- Aliphatic hydroxylation and epoxidation of capsaicin by cytochrome P450 CYP505X
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Microbial cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are able to mimic the metabolism of human CYPs. One challenge is to identify the respective drug metabolites and to compare substrate specificities to those of the human enzymes. In this study, a class VIII self-sufficient CYP from Aspergillus fumigatus (CYP505X) and variants of this enzyme were heterologously expressed in E. coli. The substrate scope of the variants was determined using active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and (hetero)cyclic compounds. Capsaicin – the active compound in chili peppers – was oxidized most efficiently (4.36 μM/min) in a whole cell mediated biotransformation. The products were isolated, purified and their structures elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR. The two major metabolites showed modifications on the lipophilic side chain. Specifically, capsaicin was hydroxylated at position 8 to give (E)-8-hydroxy-N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-8-methylnon-6-enamide and epoxidized at the double bond to give N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-5-(3-isopropyloxiran-2-yl)-pentanamide.
- Migglautsch, Anna K.,Willim, Melissa,Schweda, Bettina,Glieder, Anton,Breinbauer, Rolf,Winkler, Margit
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p. 6199 - 6204
(2018/09/21)
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- Application of hansch's model to capsaicinoids and capsinoids: A study using the quantitative structure-activity relationship. A novel method for the synthesis of capsinoids
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We describe a synthetic approach for two families of compounds, the capsaicinoids and capsinoids, as part of a study of the quantitative relationship between structure and activity. A total of 14 capsaicinoids of increasing lateral chain lengths, from 2 to 16 carbon atoms, were synthesized. In addition, 14 capsinoids with identical lateral chains, as well as capsiate and dihydrocapsiate, have been synthesized, and a new method for the synthesis of these compounds has been developed. The yields range from 48.35 to 98.98%. It has been found that the synthetic capsaicinoids and capsinoids present a lipophilia similar to those of the natural compounds and present similar biological activity. The bioactivity of the synthetic capsaicinoids and capsinoids decreases proportionally to the degree of difference in lipophilia (higher or lower) compared to the natural compounds. Biological activity was determined using the etiolated wheat (Triticum aestlvum L.) coleoptiles bioassay and by comparing results of the synthesis with those presented by their counterpart natural compounds. The bioactivities found correlated directly to the lipophilic properties of the synthesized compounds.
- Barbero, Gerardo F.,Molinillo, Jose M. G.,Varela, Rosa M.,Palma, Miguel,MacIas, Francisco A.,Barroso, Carmelo G.
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experimental part
p. 3342 - 3349
(2011/07/30)
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- A convenient transformation of 2-alkylidenecycloalkanones into alkyl-substituted bicyclo[ n.1.0]alkan-1-ols: Application to the synthesis of capsaicin
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Treatment of 2-alkylidenecycloalkanones with hydrogen iodide in benzene and subsequent reaction of the obtained -iodo ketones with zinc dust in THF in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane or titanium(IV) chlorotriisopropoxide led to exo- and endo-(n+3)-alkylbicyclo[n.1.0]alkan-1-ols in high yields. Cyclization of the intermediate -iodo ketones under these conditions proceeded in a moderate to good diastereoselectivity, and the resulted bicyclic cyclopropanols were easily separated by column chromatography over silica gel. exo-7- Isopropylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-ol obtained in this manner was efficiently employed as a key intermediate in the synthesis of capsaicin. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart - New York.
- Kananovich, Dzmitry G.,Zubrytski, Dzmitry M.,Kulinkovich, Oleg G.
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scheme or table
p. 1043 - 1046
(2010/06/14)
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- PRODUCTION METHOD OF CAPSINOID BY DEHYDRATING CONDENSATION, STABILIZING METHOD OF CAPSINOID, AND CAPSINOID COMPOSITION
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In the production methods of capsinoid by esterification using an enzyme, a method of conveniently obtaining capsinoid in a high yield in a short time without using a dehydrating agent is provided. In addition, a method of stable preservation of produced capsinoid by purifying the obtained capsinoid under stable conditions is provided. A fatty acid represented by the formula (1) and a hydroxymethylphenol represented by the formula (2) are condensed without solvent or in a low-polar solvent, using an enzyme as a catalyst to give an ester compound represented by the formula (3). In addition, a fatty acid represented by the formula (4) is added to the ester compound represented by the formula (3) for stabilization. wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification.
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Page/Page column 37-38
(2008/06/13)
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- A general and stereoselective synthesis of the capsaicinoids via the orthoester Claisen rearrangement
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Capsaicin, a main pungent principle of hot pepper, and its 15 analogs have been efficiently synthesized. The key step of this synthetic scheme is the orthoester Claisen rearrangement, which transformed allylic alcohols 2A-C to (E)-alkenoates 3A-C (E/Z > 100) in a highly stereoselective manner. The subsequent carbon chain elongations on 3 based on the cyanation or the malonic acid ester synthesis afforded (E)-alkenoic acids 8, which were converted to the corresponding acid chloride and then coupled with vanillylamine to give capsaicinoids. HPLC and CE (capillary electrophoresis) analyses of these capsaicinoids were also carried out.
- Kaga, Harumi,Goto, Kouhei,Takahashi, Tomiki,Hino, Masao,Tokuhashi, Takashi,Orito, Kazuhiko
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p. 8451 - 8470
(2007/10/03)
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- An Alternate Synthesis of the Capsaicinoids
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Five capsaicinoids, the pungent ingredients of hot peppers, have been efficiently synthesized by a method involving the Wittig reaction between isobutyl triphenylphosphorane and the appropriate lactols (3), followed by the nitrous acid-induced isomerization of the resultant (Z)-olefins (4) to (E)-olefins (5).
- Kaga, Harumi,Goto, Kouhei,Fukuda, Takashi,Orito, Kazuhiko
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p. 946 - 948
(2007/10/02)
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- The Capsaicinoids: Their Separation, Synthesis, and Mutagenicity
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Capsaicin (1b), the pungent ingredient in many varietes of Capsicums has recently been implicated as a possible carcinogen.When obtained from natural sources 1b is always accompanied by a number of related homologues.We have isolated seven of these homologues, characterized them, and synthesized them by a general and unique route developed in our laboratories.Also reported are mutagenicity data for 1b and an extract of red pepper as measured by the Ames assay and the V-79 mammalian cell assay.
- Gannett, Peter M.,Nagel, Donald L.,Reilly, Pam J.,Lawson, Terence,Sharpe, Jody,Toth, Bela
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p. 1064 - 1071
(2007/10/02)
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