- CATALYSTS AND CATALYTIC PROCESSES
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A process for migrating C=C double bonds within an unsaturated organic compound is described. The process involves contacting an unsaturated organic compound starting material with a heteropoly acid catalyst in the presence of light having a wavelength of less than or equal to 700 nm. Also described is a process for the preparation of novel heteropoly acids having markedly increased surface area.
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Paragraph 0088
(2017/05/28)
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- Nickel-butadiene catalytic system for the cross-coupling of bromoalkanoic acids with alkyl grignard reagents: A practical and versatile method for preparing fatty acids
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The knights who say Ni: A practical and convenient synthetic route to fatty acids involves the Ni-catalyzed alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling of bromoalkanoic acids and alkyl Grignard reagents in the presence of 1,3-butadiene as an additive (see scheme). Copyright
- Iwasaki, Takanori,Higashikawa, Kiyokazu,Reddy, Vutukuri P.,Ho, Willbe W. S.,Fujimoto, Yukari,Fukase, Koichi,Terao, Jun,Kuniyasu, Hitoshi,Kambe, Nobuaki
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p. 2956 - 2960
(2013/03/28)
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- Optimizing reaction conditions for the isomerization of fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters to their branch chain products
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In order to improve the oxidative stability and cold flow properties of oleic acid or methyl oleate, branch chain isomerization was conducted using a beta zeolite catalyst. Reaction conditions of temperature (200-300 °C), pressure (0.1-3.0 MPa), and co-catalyst (0-2 wt%) were optimized based on branch chain conversion and the cloud point of the ester following the isomerization reaction of oleic acid or methyl oleate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatograph equipped with Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses were used to analyze and quantify the isomerization product samples, while the cloud point of each sample was tested. The lowest and therefore, best cloud point measured was -15.2 °C at conditions of 200 °C, 3 MPa, and 2% co-catalyst using methyl oleate as a starting material. The highest branch chain conversion achieved was 50% under conditions of 300 °C, 1.5 MPa and 0% co-catalyst using oleic acid as a starting material. The use of oleic acid and methyl oleate is based on whether it is optimal to carry out the skeletal isomerization before or after the esterification reaction. Performing the isomerization reaction on the ester was preferred over the fatty acid based on the trans isomerization and cloud point results. Reducing the unbranched trans isomers was desirable in obtaining a low cloud point. AOCS 2010.
- Reaume, Stephen J.,Ellis, Naoko
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experimental part
p. 661 - 671
(2012/01/31)
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- Synthesis of trans-vaccenic acid and cis-9-trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid
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The preparation of the monounsaturated fatty acid, trans-vaccenic acid 4 (TVA), using both Wittig and one-pot Julia-Kocieński olefination protocol, was achieved in good yield. Similarly a Wittig approach was employed for the stereoselective synthesis of cis-9-trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid 2 from trans-2-nonenal and (8-carboxyoctyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide 12.
- Duffy, Patricia E.,Quinn, Sonia M.,Roche, Helen M.,Evans, Paul
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p. 4838 - 4843
(2007/10/03)
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- Catalytic hydrogenation of linoleic acid on nickel, copper, and palladium
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The catalytic activity and selectivity for hydrogenation of linoleic acid were studied on Ni, Cu, and Pd catalysts. A detailed analysis of the reaction product was performed by a gas-liquid chromatograph, equipped with a capillary column, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Geometrical and positional isomerization of linoleic acid occurred during hydrogenation, and many kinds of linoleic acid isomers (trans-9,trans-12; trans-8,cis-12 or cis-9,trans-13; cis-9,trans-12; trans-9,cis-12 and cis-9,cis-12 18:2) were contained in the reaction products. The monoenoic acids in the partial hydrogenation products contained eight kinds of isomers and showed different isomer distributions on Ni, Cu, and Pd catalysts, respectively. The positional isomers of monoenoic acid were produced by double- bond migration during hydrogenation. On Ni and Pd catalysts, the yield of cis-12 and trans-12 monoenoic acids was larger than that of cis-9 and trans-9 monoenoic acids. On the contrary, the yield of cis-9 and trans-9 monoenoic acids was larger than that of cis-12 and trans-12 monoenoic acids on Cu catalyst. From these results, it is concluded that the double bond closer to the methyl group (Δ12) and that to the carboxyl group (Δ9) show different reactivity for hydrogenation on Ni, Cu, and Pd catalysts. Monoenoic acid formation was more selective on Cu catalyst than on Ni and Pd catalysts.
- Kitayama, Yoshie,Muraoka, Masahiro,Takahashi, Megumi,Kodama, Tatsuya,Itoh, Hirofumi,Takahashi, Eriko,Okamura, Mutsuo
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p. 1311 - 1316
(2007/10/03)
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