- Sodium atom Reactions with the Bromochloromethanes: Branching Ratios and Relative Reaction Rates
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Branching ratios into bromide and chloride products have been measured for the reaction of atomic sodium with BrCCl3, BrCHCl2 and BrCH2Cl.The bromide to chloride product ratios are 0.55, 1.83, and 4.00, respectively.The experiments were performed in a lin
- Jayne, J. T.,Davidovits, P.
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- Facile reactions for the preparation of [(Me3CCH2)2GaNH2]2 and of GaN
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Four reactions of neopentylgallium compounds with ammonia have been investigated. The dihydronaphthalene derivative C10H8[Ga(CH2CMe3)2] 2· 2NaCl has been observed to react with anhydrous ammonia at low temperature (-78 °C) to form (Me3-CCH2)2GaNH2, dihydronaphthalene (C10H10), and NaCl, whereas the related elimination reaction between Ga(CH2-CMe3)3 and NH3 occurred at 140-150 °C. The new compound (Me3CCH2)2GaNH2 was also prepared by reacting Ga(CH2CMe3)2Cl with sodium in liquid ammonia at -70 °C. Bis(neopentyl)gallium amide was fully characterized and exists as a dimer at room temperature in benzene solution. Neopentylgallium(I) [Ga(CH2CMe3)]n has been observed also to react with NH3 at 460-480 °C to form GaN(s), CMe4, and H2.
- Beachley Jr.,Pazik, John C.,Noble, Matthew J.
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- Hydrogen storage materials: Room-temperature wet-chemistry approach toward mixed-metal borohydrides
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The poor kinetics of hydrogen evolution and the irreversibility of the hydrogen discharge hamper the use of transition metal borohydrides as hydrogen storage materials, and the drawbacks of current synthetic methods obstruct the exploration of these systems. A wet-chemistry approach, which is based on solvent-mediated metathesis reactions of precursors containing bulky organic cations and weakly coordinating anions, leads to mixed-metal borohydrides that contain only a small amount of "dead mass". The applicability of this method is exemplified by Li[Zn2(BH4)5] and M[Zn(BH4)3] salts (M = Na, K), and its extension to other systems is discussed.
- Jaro, Tomasz,Orlowski, Piotr A.,Wegner, Wojciech,Fijalkowski, Karol J.,Leszczyski, Piotr J.,Grochala, Wojciech
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- Study on the non-isothermal kinetics of decomposition of 4Na 2SO4?2H2O2?NaCl
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The non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of 4Na2SO 4?2H2O2?NaCl have been investigated by simultaneous TG-DSC in nitrogen atmosphere and in air. The decomposition processes undergo a single step reaction. The multivariate nonlinear regression technique is used to distinguish kinetic model of 4Na2SO 4?2H2O2?NaCl. Results indicate that the reaction type Cn can well describe the decomposition process, the decomposition mechanism is n-dimensional autocatalysis. The kinetic parameters, n, A and E are obtained via multivariate nonlinear regression. The n th-order with autocatalysis model is used to simulate the thermal decomposition of 4Na2SO4?2H2O 2?NaCl under isothermal conditions at various temperatures. The flow rate of gas has little effect on the decomposition of 4Na 2SO4?2H2O2?NaCl.
- Hong-Kun,Cao,Dao-Sen,Wen-Lin,Ya-Qong,Qi-Shu
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- Flame synthesis of calcium-, strontium-, barium fluoride nanoparticles and sodium chloride
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Non-oxidic salts such as NaCl, CaF2, SrF2 and BaF2 were synthesised using a flame spray method; optional doping of such fluorides with rare earth elements suggests possible applications in optics. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2005.
- Grass, Robert N.,Stark, Wendelin J.
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- Layered double hydroxide and zirconium phosphate as ion exchangers for the removal of 'black crusts' from the surface of ancient monuments
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The chloride form of MgAl layered double hydroxide (hereafter MgAlCl) as an anion exchanger and the semisodic form of α-zirconium phosphate (hereafter ZrPNaH) as a cation exchanger are proposed as new cleaning agents for the removal of gypsum from ancient monuments. The ability of these exchangers to capture the calcium and sulphate ions of the gypsum powder was first investigated separately and then as a coupled system. MgAlCl/gypsum, ZrPNaH/gypsum and MgAlCl/ZrPNaH/gypsum mixtures were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). ZrPNaH in the form of a wet paste exhibited a rapid uptake of calcium from gypsum powder via Na+ and H+/Ca2+ cation exchange. Gypsum powder was also successfully dissolved by a wet paste of MgAlCl by exploiting the Cl-/SO42- anion exchange reaction. However, the dehydration of the paste favoured the reprecipitation of a secondary gypsum that was characterized by lower crystallinity and smaller particle size than the pristine gypsum. The combination of wet MgAlCl and ZrPNaH showed a synergic effect on the dissolution of gypsum and partially prevented the reprecipitation of gypsum in the dry paste. Finally, a preliminary test of the removal of gypsum crust grown on a sandstone sample was performed.
- Boccalon,Nocchetti,Pica,Romani,Casciola
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- Crystal chemistry of the Na/FeCl2 battery
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Five stoichiometric phases of the NaCl-FeCl2 system that can be represented by the general formula Na8-2xFexCl8 (x=0,1,2,3,4,) have been identified in high temperature Na/ FeCl2 cells. Their formation
- Adendorff,Thackeray
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- Reactions of Ground-State and Electronically Excited Sodium Atoms with Methyl Bromide and Molecular Chlorine
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The reactions of ground- and excited-state Na atoms with methyl bromide (CH3Br) and chlorine (Cl2) have been studied by using the crossed molecular beams method.For both reactions, the cross sections increase with increasing electronic energy.The product
- Weiss, P. S.,Mestdagh, J. M.,Schmidt, H.,Covinsky, M. H.,Lee, Y. T.
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- Functionalization of η1,η2-Bridging Cyaphide (C≡P)- Ligands: Trinuclear η1,η1,η2-Bridging Cyaphide and Dinuclear Bridging Isocyaphide (C≡PR) Complexes of Platinum
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The oxidative addition reaction of Pt(PEt3)4 with Cl2C=PN(SiMe3)2 at low temperature (-50 °C) forms the η1-phosphavinyl complex cis-Cl(Et3P)2Pt[C(Cl)=PN(SiMe3)2] (Ia), which isomerizes to the trans-isomer (Ib) upon warming to 0 °C; the structure of Ib was determined by X-ray diffraction studies. Complex Ib reacts with Pt(PEt3)2Cl2 in the presence of 3 equiv of sodium benzophenone to generate the bridging, dinuclear η1,η2-cyaphide complex Cl(Et3P)2-Pt(μ-η1,η 2-C≡P)Pt(PEt3)2 (II) in good yield, providing a much simpler and higher yield preparation of II, which was synthesized and characterized previously by a more circuitous route. Compound II reacts with 0.5 equiv of [Cl2Pt(PEt3)]2 or with 1 equiv of W(CO)5(THF) to generate the trinuclear metal-cyaphide complexes Cl(Et3P)2Pt[μ-η1,η 1,η2-C≡P{Pt(PEt3)-(Cl) 2}]Pt(PEt3)2 (III) and Cl(Et3P)2Pt[μ-η1,η 1,η2-C≡P{W(CO)5}]Pt(PEt 3)2 (IV), respectively, in which the lone pair of electrons on the C≡P phosphorus atom is coordinated to a Pt-(PEt3)(Cl)2 fragment in the former and to a W(CO)5 fragment in the latter; the structure of IV was determined by X-ray diffraction studies. Compound II also reacts with MeI to form the methyl isocyaphide complex (Cl)(Et3P)Pt(μ-C=PMe)Pt(PEt3)2(I) (Vc), in which the cyaphide (C≡P-) ligand is converted to a methyl isocyaphide (C≡PMe) ligand in a semibridging coordination mode. When compound II is reacted with MeOTf, the product is the cationic isocyaphide complex [(Cl)(Et3P)2Pt(μ-η1,η 2-C≡PMe)Pt(PEt3)2](OTf) (Va), which is likely coordinated in an η1,η2-bridging mode. Compound Va reacts with NaI to form Vc, which suggests that Va forms as an intermediate before Vc in the reaction of II with MeI. ? Dedicated to Professor Helmut Werner on the occasion of his 65th birthday.
- Konze, Wayde V.,Young Jr., Victor G.,Angelici, Robert J.
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- Catalytic Reduction of Aqueous Chlorate with MoO xImmobilized on Pd/C
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Chlorate (ClO3-) is an undesirable byproduct in the chlor-alkali process. It is also a heavily used chemical in various industrial and agricultural applications, making it a toxic water pollutant worldwide. Catalytic reduction of ClO3- into Cl- by H2 is of great interest to both emission control and water purification, but platinum group metal catalysts are either sluggish or severely inhibited by halide anions. Here, we report on the facile preparation, robust performance, and mechanistic investigation of a MoOx-Pd/C catalyst for aqueous ClO3- reduction. Under 1 atm H2 and room temperature, the Na2MoO4 precursor is rapidly immobilized from aqueous solution onto Pd/C as a mixture of low-valent Mo oxides. The catalyst enables complete reduction of ClO3- in a wide concentration range (e.g., 1 μM to 1 M) into Cl-. The addition of Mo to Pd/C not only enhances the catalytic activity by >55-fold, but also provides strong resistance to concentrated salts. To probe the reaction mechanisms, we conducted a series of kinetic measurements, microscopic and X-ray spectroscopic characterizations, sorption experiments, tests with other oxyanion substrates, and a comparative study using dissolved Mo species. The catalytic sites are the reduced MoOx species (primarily MoIV), showing selective and proton-assisted reactivity with ClO3-. This work demonstrates a great promise of using relatively abundant metals to expand the functionality of hydrogenation catalysts for environmental and energy applications.
- Ren, Changxu,Yang, Peng,Gao, Jinyu,Huo, Xiangchen,Min, Xiaopeng,Bi, Eric Y.,Liu, Yiming,Wang, Yin,Zhu, Mengqiang,Liu, Jinyong
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- Investigation of a sodium hypochlorite catholyte for an aluminum aqueous battery system
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A solution-phase sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) cathode for use in an aluminum-based seawater battery is presented. This catholyte attains a high power density, a positive redox potential, and a high Faradaic current capacity. NaOCl is also inexpensive, stable, and environmentally safe/friendly. Four aluminum alloys and 99.999% pure aluminum, serving as anodes, were tested in 3.0, 5.0, and 8.0 M NaOH solutions at the temperatures 45, 55, 65, and 80 °C. The catholyte concentration and temperature effects were optimized, and the best electrocatalyst was chosen to carry out the NaOCl reduction. Optimization experiments were carried out on a half-cell basis using a potentiostat in a three-electrode configuration with Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode and a carbon rod as the counter electrode. Full-cell testing incorporating the optimum conditions was performed with a flowing electrolyte apparatus. A catholyte concentration of 0.70 M NaOCl proved optimum in combination with 3.0 M NaOH at the temperature 55 °C and 5.0 M NaOH at the temperature 65 °C. The temperaure 45 °C was not high enough for aluminum activation, the 80 °C data did not show an improvement over the 65 °C data, and polarization was not dramatically enhanced in 8.0 M NaOH. Nickel foil and porous nickel separately electroplated with palladium were found to be the most effective electrocatalysts. Full-cell data demonstrates a successful electrochemical system with current densities approaching 1200 mA/cm2 and voltages above 1.0 V.
- Medeiros, Maria G.,Zoski, Cynthia G.
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- Diiodobis(isopropyldiphenylphosphine oxide-O)cobalt(II)
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The title compound, 2>, contains a four-coordinate Co atom in a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment.Bond lengths are: Co-I 2.558 (1) and 2.593 (2) Angstroem, Co-O 1.958 (6) and 1.946 (6) Angstroem.Angles at the Co atom are: I-Co-I 117.11 (5), O-Co-O 102.7 (3) deg.
- Bauer, Susan K.,Willis, Christopher J.,Payne, Nicholas C.
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- Development of a heat-sensor for the measurement of reaction enthalpy based on laser deflection
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A new method for the measurements of reaction enthalpies based on a laser deflection heat-sensor was developed. The heat released or absorbed from a chemical reaction in an aqueous phase causes the formation of thermally driven refractive index gradients in an adjacent organic phase. This effect is monitored by the change in the deflection angle of a laser light in the organic phase. The instrument was tested in the complexation reaction of EDTA with magnesium (endothermic) and calcium (exothermic). It is shown that the direction of the deflection angle is indicative of the sign of the enthalpy change. The magnitude of this enthalpy change can be calculated using the intensity of the maximum deflection and a calibration slope obtained using the reaction enthalpy of the NaOH/HCl neutralization. The heat limit of detection (HLOD) was calculated to be 60 mJ. Possible improvements in the HLOD are discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
- Schneider,Politi,Baptista
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- Nano-sized titanium(IV) ternary and quaternary complexes with electron-rich oxygen-based bidentate ligands
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Some novel ternary and quaternary complexes of titanium(IV) of general formula [Ti(acac)Cl3-n(OOCR)n] (R = C15H31 or C17H35 and n = 1-3) have been synthesized by stepwise substitution of ch
- Baranwal, Balram P.,Fatma, Talat,Singh, Alok K.,Varma, Anand
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- Effect of changing reagent energy on reaction dynamics. XI. Dependence of reaction rate on vibrational excitation in endothermic reactions HX(vreag) + Na -> H + NaX(XF,Cl)
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The chemiluminescence depletion (CD) method has been applied to two endothermic reactions to obtain approximate relative rates of reaction kendo(vreag) out of specified reagent vibrational levels vreag for a range of vibrational energies Vreag extending to well above the energy barrier Q.The reactions were (1) HCl+(vreag = 1-4 + Na -> H + NaCl (Q = - 4.2 kcal mole-1, Qc = - 10 kcal mole-1) and (2) HF+(vreag = 1-5) + Na -> H + NaF (Q = - 12 kcal mole-1, Qc = - 18 kcal mole-1).The major finding is that for high Vreag, with over 90percent of the reagent energy present as vibration, the collision-efficiency for both reactions is approximately unity.From this we conjecture that the barrier crest is late, with little extension into the entry valley (type ILS).The reactive cross sections exceed by an order of magnitude the (large) cross section of several Angstroem2 obtained in part VI for endothermic reactions HX+ + Y(e.g., HF+ + Cl).The salient difference is likely to be the fact that the present reactions involve a switch from covalent to ionic bonding.To within experimental error the same absolute vibrational energy in either HCl+ or HF+ gives rise to the same absolute cross section for reaction with Na.
- Bartoszek, F. E.,Blackwell, B. A.,Polanyi, J. C.,Sloan, J. J.
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- Kinetics and thermodynamics of small molecule binding to pincer-PCP rhodium(I) complexes
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The kinetics and thermodynamics of the binding of several small molecules, L (L = N2, H2, D2, and C2H 4), to the coordinatively unsaturated pincer-PCP rhodium(I) complexes Rh[tBu2PCH2(C6H3)CH 2PtBu2] (1) and Rh[tBu 2P(CH2)2(CH)(CH2)2P tBu2] (2) in organic solvents (n-heptane, toluene, THF, and cyclohexane-d12) have been investigated by a combination of kinetic flash photolysis methods, NMR equilibrium studies, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Using various gas mixtures and monitoring by NMR until equilibrium was established, the relative free energies of binding of N2, H2, and C2H4 in cyclohexane-d12 were found to increase in the order C 2H4 2 2. Time-resolved infrared (TRIR) and UV-vis transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that 355 nm excitation of 1-L and 2-L results in the photoejection of ligand L. The subsequent mechanism of binding of L to 1 and 2 to regenerate 1-L and 2-L is determined by the structure of the PCP ligand framework and the nature of the solvent. In both cases, the primary transient is a long-lived, unsolvated species (τ = 50-800 ns, depending on L and its concentration in solution). For 2, this so-called less-reactive form (LRF) is in equilibrium with a more-reactive form (MRF), which reacts with L at diffusion-controlled rates to regenerate 2-L. These two intermediates are proposed to be different conformers of the three-coordinate (PCP)Rh fragment. For 1, a similar mechanism is proposed to occur, but the LRF to MRF step is irreversible. In addition, a parallel reaction pathway was observed that involves the direct reaction of the LRF of 1 with L, with second-order rate constants that vary by almost 3 orders of magnitude, depending on the nature of L (in n-heptane, k = 6.7 × 10 5 M-1 s-1 for L = C2H4; 4.0 × 106 M-1 s-1 for L = N2; 5.5 × 108 M-1 s-1 for L = H2). Experiments in the more coordinating solvent, THF, revealed the binding of THF to 1 to generate 1-THF, and its subsequent reaction with L, as a competing pathway.
- Doherty, Mark D.,Grills, David C.,Huang, Kuo-Wei,Muckerman, James T.,Polyansky, Dmitry E.,Van Eldik, Rudi,Fujita, Etsuko
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- Electrochemical synthesis of sodium hexamethoxyniobate
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Anodic dissolution of niobium in anhydrous methanol in the presence of sodium methylate was studied. A method for recovery of niobium methylate from sodium hexamethoxyniobate by the reaction with ammonium chloride was developed.
- Berezkin,Polyakov,Turygin,Tomilov
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- An experimental and theoretical study of the reactions Na+HCl and Na + DCl
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An experimental study is presented of the reactions Na + HCl/DCl from 590 to 820 K.Na atoms were produced in an excess of HCl/DCl and He bath gas, by the pulsed photolysis of NaCl vapor.The metal atom concentration was then monitored by time-resolved lase
- Plane, John M. C.,Rajasekhar, B.,Bartolotti, Libero
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- Reactive scattering of Na(3 2P3/2) + HCl
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The reaction of electronically excited Na(3P) atoms with HCl has been studied in a crossed molecular beams experiment.At collision energies slightly above the endoergicity of the reaction , Na ( 3P) shows a dramatic enhancement of reactivity over ground state Na ( 3S) .Detailed measurements of the laboratory angular and velocity distributions of the reactively scattered NaCl product at 5.4 kcal/mol collision energy have allowed determination of the product center- of mass translational and angular distributions.These experimental results are compared to the DIPR model of electron transfer reactions.The broad translational energy distribution is in qualitative agreement with the DIPR model, but the angular distribution exhibits reduced intensity for scattering perpendicular to the relative velocity vector which cannot be reproduced by the DIPR model.The preferred transition state configuration, Na-Cl-H, is consistent with what would be predicted by a diffuse 3P orbital where the Na atom appears ion-like.This configuration is opposite to that given by the dominant term in the long range multipolar expansion of the neutral reactant potential.
- Vernon, M. F.,Schmidt, H.,Weiss, P. S.,Covinsky, M. H.,Lee, Y. T.
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- Determination of the crystal structure of Mg(AlH4)2 by combined X-ray and neutron diffraction
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The structure of magnesium alanate,Mg(AlH4)2, has been examined in detail by combined powder synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction. The space group is confirmed to be P3m 1 with unit cell dimensions of a = 5.2084(3) ? and c = 5.8392(5) ? at 8 K, a = 5.20309(12) ? and c = 5.8400(2) ? at 111 K and a = 5.1949(2) ? and c = 5.8537(2) ? at 295 K. The structure consists of isolated and slightly distorted AlH4- tetrahedra that are connected via six-coordinated Mg atoms in a distorted octahedral geometry, resulting in a sheet-like structure along the crystallographic c-axis. The distortion of the AlH4- tetrahedra decreases with increasing temperature, whereas, the opposite is the case for the MgH6 octahedra. The Al-H distances are 1.606(10)-1.634(4) ?, 1.602(10)-1.682(3) ? and 1.561(12)-1.672(4) ? at 8, 111 and 295 K, respectively.
- Fossdal,Brinks,Fichtner,Hauback
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- Highly Versatile Synthesis of Some Organotin(IV) Complexes of 2-Hydroxyacetophenone Semicarbazone and Thiosemicarbazone
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Some di- and triorganotin(IV) complexes of 2-hydroxyacetophenone semicarbazone (H2MeSSC) and thiosemicarbazone (H2MeSTSC) have been synthesized by the reactions of corresponding di- and triorganotin(IV) chlorides with the anionic for
- Singh,Singh
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- Fabrication of highly crystalline SnNb2O6 shell with a visible-light response on a NaNbO3 nanowire core
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A visible-light-absorbing SnNb2O6 shell with high crystallinity was successfully fabricated on a NaNbO3 nanowire through a molten salt treatment of the NaNbO3 nanowire of the starting material with SnCl2, whereas the fabrication was not successful on the TT phase of a niobia nanowire. The difference will come from the formation processes of SnNb2O6 crystals (ion-exchange reaction vs thermally induced crystallization reaction). The core/shell nanowire obtained from NaNbO3 showed photocatalytic activity comparable to that of H2 evolution in the presence of an electron donor under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm), compared with the corresponding bulky counterpart.
- Saito, Kenji,Kudo, Akihiko
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- Oxidation of magnesium in the systems NaClO4-Mg-Metal oxide (peroxide)
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Oxidation of magnesium in mixtures NaClO4 + Mg + metal oxide or peroxide has been investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA). In the systems with peroxides Na2O2, Li2O 2, BaO2,
- Sasnovskaya,Razumova
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- Transforming n=1 members of the Ruddlesden-Popper phases to a n=3 member through metathesis: Synthesis of a new layered perovskite, Ca2La 2CuTi2O10
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We report the formation of a new n=3 Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) layered perovskite oxide, Ca2La2CuTi2O10 (I), in the metathesis reaction between NaLaTiO4 and Ca 2CuO2Cl2 (n=1 R-P phases) at 700°C in air. Rietveld refinement of powder XRD data shows that I is isostructural with Sr4Ti3O10 (space group I4/mmm; a=3.8837(5), c=27.727(6)A), consisting of triple perovskite CuTi2O 10 sheets wherein Cu and Ti are ordered at the central and terminal octahedral sites, respectively. Magnetization data provide support for the presence of strong antiferromagnetically coupled CuO2 sheets in the structure. I is metastable decomposing at higher temperatures (～950°C) to a mixture of perovskite-like CaLa2CuTi2O9 and CaO. Interestingly, the reaction between NaLaTiO4 and Sr 2CuO2Cl2 follows a different metathesis route, 2NaLaTiO4+Sr2CuO2Cl2→La 2CuO4+2SrTiO3+2NaCl, revealing multiplicity of reaction pathways for solid-state metathesis reactions.
- Sivakumar,Lofland,Ramanujachary,Ramesha,Subbanna,Gopalakrishnan
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- A room-temperature synthesis of nanocrystalline vanadium nitride
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Vanadium nitride was synthesized by the reaction of VCl4 and NaNH2 at room temperature. X-ray powder diffraction could be indexed as cubic VN with the lattice constant of a = 4.134 ?. Transmission electron microscopy image showed particle and hollow sphere morphology. The optical properties of the as-prepared VN were investigated.
- Chen, Luyang,Gu, Yunle,Shi, Liang,Yang, Zeheng,Ma, Jianhua,Qian, Yitai
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- Synthesis and studies on nickel(III) and copper(III) complexes of 3-methyl-, 4-methyl-and 2,6-dimethylpiperidine carbodithioates
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New complexes of trivalent nickel and copper, viz. Ni(III)(Lcdt)2X (X = Br, I and Lcdt- = 4-methylpiperidinecarbodithioate anion (4-MePipdcdt) and 2,6-dimethylpiperidinecarbodithioate anion (2,6-Me2Pipdcdt) and Cu(III)(Lcdt)nXm (n = 2, m = 1 when X = I and n = 1, m = 2 when X = Br and Lcdt- = the anions: 3-methylpiperidinecarbodithioate (3-MePipdcdt), 4-MePipdcdt and 2,6-Me2Pipdcdt have been prepared by oxidation of M(Lcdt)2 (M = Ni(II) and Cu(II)) with halogen X2 in suitable media. The complexes have been characterised by elemental analyses, infrared and electronic spectral and room-temperature magnetic susceptibility studies. For nickel(III) carbodithioates either a square-planar or square-pyramidal structure has been assigned and for the copper(III) carbodithioates, the presence of a mixture of singlet (S = 0) and triplet (S = 1) forms of square-planar species has been proposed.
- Manhas,Kaur,Kaur,Verma,Kalia
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- as phase studies of Na diffusion in He and Ar and kinetics of Na + Cl2 and Na + SF6
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A fast flow reactor, using an oven source and resonant fluorescence detection, was built to study the kinetics of sodium atoms in the gas phase.The rate coefficients for Na + Cl2 and Na + SF6 are (7.80+/-1.6)X10-10 and (1.17+/-0.2)X10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively.Since collisions with the wall remove sodium with approximately unit efficiency, gaseous diflusion coefficients of sodium in the carrier gas can be measured.DNa,He = 325+/-33 cm2 Torr s-1 at 290 K and DNa,Ar =140+/-14 cm2 Torr s-1 at 281 K.The experimental results are compared with previous studies and simple theoretical models.
- Talcott, Carol L.,Ager, Joel W.,Howard, Carleton J.
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- Synthesis, characterization, and luminescence studies of rare-earth-activated NaMgF3
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NaMgF3-based phosphors have been described frequently in the literature. Their synthesis faces difficulties typical of fluoride materials. A simple precipitation synthesis for NaMgF3-based phosphors is described in this paper. This consisted of mixing aq. NaF and MgCl2/MgSO4 solutions. Various activators could be incorporated by adding the required salts during this process. Characteristic emission of the activators was observed in the prepared phosphors. As-prepared samples exhibited predominantly trivalent lanthanide emission. After thermal treatment in a reductive atmosphere, europium-doped samples showed the intense emission of Eu2+. By virtue of the intense nature of the emission, lifetime measurements could be made for this sample. Notably, intense thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence were observed in NaMgF3:Eu. A simple, fast method for the synthesis of NaMgF3 was therefore developed.
- Singh, Vartika S.,Belsare, Pankaj D.,Moharil, Sanjiv V.
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- USE OF T-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER FOR TREATING PRURITUS
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A medicament for treating or preventing pruritus is provided. For the medicament for treating or preventing pruritus, a compound having a blocking action on Cav3.2T-type calcium channels represented by General Formulas (I) to (VI), a tautomer of the compo
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- Bioinspired Catalytic Reduction of Aqueous Perchlorate by One Single-Metal Site with High Stability against Oxidative Deactivation
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Reduction of perchlorate (ClO4-) with an active and stable catalyst is of great importance for environmental, energy, and space technologies. However, after the rate-limiting oxygen atom transfer (OAT) from inert ClO4-, the much more reactive ClOx- (x ≤ 3) intermediates can cause catalyst deactivation. The previous Re-Pd/C catalyst contained a [ReV(O)(hoz)2]+ site (Hhoz = 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline) and readily reduced ClO4-, but ClOx- intermediates led to rapid formation and hydrolysis of [ReVII(O)2(hoz)2]+. While microbes use delicate enzymatic machinery to survive the oxidative stress during ClO4- reduction, a synthetic catalyst needs a straightforward self-protective design. In this work, we introduced a methyl group on the ligand oxazoline moiety and achieved a substantial enhancement of catalyst stability without sacrificing the performance of ClO4- reduction. A suite of kinetics measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization, reaction modeling, stopped-flow photospectrometry, and 1H NMR monitoring revealed the underlying mechanism. The most critical and unexpected effect of the methyl group is the deceleration (for 2 orders of magnitude) of OAT from ClO3- to [ReV(O)(Mehoz)2]+. However, the rate of OAT with ClO4- was not affected. The methyl group also slowed down the hydrolysis of [ReVII(O)2(Mehoz)2]+ and allowed the introduction of methoxy onto the phenolate moiety to further accelerate ClO4- reduction. With 1 atm H2 at 20 °C, the Re-Pd/C catalyst used [ReV(O)(MehozOMe)2]+ as the only reaction site to reduce multiple spikes of 10 mM ClO4- into Cl- without decomposition. This work showcases the significant effect of simple ligand modification in improving catalyst stability for high-performance ClO4- reduction.
- Liu, Jinyong,Ren, Changxu
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p. 6715 - 6725
(2021/06/25)
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- Ion Exchange of Layered Alkali Titanates (Na2Ti3O7, K2Ti4O9, and Cs2Ti5O11) with Alkali Halides by the Solid-State Reactions at Room Temperature
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Ion exchange of layered alkali titanates (Na2Ti3O7, K2Ti4O9, and Cs2Ti5O11) with several alkali metal halides surprisingly proceeded in the solid-state at room temperature. The reaction was governed by thermodynamic parameters and was completed within a shorter time when the titanates with a smaller particle size were employed. On the other hand, the required time for the ion exchange was shorter in the cases of Cs2Ti5O11 than those of K2Ti4O9 irrespective of the particle size of the titanates, suggesting faster diffusion of the interlayer cation in the titanate with lower layer charge density.
- Ogawa, Makoto,Saothayanun, Taya Ko,Sirinakorn, Thipwipa Tip
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p. 4024 - 4029
(2020/04/08)
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- Chemical Interactions in Na+,Sr2+||Cl–, EO2-4 (E = Mo,W) and Na+,Sr2+||Cl–, MoO2-4, WO2-4 Reciprocal Systems: Description and Study
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Abstract: Chemical interactions of salts in the four-component reciprocal system comprised of chlorides, molybdates, and tungstates of sodium and strontium are studied by the ion-balance method. DTA heating curves feature exotherms due to the interaction
- Burchakov, A. V.,Garkushin, I. K.,Milov, S. N.,Sukharenko, M. A.,Verdiev, N. N.
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p. 1398 - 1406
(2020/10/02)
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- Catalytic behavior of hexaphenyldisiloxane in the synthesis of pyrite FeS2
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Functional small molecules afford opportunities to direct solid-state inorganic reactions at low temperatures. Here, we use catalytic amounts of organosilicon molecules to influence the metathesis reaction: FeCl2 + Na2S2 → 2NaCl + FeS2. Specifically, hexa
- Martinolich, Andrew J.,Neilson, James R.,Todd, Paul K.
-
supporting information
p. 9186 - 9189
(2020/08/26)
-
- Directing Boron-Phosphorus Bonds in Crystalline Solid: Oxidative Polymerization of P═B═P Monomers into 1D Chains
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Over 20 years after the last inorganic ternary B-P compound was reported, Na2BP2, a new compound containing one-dimensional B-P polyanionic chains has been synthesized. Common high-temperature synthetic methods required for the direct reaction of boron and phosphorus negate the possible formation of metastable or low temperature phases. In this study, oxidative elimination was used to successfully condense 0D BP23- anionic monomers found in a Na3BP2 precursor into unique 1D BP22- chains consisting of five-member B2P3 rings connected by bridging P atoms in the crystal structure of Na2BP2. The synthesis was guided by in situ X-ray powder diffraction studies, which revealed the metastable nature of the products of oxidative elimination reactions. Na2BP2 is predicted to be an electron balanced semiconductor which was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy with the experimentally determined band gap of 1.1 eV.
- Woo, Katherine E.,Wang, Jian,Mark, Justin,Kovnir, Kirill
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supporting information
p. 13017 - 13021
(2019/09/03)
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- Synthesis, spectral and thermal studies of the sodium salts of some Ru(III) complexes with quinolone antibiotics
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Solubilisation by salt formation is an effective method to increase the solubility of slightly soluble drugs, applied especially for the development of liquid formulations for parenteral administration. In the present study, this strategy is applied for new Ru(III) complexes with quinolone antibiotics, valuable for biological application such as anticancer activity. The parent compounds, formulated as RuCl3(HL)2(DMSO)m(H2O)n (HL: pipemidic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, enoxacin), were transformed in their corresponding soluble sodium salts with general formula Na2RuCl3(L)2(DMSO)m(EtOH)n(H2O)p. The sodium salts have been characterised by elemental analysis and some spectrometric methods (IR, UV–Vis, mass spectra). The thermal behaviour of these newly compounds was studied by simultaneous TG/DTG/DTA analysis, and it was evidenced a higher thermal stability compared to that of the parent compounds. The thermal transformations occur in two or three steps and comprise solvent (solvation or coordination) elimination as well as oxidative degradation of quinolone derivatives. A mixture of ruthenium and sodium chloride was identified as final residue.
- Badea, Mihaela,Olar, Rodica,Silvestro, Luigi,Maurer, Martin,Uivarosi, Valentina
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p. 721 - 729
(2017/01/22)
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- DUAL BIOCIDE GENERATOR
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Methods and apparatus for generation of dual biocides are provided. The electrolytic generation of chlorine as a biocide is employed for further generation of additional biocides within a single system or generator, including bromine, iodine, chlorine dioxide, fluorine, or chloramines from their respective salts and/or precursors. A single on-site generating system produces a combination of biocides for applications of use providing cost, safety and efficacy improvements. Methods of using the disinfecting biocides provide a synergistic effect through simultaneous or sequential applications.
- -
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Paragraph 0096; 0097; 0098; 0099
(2016/02/21)
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- Amino Silane-Modified Polymers
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Modified macromolecular compounds obtainable by using specific amino silane polymerization initiator compounds and optionally chain end-modifying compounds are described. Polymer compositions including such modified macromolecular compounds and the use of such compositions in the preparation of vulcanized (crosslinked) elastomeric polymer compositions and articles are described.
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- POLYSILOXANE-CONTAINING RESIST UNDERLAYER FILM FORMING COMPOSITION CONTAINING THERMAL CROSSLINKING ACCELERATOR, AND PATTERNING PROCESS USING SAME
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The present invention provides a thermal crosslinking accelerator that can improve an etching selectivity to the upper layer resist thereby improving the pattern form after etching even in a finer pattern than the case of using a conventional silicon-containing resist underlayer film. Thus, provided is a thermal crosslinking accelerator of a polysiloxane compound wherein the thermal crosslinking accelerator of a polysiloxane compound is shown by the following general formula (A-1), wherein R11, R12, R13, and R14 each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, a branched, a cyclic alkyl group or the like having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group or the like having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein a part of or all of hydrogen atoms in these groups may be substituted by an alkoxy group or the like. “a”, “b”, “c”, and “d” represent an integer of 0 to 5; in the case that “a”, “b”, “c”, and “d” are 2 or more, R11, R12, R13, and R14 may form a cyclic structure. Character L represents lithium and the like.
- -
-
Paragraph 0132
(2016/10/07)
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- Unsaturated cyclic and acyclic carbamates exhibiting taste and flavor enhancement effect in flavor compositions
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The present invention relates to novel compounds having sweet, salt or umami taste enhancement qualities. These compounds have the structure: where R 1 is H or methyl; R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C4 alkyl, alkenyl; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, phenyl, C1-C10 straight or branched chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkyldienyl, acyclic or containing no more than one ring, which contains no more than a total of five heteroatoms selected from F, O, S, N, and P; and if R 1 = H, R 2 and R 3 taken together can represent cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, or cyclohexenyl, which contains no more than two of each heteroatom selected from N, O, and S; or if R 1 , R 2 and R 3 taken together can represent one, or two aromatic rings, which contain no more than three of each heteroatom selected from F, N, S, and O. R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl or ethyl; R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl and ethyl; R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkyldienyl, acyclic or containing no more than one ring; except for in the case of structure 1 when if R 4 = H or methyl and R 5 = H or methyl, R 6 as described above and phenyl; or when R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 taken together can be equal to R 7 is selected from the group consisting C1-C4 alkyl, or alkenyl.
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-
- Kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of sodium chlorite by sodium hydrogen ascorbate in aqueous solution at near neutral pH
-
The reduction of chlorite ion by the hydrogen ascorbate ion in a neutral solution safely produces chlorine dioxide. The decrease in absorbance at 268 nm with the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) allows measurement of the ascorbate disappearance in the reaction with excess chlorite. The measured rate constant at 25 ± 0.02°C, 3.67 × 10-4 M DMSO, ionic strength 0.51 M (NaClO4), and in the presence of 3.32 × 10 -9 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is 13.81 ± 1.30 M -1 s-1. Rate constant measurements over the range 15-35°C gave an Arrhenius activation energy of 75.51 ± 4.53 kJ mol-1. This result is the first reported determination of the kinetics of this reaction and is consistent with either electron- or oxygen-transfer mechanisms. Anomalously, reduction of chlorite results in its oxidation, because intermediate hypochlorite oxidizes chlorite.
- Curtin, Maria,Dwyer, Sean,Bukvic, Dino,Doona, Christopher J.,Kustin, Kenneth
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p. 216 - 219
(2014/03/21)
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- One-pot synthesis and characterization of chalcopyrite CuInS2 nanoparticles
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We synthesized tetragonal chalcopyrite CuInS2 (CIS) nanoparticles from molecular single source precursors, (Ph3P) 2Cu-(μ-SEt)2In(SEt)2, by a one-pot reaction in the presence of 3-mercaptopropionic acid at reaction times of 3 hours or less with high yields. In our approach, NaCl as a by-product was used as a heat transfer agent via a conventional convective heating method. We tuned the sizes of nanoparticles through manipulation of the reaction temperature, reaction time, precursor, and thiol concentration. The sizes of nanoparticles from 1.8 nm to 5.2 nm were obtained as reaction temperatures were increased from 150 °C to 190 °C. The method developed in this study is scalable to achieve production of ultra-large quantities of tetragonal chalcopyrite CIS nanoparticles. The resulting nanoparticles were analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, EDAX, and HRTEM.
- Sun, Chivin,Cevher, Zehra,Zhang, Jin,Gao, Bo,Shum, Kai,Ren, Yuhang
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p. 10629 - 10633
(2014/07/07)
-
- Kinetics and mechanism of chloramine-T oxidation of glycolic acid catalysed by PdII complex in alkaline medium
-
The kinetics of chloramine-T (CAT) oxidation of glycolic acid (GA) using alkaline solution of palladous chloride complex as homogeneous catalyst has been investigated at 308 K. A 1:1 stoichiometry has been observed. The reaction shows first-order kinetics at lower [CAT] but at its higher concentration first-order tends to zero order. A first-order dependence of the reaction on both [GA] and [PdII] was observed. An increase in the concentration of OH- ions increased the reaction rate, while addition of chloride ions decreased the rate of reaction. Added p-toluene sulphonamide (reduction product of chloramine-T) did not influence the reaction rate while zero effect of variation of ionic strength of the medium was observed. The overall activation parameters have been calculated from the Arrhenius plot. Mechanistic steps are suggested and the rate law derived was found in agreement with the observed kinetic results, stoichiometry and the reaction products.
- Abhishek, Kumar,Singh
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p. 1671 - 1675
(2013/08/24)
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- Methods and compositions for the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms from meat and poultry carcasses, trim and offal
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The invention includes a method of preparing hypochlorite-activated solutions of hypobromous acid and/or hypobromite ion. The method includes the steps of mixing a solution of a source of bromide ion with a solution of a source of hypochlorite ion to activate the bromide ion, allowing sufficient time to maximize the activation of the bromide ion, and storing the solution before use. The invention also includes a method of using the solution to wash meat and poultry carcasses, trim, and offal to reduce pathogenic microorganisms. The solutions may also be used to reduce pathogenic microorganisms in industrial cooling water and on food contact hard surfaces and equipment. The solutions may be stored for up to about three hours before use and are stable for that period of time.
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Page/Page column 6
(2011/09/14)
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- DIARYLMETHYLAMIDE DERIVATIVE HAVING MELANIN-CONCENTRATING HORMONE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISM
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The present invention is directed to diarylmethylamide derivatives represented of structural formula I which are melanin-concentrating hormone receptor antagonists, and are useful as an agent for the prevention, treatment, or remedy of various circulatory diseases, neurological diseases, metabolic diseases, reproductive system diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and the like. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and the use of these compounds and compositions in the prevention or treatment of such diseases in which the melanin-concentrating hormone is involved. I
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Page/Page column 30-31
(2011/04/24)
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- Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis of Ca1.24Co 1.62O3.86thermoelectric powders
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Thermoelectric oxide, Ca1.24Co1.62O3.86, was prepared by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) followed by a short heat treatment. Prepared powders were characterized by XRD for phase purity. Thermal analyses (TG/DSC) were used to establish the reaction mechanism of the process and study the product thermal stability under different gas atmospheres. Temperature history of the SHS process was measured and the activation energy of the reaction was calculated from the temperature history. Electrical conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and Seebeck coefficient of the prepared power were measured.
- Lin, Sidney,Selig, Jiri
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p. 402 - 409
(2011/01/08)
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- The synthesis of apatites with an organophosphate and in nonaqueous media
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The syntheses of barium, cadmium, calcium, lead, and strontium apatites were performed in anhydrous polar organic solvents such as DMSO, anisole, pyridine, glacial acetic acid, ethanol, methanol, and DMF. Reactions took place under anhydrous conditions at
- Sternlieb, Mitchell P.,Brown, Heather M.,Schaeffer Jr., Charles D.,Yoder, Claude H.
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p. 729 - 732
(2009/07/25)
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- The initial rate of solid-phase reaction and composition of the reaction product
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Dependence of initial reaction rate on the initial composition of reaction mixture in the systems of Na2CO3-V2O 5, Na2CO3-Fe2O3, and Na2CO3-AgCl
- Povarov,Sokolova
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p. 2081 - 2086
(2010/02/16)
-
- A facile synthesis of dispersable NaCl nanocrystals
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During the classical malonic ester synthesis, sodium chloride is eliminated. Sodium diethyl malonate was reacted either with phenacyl chloride or acetyl chloride, both in toluene solution and without solvent. NaCl nanocrystals with a size of 100-300 nm were obtained that could be easily redispersed in organic solvents if phenacyl chloride was used as reagent. The dispersion in dichloromethane was stable for at least two weeks without sedimentation or agglomeration. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2009.
- Annen, Thomas,Epple, Matthias
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p. 9731 - 9734
(2010/03/03)
-
- Electrical and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Fe100-xNix alloys
-
The electrical and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline binary Fe100-xNix alloys, where x ranges from 0 to 100, prepared by a combination of aqueous and solid-state reduction processes have been studied vis-à-vis their microstructure. The microstructural studies indicate the formation of near-equilibrium phases in the alloys with crystallite size in the range 20-40 nm. The crystallite size in the case of pure Fe and Ni, however, is in the range 40-80 nm. The electrical transport in the temperature range 20-300 K exhibits a typical ferromagnetic metallic behavior in all the cases and the absolute resistivity of nanocrystalline Fe100-xNix alloys decreases monotonically with increasing Ni content. The saturation magnetization of the alloys on the other hand decreases progressively with Ni addition towards that of pure Ni value. The coercivity of alloys is found to be independent of temperature in the range 5-300 K except in the case of pure Ni wherein it increases from 30 Oe at 300 K to 65 Oe at 5 K. The electrical and magnetic properties of the nanocrystaline Fe-Ni alloys do not follow the predictions of simple itinerant band model for alloys. The temperature dependence of saturation magnetization in all the cases has a T3/2 Bloch variation while the average atomic moment of the alloys has an effective medium composition dependence.
- Vitta, Satish,Khuntia,Ravikumar,Bahadur
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p. 182 - 189
(2008/10/09)
-
- Technique for treatment and prevention of fungal diseases in field-grown grains and legumes by application of acid-activated sodium chlorite solution
-
A technique for reducing fungal disease in growing grain-producing grasses and growing legume plants involves the generation of chlorine dioxide gas by dissolution of sodium chlorite with an activating acid in an aqueous solution, followed by foliar application of the gas to grasses or legume plants growing in fields. The most preferred acid solution contains urea sulphuric acid (monocarbamide dihydrogen sulphate).
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Page/Page column 2
(2009/01/20)
-
- Total mineralization of carbon tetrachloride under basic phase transfer conditions
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Complete dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride to the mineral level was realized under mild conditions in the presence of a solid caustic base, a quaternary ammonium phase transfer catalyst and a cocatalyst such as an alcohol which functioned also as a solvent The solvent and the catalyst could be readily recovered and recycled after completion of the process. The reaction is sufficiently fast to avoid neutralization of the formed carbon dioxide, and consequently the overall stoichiometry of the process is: CCl4 + 4NaOH → 4NaCl + CO2 + 2H2O. The key step in the reaction mechanism is the extraction of alkoxide anion by the phase transfer catalyst followed by consecutive nucleophilic substitution and hydrolysis of the substrate.
- Snir, Elza,Sasson, Yoel
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p. 765 - 770
(2013/01/03)
-
- OPTICALLY ACTIVE CARBAMATES, PROCESS FOR PREPARATION THEREOF AND USE THEREOF AS PHARMACEUTICAL INTERMEDIATES
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The present invention is related to l-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenylmethyl]-4-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl)-piperazine of the Formula (IV) and optically isomers thereof, process for preparation thereof and the use of the compound of the Formula (IV) in the preparation of l-(4-chlorophenyl)-phenylmethyl-piperazine and optical isomers and salts thereof. l-(4-chlorophenyl)-phenylmethyl-piperazine and optical isomers thereof are important intermediates in the preparation of non-sedating antihistamine-type active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Page/Page column 24-25
(2008/06/13)
-
- Process for the preparation of the insecticide imidacloprid
-
A process for the preparation of the insecticide imidacloprid includes the reaction of 2-chloro-5-chloromethyl pyridine with 2-nitroiminoimidazolidine, carried out in the molar ratio of 1:1 to 1:1.2, in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide in an aprotic solvent at 45 to 60° C. under stirring.
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Page/Page column 2
(2008/06/13)
-
- Comparative studies of the decomposition of alanates followed by in situ XRD and DSC methods
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The decomposition of various alkali and alkaline earth complex alanates and the formation of intermediate compounds was studied by in situ X-ray high-temperature diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments. Differences of the reaction pathways during thermolysis for the alkali and the alkaline earth aluminum hydrides were determined. During the thermolysis of Mg(AlH4)2 and Ca(AlH4)2, the appearance of metal hydrides in combination with alloys was observed, whereas for the alkali alanates LiAlH4 and KAlH4, intermediate aluminum hydrides but no alloys are formed. For the alkali salt-containing KAlH4 systems a strong influence due to the presence of salts on the decomposition temperatures are observed. In addition, the decomposition temperatures are also significantly influenced by the type of salt present. For the first time, the decomposition of the LiMg(AlH4)3 and Na2LiAlH6 systems was studied by in situ methods.
- Mamatha,Weidenthaler,Pommerin,Felderhoff,Schüth
-
p. 303 - 314
(2008/10/09)
-
- Synchrotron X-ray studies of Al1-yTiy formation and re-hydriding inhibition in Ti-enhanced NaAlH4
-
NaAlH4 samples with Ti additives (TiCl3, TiF 3, and Ti(OBu)4) have been investigated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction in order to unveil the nature of Ti. No crystalline Ti-containing phases were observed after ball milling of NaAlH4 with the additives, neither as a solid solution in NaAlH4 nor as secondary phases. However, after cycling, a high-angle shoulder of Al is observed in the same position with 10% TiCl3 as that with 2% Ti(OBu)4, but with considerably higher intensity, indicating that the shoulder is caused by Ti. After prolonged reabsorption, there is only a small fraction of free Al phase left to react with Na3AlH6, whereas the shoulder caused by Al1-yTiy is dominating. The Ti-containing phase causing the shoulder therefore contains less Ti than Al3Ti, and the aluminum in this phase is too strongly bound to react with Na 3AlH6 to form NaAlH4. The composition of the Al1-yTiy phase is estimated from quantitative phase analysis of powder X-ray diffraction data to be Al0.85Ti 0.15. Formation of this phase may explain the reduction of capacity beyond the theoretical reduction from the dead weight of the additive and the reaction between the additive and NaAlH4. ? 2005 American Chemical Society.
- Brinks, Hendrik W.,Hauback, Bj??rn C.,Srinivasan, Sesha S.,Jensen, Craig M.
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p. 15780 - 15785
(2008/10/09)
-
- Methods for the preparation of concentrated aqueous bromine solutions and high activity bromine-containing solids
-
The invention includes convenient methods of preparing: (1) highly concentrated liquid bromine-containing biocidal solutions, (2) highly concentrated mixed halogen liquid bromine and chlorine-containing biocidal solutions, and (3) high-activity bromine-containing biocidal solids, all having excellent physical and chemical stability. One method yields solutions that have concentrations of bromine in excess of 18% as Br2 (8% as Cl2) in which the mole ratio of hydroxide ion to hydrogen ion source is at least 1.9:1. Another method employs elemental bromine in conjunction with a solid organic or inorganic halogenating agent to yield halogen solutions at concentrations greater than 22.9% as Br2 (10.2% as Cl2). This method can be performed under conditions that exceed the solubility of the active ingredient such that it crystallizes and is recovered as a hydrated or anhydrous salt in good yield.
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Page/Page column 6
(2008/06/13)
-
- Method and apparatus for microbial decontamination
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A process and apparatus is provided for generating chlorine dioxide gas for the fumigation of enclosed spaces that includes adding reactants for generation of chlorine dioxide by dropwise addition to an aqueous reaction medium in a sealed reaction chamber
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Page/Page column 5
(2008/06/13)
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- Plant life control composition
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Plant life control composition including stabilized chlorine dioxide. A method of controlling plant life or removing contaminants from plant life comprising contacting the plant life with a composition including stabilized chlorine dioxide. The plant life
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Page/Page column 2
(2008/06/13)
-
- PREPARATION OF CONCENTRATED BROMINE SOLUTIONS AND HIGH ACTIVITY BROMINE SOLIDS
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The invention includes convenient methods of preparing: (1) highly concentrated liquid bromine-containing biocidal solutions, (2) highly concentrated mixed halogen liquid bromine and chlorine-containing biocidal solutions, and (3) high-activity bromine containing biocidal solids, all having excellent physical and chemical stability. One method yields solutions that have concentrations of bromine in excess of 18% as Br2 (8% as C12) in which the mole ratio of hydroxide ion to hydrogen ion source is at least 1.9: 1. Another method employs elemental bromine in conjunction with a solid organic or inorganic halogenating agent to yield halogen solutions at concentrations greater than 22.9% as Br2 (10.2% as C12). This method can be performed under conditions that exceed the solubility of the active ingredient such that it crystallizes and is recovered as a hydrated or anhydrous salt in good yield.
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Page/Page column 31-32
(2008/06/13)
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- Solvothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline copper nitride from an energetically unstable copper azide precursor
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Nonaqueous solvothermal chemical reactions have found extensive utility in the growth of inorganic non-oxide materials. This report describes the successful use of organic solvothermal environments to synthesize energetically unstable copper azide precursors that are then decomposed in situ to crystalline metastable copper nitride at temperatures below 200°C. A comparison of Cu3N products formed from nonpolar (toluene) and coordinating (THF) solvents is described. The cubic Cu3N products are nanocrystalline with aggregated particle-like extended structures and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The thermal stability and composition of Cu3N was examined by thermogravimetric analysis and bulk elemental analysis. The particle surfaces contain bound residual solvent species that can be removed by heating. The poorly coordinating solvent, toluene, lead to a more crystalline product containing less residual organic content. Benchtop reactions were performed to follow the temporal formation and decomposition of metal azide intermediates. These studies provided more detailed information on the progression of metal azide to metal nitride materials in a solvothermal environment.
- Choi, Jonglak,Gillan, Edward G.
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p. 7385 - 7393
(2008/10/09)
-
- Method of producing sodium dicyanamide
-
A process is described for preparing sodium dicyanamide, in which cyanamide is reacted simultaneously with sodium hydroxide solution and cyanogen chloride in aqueous solution at temperatures of 20 to 100° and a pH of 7.0 to 10.0. By means of the inventive process it is possible, starting from raw materials which are available in technical-grade quality, to prepare sodium dicyanamide in good yields of 75 to 95% and very high purities of up to 100% in a very environmentally friendly manner, for which reason this process is particularly highly suitable for the industrial scale.
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Page/Page column 6
(2008/06/13)
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- Sorption-active materials based on an acid-nonresistant aluminosilicate nepheline, used for defluorination of industrial sewage
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A method for obtaining sorption-active materials based on a solidifying mineral dispersion composed of nepheline, hydrochloric acid, and water was suggested. The hardening processes and conditions under which sorption-active compounds are formed were studied. The mechanism of sorption of F- ions on the sorbents developed was determined.
- Zosin,Priimak,Koshkina,Masloboev
-
p. 1077 - 1083
(2008/02/04)
-
- The effect of iron and iron oxides on oxygen generation in NaClO 4 systems
-
The effect of iron and iron oxides (α-Fe2O3 and FeO) on the decomposition of NaClO4 with oxygen evolution was studied polythermally in the range of component ratios from 0 to 1 mol/mol and isothermally in the temperature range 388-413°C. It was found that the temperature range of oxygen generation was restricted in the presence of α-F2O3 and extended under the effect of FeO compared to the noncatalytic NaClO4 decomposition. The kinetic parameters of NaClO4 decomposition in mixtures with iron oxides were determined. Iron(III) oxide increased the rate constant of NaOCl4 decomposition by 103 times; it was a more efficient catalyst than iron(II) oxide. The oxygen evolution from the NaClO4-Fe system began 20-25 K lower than upon the decomposition of pure NaClO4. In the presence of iron, the decomposition rate of NaClO4 increased by one order of magnitude. The effect of iron and iron oxides on the combustion parameters of a solid oxygen source (the NaClO4-(metal oxide)-metal system) was studied.
- Sasnovskaya,Razumova
-
p. 1240 - 1246
(2008/10/09)
-
- Recording of hydrogen evolution - A way for controlling the doping process of sodium alanate by ball milling
-
A simple equipment was developed which allows to monitor gas evolution or absorption occurring in the course of a ball milling process. The equipment has been applied to characterize via hydrogen evolution the reduction process of metal halides used as doping agents in the preparation of sodium alanate hydrogen storage materials. The gas flow curves resulting from the measurements (Figs. 2-4) deliver useful informations concerning the rate, progress and completion of each of the involved reduction process, so that the stoichiometry of the underlying chemical reactions could be conceived or confirmed (Eqs. (3)-(7)). In the preparation of sodium alanate hydrogen storage materials, the presented method can help to find out ball milling parameters necessary to produce an optimal catalytic activity of a dopant.
- Von Colbe, J.M. Bellosta,Bogdanovi?,Felderhoff,Pommerin,Schüth
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p. 104 - 109
(2008/10/09)
-
- Spectroscopic and thermal properties of FeHg(SCN)4
-
The preparation and characterization of iron mercury thiocyanate, FeHg(SCN)4 (abbreviated as FMTC) are described. The spectroscopic properties were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared, Raman and UV-Vis-NIR transmission sp
- Wang,Xu,Liu,Hou,Cheng,Lu,Yuan,Huang
-
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