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Enzyme-mediated kinetic resolution of racemic starting materials is a valuable and convenient tool for the preparation of enantioenriched compounds. To overcome the 50% yield limitation in conventional kinetic resolution, diverse enantioconvergent approaches have been developed. After a brief introduction of the recently developed 'in situ deracemization' and 'ex situ enantioconvergent approach', we present unique ex situ enantioconvergent approaches to solve two difficult cases: 1) In the synthesis of ethyl (3R,4S,5R)-shikimate, a diastereomeric (3R?,4S?,5S?)-substrate containing multiple chiral centers was applied in an enzyme-catalyzed acetylation, and both the enzyme-catalyzed product and unreacted substrate converted into ethyl (3R,4S,5R)-shikimate via partial stereochemical inversions. 2) The enzyme-catalyzed kinetic resolution of a ranirestat precursor and the regeneration of the racemic substrate from a decarboxylated byproduct are described in detail. Since in the latter study, the products spontaneously decarboxylated after hydrolysis of the ester groups, the in situ regeneration of the racemic substrates was of significant difficulty. We successfully installed an ethoxycarbonyl group on the byproduct by ex situ sequential derivatization to overcome the 50% yield limitation. 1 Short Review of Enantioconvergent Approaches 2 Resolution of a Substrate with Multiple Chiral Centers 3 Resolution Based on Enzyme-Mediated Hydrolysis Accompanied by Nonenzymatic C-C Bond Cleavage 4 Conclusions.

New pyrrole derivatives of cephalosporin compounds have been prepared which are useful as antibiotics.

A series of 1-pyrrole- and 1-indoleacetamido derivatives of 3-heteroaryl-substituted cephalosporins was prepared. The most active compound in the series was 7[[2-(1-pyrryl)acetyl]amino]-3-[[(1- methyltetrazol-5-yl)thio]-methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0] oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, which showed comparable potency in vitro and in vivo to that of cefazolin, and, in addition, was more potent than cefazolin against Enterobacter sp. and Providencia stuartii.