- Sonolytic destruction of methyl tert-butyl ether by ultrasonic irradiation: The role of O3, H2O2, frequency, and power density
-
The kinetics of degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) by ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of ozone as functions of applied frequencies and applied power are investigated. Experiments are performed over the frequency range of 205-1078 kHz. The higher overall reaction rates are observed at 358 and 618 kHz and then at 205 and 1078 kHz. The observed pseudo-first-order rate constant, k(O), for MTBE degradation increases with increasing power density up to 250 W L-1. A linear dependence of the first- order rate constant, k(O3), for the simultaneous degradation of O3 on power density is also observed. Naturally occurring organic matter (NOM) is shown to have a negligible effect on observed reaction rates. The kinetics of degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) by ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of ozone as functions of applied frequencies and applied power are investigated. Experiments are performed over the frequency range of 205-1078 kHz. The higher overall reaction rates are observed at 358 and 618 kHz and then at 205 and 1078 kHz. The observed pseudo-first-order rate constant, k0, for MTBE degradation increases with increasing power density up to 250 W L-1. A linear dependence of the first-order rate constant, kO(3), for the simultaneous degradation of O3 on power density is also observed. Naturally occurring organic matter (NOM) is shown to have a negligible effect on observed reaction rates.
- Kang, Joon-Wun,Hung, Hui-Ming,Lin, Angela,Hoffmann, Michael R.
-
-
Read Online
- PROCESS FOR MAKING FORMIC ACID UTILIZING LOWER-BOILING FORMATE ESTERS
-
Disclosed is a process for recovering formic acid from a formate ester of a C3 to C4 alcohol. Disclosed is also a process for producing formic acid by carbonylating a C3 to C4 alcohol, hydrolyzing the formate ester of the alcohol, and recovering a formic acid product. The alcohol may be dried and returned to the reactor. The process enables a more energy efficient production of formic acid than the carbonylation of methanol to produce methyl formate.
- -
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Paragraph 00177; 00178
(2019/02/15)
-
- IRON-CATALYZED CROSS-COUPLING OF METHHANOL WITH SECONDARY OR TERTIARY ALCOHOLS TO PRODUCE FORMATE ESTERS
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A process for preparing a variety of secondary and tertiary alkyl formate esters via the coupling of methanol and secondary (or tertiary) alcohols. Iron-based catalysts, supported by pincer ligands, are employed to produce these formate esters in high yields and unprecedentedly high selectivities (>99%). Remarkably, the coupling strategy is also applicable to bulkier tertiary alcohols, which afford corresponding tertiary formate esters in moderately high yields and high selectivities.
- -
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Paragraph 0124-0126; 0128
(2019/02/17)
-
- Purified mCPBA, a Useful Reagent for the Oxidation of Aldehydes
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Purified mCPBA is a useful reagent for the oxidation of several classes of aldehyde. Although linear unbranched aliphatic aldehydes are oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acids, α-branched ones undergo Baeyer–Villiger oxidation to formates. α-Branched α,β-unsaturated aldehydes provide enolformates and/or epoxides, which can be saponified to α-hydroxy ketones with shortening of the carbon chain by 1 carbon. Unbranched α,β-unsaturated aldehydes undergo an interesting Baeyer–Villiger oxidation/epoxidation/formate migration/BV oxidation cascade, which results in formyl-protected hydrates with an overall loss of two carbon atoms.
- Horn, Alexander,Kazmaier, Uli
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p. 2531 - 2536
(2018/03/21)
-
- Tailor-made Molecular Cobalt Catalyst System for the Selective Transformation of Carbon Dioxide to Dialkoxymethane Ethers
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Herein a non-precious transition-metal catalyst system for the selective synthesis of dialkoxymethane ethers from carbon dioxide and molecular hydrogen is presented. The development of a tailored catalyst system based on cobalt salts in combination with selected Triphos ligands and acidic co-catalysts enabled a synthetic pathway, avoiding the oxidation of methanol to attain the formaldehyde level of the central CH2 unit. This unprecedented productivity based on the molecular cobalt catalyst is the first example of a non-precious transition-metal system for this transformation utilizing renewable carbon dioxide sources.
- Schieweck, Benjamin G.,Klankermayer, Jürgen
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supporting information
p. 10854 - 10857
(2017/08/30)
-
- TiCl4/Et3N-Mediated Condensation of Acetate and Formate Esters: Direct Access to β-Alkoxy- and β-Aryloxyacrylates
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A methodology to build (E)-β-alkoxy- and (E)-β-aryloxyacrylate moieties from acetate and formate esters promoted by the TiCl4/Et3N system is presented. The reaction is compatible with a broad range of structural skeletons and elapses through an unusual condensation pathway. Taking into account the obtained results, we propose a plausible mechanism involving a bimetallic titanium intermediate for this type of transformation.
- álvarez-Calero, José María,Jorge, Zacarías D.,Massanet, Guillermo M.
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supporting information
p. 6344 - 6347
(2016/12/23)
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- Double-modified mesoporous molecular sieve catalytic SBA method for preparing carboxylic acid T-butyl ester
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The invention discloses a method for preparing tert-butyl carboxylate by using a dual-modified SBA mesoporous molecular sieve catalyst. According to the method, carboxylic acid and isobutylene are subjected to addition esterification by using a dual-modified SBA mesoporous molecular sieve as a catalyst to synthesize the tert-butyl carboxylate. The molecular sieve catalyst is a metal-doped sulfonate-grafted dual-modified SBA mesoporous molecular sieve catalyst prepared by a one-step cocondensation process. When the dual-modified SBA mesoporous molecular sieve catalyst is used in the addition esterification reaction process of synthesizing tert-butyl carboxylic acid from carboxylic acid and isobutylene, no polar solvent (such as tert-butyl alcohol, methyl tert-butyl ether or the like) is needed as an isobutylene polymerization inhibitor, and the quantity of the carboxylic acid is not excessive, thereby reducing the energy consumption for separating the reaction product. The catalyst has the advantages of high conversion rate, high selectivity, non-homogeneous phase, no corrosiveness, adjustable acid quantity and acid center and the like, and is recyclable.
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Paragraph 0040; 0041
(2016/11/21)
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- Nucleophilic reactivity of a copper(II)-superoxide complex
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Metal-bound superoxide intermediates are often implicated as electrophilic oxidants in dioxygen-activating metalloenzymes. In the nonheme iron α-ketoglutarate dependent oxygenases and pterin-dependent hydroxylases, however, FeIII-superoxide intermediates are postulated to react by nucleophilic attack on electrophilic carbon atoms. By reacting a Cu II-superoxide complex (1) with acyl chloride substrates, we have found that a metal-superoxide complex can be a very reactive nucleophile. Furthermore, 1 was found to be an efficient nucleophilic deformylating reagent, capable of Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of a number of aldehyde substrates. The observed nucleophilic chemistry represents a new domain for metal-superoxide reactivity. Our observations provide support for the postulated role of metal-superoxide intermediates in nonheme iron α-ketoglutarate dependent and pterin-dependent enzymes. Nucleophilic superoxide: A copper(II)-superoxide complex has been found to be a highly reactive nucleophile. The complex reacts readily with certain electrophiles and is capable of the nucleophilic deformylation of electron-rich aldehydes (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation). These observations provide experimental support for the postulated nucleophilic reactivity of metal-superoxide intermediates in the catalytic cycles of certain nonheme iron enzymes.
- Pirovano, Paolo,Magherusan, Adriana M.,McGlynn, Ciara,Ure, Andrew,Lynes, Amy,McDonald, Aidan R.
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supporting information
p. 5946 - 5950
(2014/06/10)
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- Formylation of amines and alcohols using aminopropylated mesoporous SBA-15 silica (APMS) as an efficient and recyclable catalyst
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Aminopropylated mesoporous SBA-15 silica (APMS) is introduced as a new, recyclable and efficient catalyst for the formylation of a variety of amines and alcohols by using readily available formic acid under solvent-free conditions.
- Malakooti, Reihaneh,Sobhani, Sara,Razavi, Nasrin,Shafiei, Soheila,Mokhtari, Rezvan
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experimental part
p. 1979 - 1990
(2012/04/17)
-
- Comparison of photocatalytic performance of degussa TiO2 P25 and P90 in gas phase photocatalytic reactor
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Photocatalytic performances of Degussa TiO2 P25, one of the most active commercial photocatalysts and P90, recently developed material by Degussa, were studied using gas phase photocatalytic reactor. Photodecomposition of methyl tert-butyl ether was used to characterize photocatalytic behaviour of two samples containing different ratio of TiO2 anatase and rutile. This is the first demonstration that although the activity of P90 was higher than that of P25 TiO2, the surface area normalized activity showed that P25 had a better performance.
- In, Su Il
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experimental part
p. 2629 - 2631
(2012/01/19)
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- MICROANGIOPATHY TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
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The present invention relates to the use of selective factor Xa inhibitors, in particular of oxazolidinones of the formula (I) for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of microangiopathies and also their use for the production of medicaments for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of microangiopathies.
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- Imaging agents for detecting neurological disorders
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Imaging agents of formula (I) and methods for detecting neurological disorders comprising administering to a patient in need compounds of formula (I) capable of binding to tau proteins and β-amyloid peptides are presented herein. The invention also relates to methods of imaging Aβ and tau aggregates comprising introducing a detectable quantity of pharmaceutical formulation comprising a radiolabeled compound of formula (I) and detecting the labeled compound associated with amyloid deposits and/or tau proteins in a patient. These methods and compositions enable preclinical diagnosis and monitoring progression of AD and other neurological disorders.
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- NOVEL COMPOUNDS - 644
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The invention provides compounds of formula (I) wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and L are as defined in the specification and optical isomers, racemates and tautomers thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; together with processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in therapy. The compounds are useful in the treatment of hepatitis C virus.
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- Linear self-eliminating oligomers
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The present invention relates to a linear self-eliminating oligomer comprising one or more cleavable triggers, linker units, effector units and a carrier, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising said oligomer.
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- Pxbutyl ether in aqueous solution mediated by TiO2 suspensions: Parameter and reaction pathway investigations
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Degradation of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) with UV/TiO2 was studied by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The complete removal of 0.1 g L-1 of ETBE was achieved after 20 h of treatment. Factors su
- Lu, Chung-Shin,Chiang, Tien-Yu
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experimental part
p. 1118 - 1127
(2010/08/19)
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- A catalytic cycle for oxidation of tert-butyl methyl ether by a double C-H activation-group transfer process
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A square-planar, iridium(I) carbene complex is shown to effect atom and group transfer from nitrous oxide and organic azides, releasing the corresponding formate or formimidate and an iridium(I)-dinitrogen adduct. The dinitrogen complex performs C?H activation upon photolysis or thermolysis, regenerating the carbene from tert-butyl methyl ether with loss of H2. Taken together, these reactions represent a net catalytic cycle for C?H functionalization by double C?H activation to generate metal?carbon multiple bonds. Additionally, the unusual group transfer from diazo reagents underscores the unique nature of the reactivity observed for nucleophilic-at-metal carbene complexes. Copyright
- Whited, Matthew T.,Grubbs, Robert H.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 16476 - 16477
(2009/04/13)
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- Silica triflate as an efficient reagent for the chemoselective formylation of alcohols
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Silica triflate, as a new and stable silica-based reagent, is prepared by a reaction of silica gel with trifluoromethane sulfonyl chloride at room temperature. This reagent can be used for the efficient and selective formylation of alcohols in the presence of phenols in a relatively short reaction time and high yields under heterogeneous reaction conditions.
- Shirini, Farhad,Marjani, Katayoun,Nahzomi, Hossein Taherpour,Zolfigol, Mohammad Ali
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p. 1245 - 1251
(2008/02/05)
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- Novel lincomycin derivatives possessing antimicrobial activity
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Novel lincomycin derivatives are disclosed. These lincomycin derivatives exhibit antibacterial activity. The compounds of the subject invention may exhibit potent activities against bacteria, including gram positive organisms, and may be useful antimicrobial agents. Methods of synthesis and of use of the compounds are also disclosed.
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- Novel lincomycin derivatives possessing antibacterial activity
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Novel lincomycin derivatives are disclosed. These lincomycin derivatives exhibit antibacterial activity. The compounds of the subject invention may exhibit potent activities against bacteria, including Gram positive organisms, and may be useful antimicrobial agents. Methods of synthesis and of use of the compounds are also disclosed.
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- CALCIUM CHANNEL DRUGS AND USES
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Novel multibinding compounds are disclosed. The compounds of this invention comprise 2-10 ligands covalently connected, each of the ligands being capable of binding to a ligand binding site in a Ca++ channel , thereby modulating the biological activities thereof.
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- Lincomycin derivatives possessing antibacterial activity
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Novel lincomycin derivatives are disclosed. These lincomycin derivatives exhibit antibacterial activity. As the compounds of the subject invention exhibit potent activities against bacteria, including gram positive organisms, they are useful antimicrobial agents. Methods of synthesis and of use of the compounds are also disclosed.
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- Ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formic acid in alcohols
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Catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid with the (solvento)metal hydride complex, TpRu(PPh3)(CH3CN)H [Tp = hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate], in various alcohols was studied. High-pressure NMR monitoring of the catalytic reaction in non-acidic methanol shows that the observable intermediate is a formate complex resulting from CO2 insertion into the Ru-H bond and is stabilized by the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the formato ligand and a methanol molecule. However, in the case of the acidic alcohol, CF3CH2OH, the observable intermediates are [TpRu(PPh3)(CH3CN)2] +CF3CH2O- and the alkyl carbonate complex, TpRu(PPh3)(η2O2COCH 2CF3), which are formed by the reaction of CO2 with the alkoxide species, TpRu(PPh3)(CH3CN)(OCH 2CF3), generated by a very facile reaction between TpRu(PPh3)(CH3CN)H and CF3CH2OH. We propose that the productive catalytic cycles of the reactions conducted in a variety of alcohols are similar to the one we formulated for the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 in hydrous THF. The formic acid is produced by the transfer of a hydride and a proton from the transient alcohol hydride intermediate, TpRu(PPh3)(ROH)H, to an approaching CO2 molecule. The activity of TpRu(PPh3)(CH3CN)H is higher in CF3CH2OH than in methanol and other non-acidic alcohols and it is probably due to the enhanced electrophilicity of the carbon atom of CO2, which results from the strong interaction between the proton of the highly acidic alcohol in TpRu(PPh3)(CF3CH 2OH)H and an oxygen atom of CO2. The electrophilic carbon atom of CO2 could in turn abstract the hydride from Ru-H in a more facile manner. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004.
- Ng, Siu Man,Yin, Chuanqi,Yeung, Chi Hung,Chan, Tak Chung,Lau, Chak Po
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p. 1788 - 1793
(2007/10/03)
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- Substituted oxazolidinones and their in the field of blood coagulation
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The invention relates to the field of blood coagulation. Novel oxazolidinone derivatives of the general formula (I) processes for their preparation and their use as medicinally active compounds for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of disorders are described.
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- NOVEL CALCIUM CHANNEL DRUGS AND USES
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Novel multibinding compounds are disclosed. The compounds of this invention comprise 2-10 ligands covalently connected, each of the ligands being capable of binding to a ligand binding site in a Ca++ channel , thereby modulating the biological activities thereof.
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- Cyclic amino acid compounds pharmaceutical compositions comprising same and methods for inhibiting β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis by use of such compounds
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Disclosed are compounds which inhibit β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis, and, accordingly, have utility in treating Alzheimer's disease. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound which inhibits β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis as well as methods for treating Alzheimer's disease both prophylactically and therapeutically with such pharmaceutical compositions.
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- Heterocyclic compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising same, and methods for inhibiting β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis by use of such compounds
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Disclosed are compounds which inhibit β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis, and, accordingly, have utility in treating Alzheimer's disease. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound which inhibits β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis as well as methods for treating Alzheimer's disease both prophylactically and therapeutically with such pharmaceutical compositions.
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- Deoxyamino acid compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising same, and methods for inhibiting β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis by use of such compounds
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Disclosed are compounds which inhibit β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis, and, accordingly, have utility in treating Alzheimer''s disease. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound which inhibits β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis as well as methods for treating Alzheimer''s disease both prophylactically and therapeutically with such pharmaceutical compositions.
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- Degradation mechanism of t-butyl methyl ether (MTBE) in atmospheric droplets
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Information about the degradation of MTBE in atmospheric water droplets (rain, clouds, fog) was studied. These water droplets contained hydrogen peroxide and iron ions, which are a source of the powerful oxidizing radical OH°, particularly under solar irradiation (photo-Fenton reaction). MTBE was selected because of its current use as an oxygenated additive in gasoline. MTBE was not stable in the atmosphere. Acetone was about 15 times more stable than MTBE in atmospheric conditions. The formation of acetic and formic acid contributed to the acidification of the water droplets.
- Guillard, Chantal,Charton, Nathalie,Pichat, Pierre
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p. 469 - 477
(2007/10/03)
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- Acetylation and formylation of alcohols in the presence of silica sulfuric acid
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Alcohols are converted to esters in a mild, clean, and efficient reaction with acetic and formic acids in the presence of silica sulfuric acid. All reactions were performed under mild and completely heterogeneous conditions in refluxing n-hexane.
- Shirini, Farhad,Zolfigol, Mohammad Ali,Mohammadi, Kamal
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p. 1617 - 1621
(2007/10/03)
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- Process for preparing piperazinepentaneamide HIV protease inhibitors
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A process for preparing γ-hydroxy-4-[[2-oxazolyl]alkyl]-α-[(cyclo)alkyl- or aryl- or heteroaryl-substituted methyl]-2-[[(un)substituted alkyl]aminocarbonyl]-1-piperazinepentanamides is disclosed. The piperazinepentanamides are useful as HIV protease inhibitors. A process for making a 4-[[2-oxazolyl]alkyl]-2-[[(un)substituted alkyl]aminocarbonyl]piperazine by treating a ketoamide precursor with fuming sulfuric acid in the presence of polyphosphoric acid is also disclosed. In addition, a process for enhancing the optical purity of 4-[[2-oxazolyl]alkyl]-2-[[(un)substituted alkyl]aminocarbonyl]-piperazines via the formation 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid crystal salts thereof is disclosed, as well as a method for purifying 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid.
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- Heterocycle derivatives as PPAR-gamma agonists
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Compounds having the structure are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) selective agonists and as such are useful in the modulation of blood glucose and the increase of insulin sensitivity in mammals. This activity of the piperazine derivatives of the invention make them particularly useful in the treatment of those conditions selected from the group consisting of diabetes, atherosclerosis, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, syndrome X, insulin resistance, hypertension, heart failure and cardiovascular disease in mammals.
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- Biological reagents and methods for determining the mechanism in the generation of β-amyloid peptide
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Disclosed are biological reagents which comprise compounds that inhibit β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis, and, accordingly, have utility in determining the cellular mechanism involved in the generation of β-amyloid peptide.
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- PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF FORMATE ESTERS OR METHANOL AND CATALYST THEREFOR
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A production process and a catalyst are provided, which can be less decreased in activity of the catalyst even when CO2, water and the like are present in the starting material and/or the reaction system, and which can produce a formic ester or a methanol at a low temperature and a low pressure. The present invention relates to a process for producing methanol, comprising reacting carbon monoxide with an alcohol in the presence of an alkali metal-type catalyst, and/or an alkaline earth metal-type catalyst to produce a formic ester, wherein a hydrogenolysis catalyst of formic ester and hydrogen are allowed to be present together in the reaction system to hydrogenate the produced formic ester and thereby obtain a methanol.
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Page column 7
(2008/06/13)
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- Phenyl amino squarate and thiadiazole dioxide beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonists
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This invention provides compounds of Formula I having the structure wherein, R1, R2, and X are as defined hereinbefore, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which are useful in treating or inhibiting metabolic disorders related to insulin resistance or hyperglycemia (typically associated with obesity or glucose intolerance), atherosclerosis, gastrointestinal disorders, neurogenetic inflammation, glaucoma, ocular hypertension and frequent urination; and are particularly useful in the treatment or inhibition of type 11 diabetes.
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- Inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3
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New pyrimidine or pyridine based compounds, compositions and methods of inhibiting the activity of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3) in vitro and of treatment of GSK3 mediated disorders in vivo are provided. The methods, compounds and compositions of the invention may be employed alone, or in combination with other pharmacologically active agents in the treatment of disorders mediated by GSK3 activity, such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, obesity, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, essential hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, syndrome X, ischemia, traumatic brain injury, bipolar disorder, immunodeficiency or cancer.
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- Isoquinoline derivatives and isoquinoline combinatorial libraries
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The present invention provides the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds based on the isoquinoline ring. More specifically, the invention provides novel isoquinoline derivatives as well as novel libraries comprised of such compounds.
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- Attached tags for use in combinatorial chemistry synthesis
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The present invention relates to a process of coding and identifying individual members of a chemical combinatorial library synthesized on a plurality of solid supports which undergo mix and split synthesis. The process provides for tagging the solid supports with a coding identifier that is attached to the solid support and which can be decoded by infrared or raman spectroscopy when directly attached to the support.
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- Novel peptides as NS3-serine protease inhibitors of hepatitis C virus
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The present invention discloses novel peptide compounds which have HCV protease inhibitory activity as well as methods for preparing such compounds. In another embodiment, the invention discloses pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds as well as methods of using them to treat disorders associated with the HCV protease.
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- 4-unsubstituted dihydroisoquinolinone derivatives and combinatorial libraries thereof
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The present invention relates to novel dihydroisoquinolinone (DHQ) derivative compounds of the following formula: wherein R1to R7, X, Y, Z, b, c and d have the meanings provided herein. The invention further relates to combinatorial libraries containing two or more such compounds, as well as methods of preparing DHQ derivative compounds.
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- Cycloalkyl, lactam, lactone and related compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising same, and methods for inhibiting beta-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis by use of such compounds
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Disclosed are compounds which inhibit β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis, and, accordingly, have utility in treating Alzheimer's disease. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound which inhibits β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis as well as methods for treating Alzheimer's disease both prophylactically and therapeutically with such pharmaceutical compositions.
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- Carbonyldiimidazoles, their ester derivatives and method for their production
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Carbonyldiimidazoles of the formulae Ia, Ib, Ic or mixtures thereof where R1is C1-4-alkyl and R2is hydrogen or methyl, and tert-butyl esters derived therefrom are described.
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- Pharmaceutical combination formulation and method of treatment with the combination
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The invention relates to method of preventing or treating a disease related to the 5-HT2C receptor and the 5-HT6 receptor, comprising administering to a human or animal subject in need thereof a 5-HT2C receptor agonist and a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist in sufficient amounts to provide a therapeutic effect. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a combination of a 5-HT2C receptor agonist and a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
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- MTBE oxidation by conventional ozonation and the combination ozone/hydrogen peroxide: Efficiency of the processes and bromate formation
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The conventional ozonation and the advanced oxidation process (AOP) O3/H2O2 was used to study the behavior of MTBE and its primary degradation products during ozonation and the AOP O3/H2O2 for various raw waters. The major degradation products identified were tert-butyl formate (TBF), tert-butyl alcohol, 2-methoxy-2-methyl propionaldehyde (MMP), acetone, methyl acetate (MA), hydroxyisobutyraldehyde (HiBA), and formaldehyde. The rate constants of the reaction of O3 and OH radicals with MTBE were 0.14 and 1.9 × 109/M-sec, respectively. The rate constants for the same oxidation processes were also measured for the degradation products, TBF, MMP, MA, and HiBA. Since all compounds reacted slowly with molecular ozone, only the degradation pathway of MTBE with OH radicals was determined, including the formation of primary degradation products. In experiments conducted with several natural waters, the efficiency of MTBE elimination and bromate formation as disinfection byproduct were measured. With a bromide level of 50 μg/L, only 35-50% of MTBE could be eliminated by the AOP O3/H2O2 without exceeding the current drinking water standard of bromate (10 μg/L). The transient concentrations of MTBE and its primary degradation products were modeled using a combination of kinetic parameters (degradation product distribution and rate constants) together with the ozone and OH radical concentration and were in good agreement with the experimental results.
- Von Gunten,Haderlein,Acero,Schmidt,Suter,Von Gunten
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p. 4252 - 4259
(2007/10/03)
-
- Hexahydro-1,4-diazepine derivatives or salts thereof
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Hexahydro-1,4-diazepine derivatives represented by general formula (I); pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and drugs containing the same as the active ingredient, such as activated blood coagulation factor X inhibitor, wherein A: phenylene, pyridylene, or the like; B: a 5- or 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring; X: —CO—, —CONH—, —CSNH—, —SO2—, —SO2NH—, or the like; Y: a bond or alkylene; R1: hydrogen, alkyl, —Y—(hetero) aryl, or the like; R2: hydrogen, alkoxy, —COOH, or the like; R3: amidino or a group capable of being converted into amidino; and R4, R5: each independently hydrogen or lower alkyl.
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- Attached tags for use in combinatorial chemistry synthesis
-
The present invention relates to a process of coding and identifying individual members of a chemical combinatorial library synthesized on a plurality of solid supports which undergo mix and split synthesis. The process provides for tagging the solid supports with a coding identifier that is attached to the solid support and which can be decoded by infrared or raman spectroscopy when directly attached to the support.
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- Methods and compounds for inhibiting β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis
-
Disclosed are compounds which inhibit β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis, and, accordingly, have utility in treating Alzheimer's disease. Also disclosed pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound which inhibits β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis as well as methods for treating Alzheimer's disease both prophylactically and therapeutically with such pharmaceutical compositions.
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-
- Compounds for inhibiting β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis
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Disclosed are compounds which inhibit β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis, and, accordingly, have utility in treating Alzheimer's disease. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound which inhibits β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis.
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- Compounds for inhibiting β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis
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Disclosed are compounds which inhibit β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis, and, accordingly, have utility in treating Alzheimer's disease. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound which inhibits β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis.
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- Substituted 2(4-piperidyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinones and 2-(4-piperidyl)-4(3H)-azaquinazolinones
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This invention relates to compounds which are generally alpha1A/B-receptor antagonists and which are represented by Formula I: wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, or N-oxides thereof. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, methods for their use as therapeutic agents, and a process for their preparation.
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- 1,3,6-trihydro-6-aza-3-oxapentalen-2-one derivatives for the treatment of neoplasia
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1,3,6-Trihydro-6-Aza-3-Oxapentalen-2-One Derivatives for inhibiting neoplastic conditions.
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- N-(aryl/heteroaryl) amino acid esters, pharmaceutical compositions comprising same, and methods for inhibiting β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis by use of such compounds
-
Disclosed are compounds which inhibit β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis, and, accordingly, have utility in treating Alzheimer's disease. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound which inhibits β-amyloid peptide release and/or its synthesis as well as methods for treating Alzheimer's disease both prophylactically and therapeutically with such pharmaceutical compositions.
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