloses that Cu0 and Cu+ sites on the surface pronouncedly boosts the reaction efficiency in a synergistic manner, in which Cu0 could facilitate H2 production and N-methylation of anilines, while Cu+ is considerably more active and participates in the overall process of the selective N-methylation of nitroarenes. Moreover, the catalyst also showed a strong stability and could be easily separated for successive reuses without an appreciable loss in activity and selectivity.
- Dong, Xiaosu,Wang, Zhaozhan,Yuan, Youzhu,Yang, Yong
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p. 304 - 313
(2019/07/02)
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- Unexpected Macrocyclic Multinuclear Zinc and Nickel Complexes that Function as Multitasking Catalysts for CO2 Fixations
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Unique self-assembled macrocyclic multinuclear ZnII and NiII complexes with binaphthyl-bipyridyl ligands (L) were synthesized. X-ray analysis revealed that these complexes consisted of an outer ring (Zn3L3 or Ni3L3) and an inner core (Zn2 or Ni). In the ZnII complex, the inner Zn2 part rotated rapidly inside the outer ring in solution on an NMR timescale. These complexes exhibited dual catalytic activities for CO2 fixations: synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2 and temperature-switched N-formylation/N-methylation of amines with CO2 and hydrosilane.
- Takaishi, Kazuto,Nath, Bikash Dev,Yamada, Yuya,Kosugi, Hiroyasu,Ema, Tadashi
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supporting information
p. 9984 - 9988
(2019/06/24)
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- Air-tolerant direct reductive N-methylation of amines using formic acid via simple inorganic base catalysis
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The construction of N-methyl amine moieties is an important reaction that has found numerous applications. Development of new methylation agents that are more environmentally benign than classical agents, such as iodomethane and methyl sulfate, is still highly desirable. Herein, we report a convenient protocol for direct reductive N-methylation of amines using formic acid as the methylation agent via simple inorganic base catalysis. The present protocol operates under transition-metal-free and air-tolerant conditions. Both the catalyst, K2HPO4, and the reductant, polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), are cheap and easily separable from the crude reaction product mixture. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the reaction occur through the formation of an acetal intermediate followed by the C–N bond formation.
- Huang, Yan,Deng, Wei,Lin, Bo-Lin
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supporting information
(2019/05/29)
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- Mn-Catalyzed Selective Double and Mono-N-Formylation and N-Methylation of Amines by using CO2
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Functionalization of amines by using CO2 is of fundamental importance considering the abundance of amines and CO2. In this context, the catalytic formylation and methylation of amines represent convenient and successful protocols for selective CO2 utilization as a C1 building block. This study represents the first example of selective catalytic double N-formylation of aryl amines by using a dinuclear Mn complex in the presence of phenylsilane. This robust system also allows for selective formylation and methylation of amines under a range of conditions.
- Huang, Zijun,Jiang, Xiaolin,Zhou, Shaofang,Yang, Peiju,Du, Chen-Xia,Li, Yuehui
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p. 3054 - 3059
(2019/04/10)
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- Method for N-methylation reaction of nitro-compound
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The invention discloses a method for direct N-methylation reaction by taking a nitro-compound as a raw material. The method adopts a Cu-based catalyst and polyformaldehyde and can realize the direct N-methylation reaction of the nitro-compound under mild conditions.
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Paragraph 0050-0054
(2019/01/23)
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- o-xylylene bis(triethyl ammonium tribromide) as a mild and recyclable reagent for rapid and regioselective bromination of anilines and phenols
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Background: o-Xylylene bis(triethyl ammonium tribromide) (OXBTEATB) as a recyclable and high bromine containing di-(tribromide) reagent has been employed for the bromination of various organic substrates such as phenol and aniline or its derivatives. This catalyst can be recovered and reused several times. Methods: Aryl bromides shown in Table 1, were easily produced from bromination of aromatic compounds by OXBTEATB. This high-yield process lets the reagents to be recycled and reused. Results: As shown in Table 1, substituted anilines, phenols and β-naphthol were found to be the most reactive and immediately converted to the corresponding mono-brominated products by OXBTEATB. Conclusion: OXBTEATB can be considered a solidified bromine. This novel reagent has variable solubility in different polar protic and aprotic solvents but insoluble in non-polar aprotic solvent. Subsequently, OXBTEATB can be recognized as a more useful brominating and regioselective catalyst than the liquid bromine.
- Hemati, Roya,Shahvelayati, Ashraf S.,Yadollahzadeh, Khadijeh
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p. 682 - 687
(2018/07/14)
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- 1,1,2,2-Tetrahydroperoxy-1,2-Diphenylethane: An efficient and high oxygen content oxidant in various oxidative reactions
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Several oxidative approaches namely thiocyanation of aromatic compounds, epoxidation of alkenes, amidation of aromatic aldehydes, epoxidation of α β-unsaturated ketones, oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones, bayer-villeger reaction, bromination and iodation of aniline and phenol derivatives oxidative esterification, oxidation of pyridines and oxidation of secondary, allylic and benzyllic alcohols were carried out using 1,1,2,2-Tetrahydroperoxy-1,2-Diphenylethane as the potential solid oxidant which can be stored for several months without any loss in its activity. All of the procedures were accomplished via mild reaction conditions and the products were afforded in high yields and short reaction times.
- Khosravi, Kaveh,Naserifar, Shirin
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supporting information
p. 6584 - 6592
(2018/10/05)
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- Environmentally benign indole-catalyzed position-selective halogenation of thioarenes and other aromatics
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Halogenated aromatic compounds are the cores of many pharmaceutical, agricultural and chemical products but they are commonly prepared using electrophilic halogenation reactions in non-green chlorinated solvents under harsh conditions. A separate problem happens in the aromatic halogenation of thioarenes because they readily undergo oxidative side-reactions. Herein we report an environmentally benign electrophilic bromination of aromatics using an indole-catalytic protocol, which is suitable for a wide range of substrates including thioarenes.
- Shi, Yao,Ke, Zhihai,Yeung, Ying-Yeung
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supporting information
p. 4448 - 4452
(2018/10/17)
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- Transformation of N, N-Dimethylaniline N-Oxides into Diverse Tetrahydroquinoline Scaffolds via Formal Povarov Reactions
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A one-pot protocol for the assembly of diversely functionalized tetrahydro-, hexahydrofuro-, hexahydropyrano-, and tetrahydrobenzofuroquinolines from N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxides and various electron-rich olefins in a tandem Polonovski-Povarov sequence is reported. Following activation of the N-O bond with Boc2O, an exocyclic iminium ion is unveiled upon exposure to tin(IV) chloride. A formal inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder cyclization generates the tetrahydroquinoline core of 29 examples in up to 92% yield.
- Bush, Timothy S.,Yap, Glenn P. A.,Chain, William J.
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supporting information
p. 5406 - 5409
(2018/09/13)
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- Synthesis of Halogenated Anilines by Treatment of N, N-Dialkylaniline N-Oxides with Thionyl Halides
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The special reactivity of N,N-dialkylaniline N-oxides allows practical and convenient access to electron-rich aryl halides. A complementary pair of reaction protocols allow for the selective para-bromination or ortho-chlorination of N,N-dialkylanilines in up to 69% isolated yield. The generation of a diverse array of halogenated anilines is made possible by a temporary oxidation level increase of N,N-dialkylanilines to the corresponding N,N-dialkylaniline N-oxides and the excision of the resultant weak N-O bond via treatment with thionyl bromide or thionyl chloride at low temperature.
- Reed, Hayley,Paul, Tyler R.,Chain, William J.
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p. 11359 - 11368
(2018/08/06)
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- Atom-Economic Electron Donors for Photobiocatalytic Halogenations
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In vitro cofactor supply and regeneration have been a major obstacle for biocatalytic processes, in particular on a large scale. Peroxidases often suffer from inactivation by their oxidative co-factor. Combining photocatalysis and biocatalysis offers an innovative solution to this problem, but lacks atom economy due to the sacrificial electron donors needed. Herein, we show that redox-active buffers or even water alone can serve as efficient, biocompatible electron sources, when combined with photocatalysis. Mechanistic investigations revealed first insights into the possibilities and limitations of this approach and allowed adjusting the reaction conditions to the specific needs of biocatalytic transformations. Proof-of-concept for the applicability of this photobiocatalytic reaction setup was given by enzymatic halogenations.
- Seel, Catharina Julia,Králík, Antonín,Hacker, Melanie,Frank, Annika,K?nig, Burkhard,Gulder, Tanja
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p. 3960 - 3963
(2018/09/25)
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- Expedient Synthesis of N-Methyl- and N-Alkylamines by Reductive Amination using Reusable Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles
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N-Methyl- and N-alkylamines represent important fine and bulk chemicals that are extensively used in both academic research and industrial production. Notably, these structural motifs are found in a large number of life-science molecules and play vital roles in regulating their activities. Therefore, the development of convenient and cost-effective methods for the synthesis and functionalization of amines by using earth-abundant metal-based catalysts is of scientific interest. In this regard, herein we report an expedient reductive amination process for the selective synthesis of N-methylated and N-alkylated amines by using nitrogen-doped, graphene-activated nanoscale Co3O4-based catalysts. Starting from inexpensive and easily accessible nitroarenes or amines and aqueous formaldehyde or aldehydes in the presence of formic acid, this cost-efficient reductive amination protocol allows the synthesis of various N-methyl- and N-alkylamines, amino acid derivatives, and existing drug molecules.
- Senthamarai, Thirusangumurugan,Murugesan, Kathiravan,Natte, Kishore,Kalevaru, Narayana V.,Neumann, Helfried,Kamer, Paul C. J.,Jagadeesh, Rajenahally V.
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p. 1235 - 1240
(2018/02/09)
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- 1,4-Dioxane-Tuned Catalyst-Free Methylation of Amines by CO2 and NaBH4
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A catalyst-free reductive functionalization of CO2 with amines and NaBH4 was developed. The N-methylation of amines was carried out with CO2 as a C1 building block and 1,4-dioxane as the solvent. Notably, the six-electron reduction of CO2 to form the methyl group occurred simultaneously with formation of the C?N bond to give the N-methylated amine.
- Guo, Zhiqiang,Zhang, Bo,Wei, Xuehong,Xi, Chanjuan
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p. 2296 - 2299
(2018/07/31)
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- Diverse catalytic reactivity of a dearomatized PN3P?-nickel hydride pincer complex towards CO2 reduction
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A dearomatized PN3P?-nickel hydride complex has been prepared using an oxidative addition process. The first nickel-catalyzed hydrosilylation of CO2 to methanol has been achieved, with unprecedented turnover numbers. Selective methylation and formylation of amines with CO2 were demonstrated by such a PN3P?-nickel hydride complex, highlighting its versatile functions in CO2 reduction.
- Li, Huaifeng,Gon?alves, Théo P.,Zhao, Qianyi,Gong, Dirong,Lai, Zhiping,Wang, Zhixiang,Zheng, Junrong,Huang, Kuo-Wei
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supporting information
p. 11395 - 11398
(2018/10/20)
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- Tungstate catalysis: Pressure-switched 2- and 6-electron reductive functionalization of CO2 with amines and phenylsilane
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An efficient and environmentally benign tungstate catalyst for reductive functionalization of CO2 with amines and phenylsilane was developed. By simply varying the pressure, 2-electron or 6-electron reduction of CO2 was successfully achieved with simultaneous C-N bond formation, thus leading to the formation of formamides and methylamines, respectively. That is, secondary and primary amines furnished the corresponding methylamines or dimethylamines in excellent yields under atmospheric pressure of CO2, while various formamides were formed in yields ranging from 52% to 98% when increasing the CO2 pressure to 2 MPa. 1H NMR studies and control experiments demonstrate that N-formylation proceeds through the formation of silyl formate, while N-methylation proceeds through an aminal intermediate generated by 4-electron reduction of CO2.
- Wang, Mei-Yan,Wang, Ning,Liu, Xiao-Fang,Qiao, Chang,He, Liang-Nian
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supporting information
p. 1564 - 1570
(2018/04/12)
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- N, N -Dimethylation of nitrobenzenes with CO2 and water by electrocatalysis
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We have proposed a strategy for the synthesis of N,N-dimethylanilines from nitrobenzene and its derivatives, CO2, and water via an electrochemical reaction under ambient conditions. H+ generated from H2O was used as the hydrogen source. Pd/Co-N/carbon, in which the Pd nanoparticles were supported on Co-N/carbon, was designed and used as the electrocatalyst. It was found that the electrocatalyst was very efficient for the reaction in MeCN solution with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Bmim]Tf2N) as the supporting electrolyte and 1-amino-methylphosphonic acid (AMPA) as the thermal co-catalyst. A series of control experiments showed that Pd/Co-N/carbon and AMPA cooperated very well in accelerating the reaction. This synthetic route has some obvious advantages, such as using CO2 and water as the reactants, ambient reaction conditions, and high yields of the desired products. This opens up a way to synthesize chemicals by the combination of an electrocatalyst and a thermal catalyst with organic compounds, CO2, and water as the reactants.
- Sun, Xiaofu,Zhu, Qinggong,Hu, Jiayin,Kang, Xinchen,Ma, Jun,Liu, Huizhen,Han, Buxing
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p. 5669 - 5674
(2017/08/01)
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- Deoxygenation of tertiary amine N-oxides under metal free condition using phenylboronic acid
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A simple and efficient method for the deoxygenation of amine N-oxides to corresponding amines is reported using the green and economical reagent phenylboronic acid. Deoxygenation of N,N-dialkylaniline N-oxides, trialkylamine N-oxides and pyridine N-oxides were achieved in good to excellent yields. The reduction susceptible functional groups such as ketone, amide, ester and nitro groups are well tolerated with phenylboronic acid during the deoxygenation process even at high temperature. In addition, an indirect method for identification and quantification of tert-amine N-oxide is demonstrated using UV–Vis spectrometry which may be useful for drug metabolism studies.
- Gupta, Surabhi,Sureshbabu, Popuri,Singh, Adesh Kumar,Sabiah, Shahulhameed,Kandasamy, Jeyakumar
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supporting information
p. 909 - 913
(2017/02/15)
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- Copper(II)-Catalyzed Selective Reductive Methylation of Amines with Formic Acid: An Option for Indirect Utilization of CO2
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A copper-catalyzed protocol for reductive methylation of amines and imine with formic acid as a C1 source and phenylsilane as a reductant is reported for the first time, affording the corresponding methylamines in good to excellent yields under mild conditions. This protocol offers an alternative method for indirect utilization of CO2, as formic acid can be readily obtained from hydrogenation of CO2.
- Qiao, Chang,Liu, Xiao-Fang,Liu, Xi,He, Liang-Nian
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supporting information
p. 1490 - 1493
(2017/03/23)
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- Carboxylate-promoted reductive functionalization of CO2 with amines and hydrosilanes under mild conditions
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Various oxygen-nucleophiles especially carboxylates, e.g. cesium/tetrabutylammonium carboxylate, were proved to be efficient and selective catalysts for reductive functionalization of CO2 with amines and hydrosilanes to methylamines. Various amines including aromatic and aliphatic, primary and secondary ones were methylated successfully in the presence of diphenylsilane as the reductant under 50 °C and an atmospheric pressure of CO2. Furthermore, a reaction pathway involving CO2 reduction to the C0 species i.e. aminal rather than the formamide as the intermediate was proposed. This protocol represents a transition metal-free and environmentally friendly option for CO2 conversion to useful chemicals via the formation of C-N bonds coupled with six-electron reduction of CO2 to the methanol level under mild conditions.
- Liu, Xiao-Fang,Qiao, Chang,Li, Xiao-Ya,He, Liang-Nian
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supporting information
p. 1726 - 1731
(2017/06/07)
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- Efficient and Selective N-Methylation of Nitroarenes under Mild Reaction Conditions
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Herein, we report a straightforward protocol for the preparation of N,N-dimethylated amines from readily available nitro starting materials using formic acid as a renewable C1 source and silanes as reducing agents. This tandem process is efficiently accomplished in the presence of a cubane-type Mo3PtS4 catalyst. For the preparation of the novel [Mo3Pt(PPh3)S4Cl3(dmen)3]+ (3+) (dmen: N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine) compound we have followed a [3+1] building block strategy starting from the trinuclear [Mo3S4Cl3(dmen)3]+ (1+) and Pt(PPh3)4 (2) complexes. The heterobimetallic 3+ cation preserves the main structural features of its 1+ cluster precursor. Interestingly, this catalytic protocol operates at room temperature with high chemoselectivity when the 3+ catalyst co-exists with its trinuclear 1+ precursor. N-heterocyclic arenes, double bonds, ketones, cyanides and ester functional groups are well retained after N-methylation of the corresponding functionalized nitroarenes. In addition, benzylic-type as well as aliphatic nitro compounds can also be methylated following this protocol.
- Pedrajas, Elena,Sorribes, Iván,Guillamón, Eva,Junge, Kathrin,Beller, Matthias,Llusar, Rosa
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p. 13205 - 13212
(2017/09/12)
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- Preparation method by using amine and imine nitrogen methylation and application thereof
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The invention discloses a preparation method by using amine and imine nitrogen methylation and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: A, adding an active carbon loaded platinum catalyst into a Schlenk tube, and after vacuumizing to replace argon, adding a solvent; B, under protection of argon, separately adding phenylsilane, an initial raw material and formic acid; C, stirring the whole reaction system at a certain temperature to react; and D, after reaction, adding ethyl acetate into the system to dilute, stopping the reaction by using a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, performing extraction with ethyl acetate, separating out an organic phase, drying and filtering the organic phase, and performing rotatable evaporation to remove the solvent. Column chromatography is performed on residues by using ethyl acetate/petroleum ether mixed solvent to obtain a target product, wherein the ethyl acetate and petroleum ether are different in proportion. According to the application of the method in isotope labeled drug synthesis, the dosage of a catalyst is extremely low, the cost is quite low, and the method is suitable for large-scaled production, can be suitable for amine and imine with different substituents, and suitable for realizing methylation conveniently on nitrogen atoms in a natural product structure to prepare drug molecules.
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Paragraph 0097; 0098; 0099; 0100; 0101; 0102
(2017/08/10)
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- N-Mannich Bases of Aromatic Heterocyclic Amides: Synthesis via Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling under Ambient Conditions
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An efficient and facile method to synthesize N-Mannich bases has been developed using an inexpensive copper(I) bromide/air catalyst system at ambient temperature. A cross-dehydrogenative coupling of N,N-dimethylarylamines occurs efficiently with aromatic heterocyclic amides (oxindoles, isatins), cyclic amides (lactams), simple amides (benzamide), as well as imides (succinimide, phthalimide) to furnish the corresponding amidated/imidated derivatives in good to excellent yields. Preliminary mechanistic and isotope-labeling studies suggest the reaction follows a radical pathway and involves an iminium ion intermediate.
- Singh, Shailendra K.,Chandna, Nisha,Jain, Nidhi
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supporting information
p. 1322 - 1325
(2017/03/23)
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- Betaine Catalysis for Hierarchical Reduction of CO2 with Amines and Hydrosilane To Form Formamides, Aminals, and Methylamines
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An efficient, sustainable organocatalyst, glycine betaine, was developed for the reductive functionalization of CO2 with amines and diphenylsilane. Methylamines and formamides were obtained in high yield by tuning the CO2 pressure and reaction temperature. Based on identification of the key intermediate, that is, the aminal, an alternative mechanism for methylation involving the C0 silyl acetal and aminal is proposed. Furthermore, reducing the CO2 amount afforded aminals with high yield and selectivity. Therefore, betaine catalysis affords products with a diversified energy content that is, formamides, aminals and methylamines, by hierarchical two-, four- and six-electron reduction, respectively, of CO2 coupled with C?N bond formation.
- Liu, Xiao-Fang,Li, Xiao-Ya,Qiao, Chang,Fu, Hong-Chen,He, Liang-Nian
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supporting information
p. 7425 - 7429
(2017/06/13)
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