cas 7784-54-5, 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-1,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE

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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3β-O-neoglycosides of caudatin and its analogues as potential anticancer agents
In order to study the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of C21-steroidal glycosides toward human cancer cell lines and explore more potential anticancer agents, a series of 3β-O-neoglycosides of caudatin and its analogues were synthesized. The results revealed that most of peracetylated 3β-O-monoglycosides demonstrated moderate to significant antiproliferative activities against four human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HCT-116, HeLa, and HepG2). Among them, 3β-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-L-glucopyranosyl)-caudatin (2k) exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity aganist HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 3.11 μM. Mechanical studies showed that compound 2k induced both apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at S phase in a dose dependent manner. Overall, these present findings suggested that glycosylation is a promising scaffold to improve anticancer activity for naturally occurring C21-steroidal aglycones, and compound 2k represents a potential anticancer agent deserved further investigation.
Li, Xiao-San,Chen, Tang-Ji,Xu, Zhi-Peng,Long, Juan,He, Miao-Ying,Zhan, He-Hui,Zhuang, Hai-Cai,Wang, Qi-Lin,Liu, Li,Yang, Xue-Mei,Tang, Jin-Shan
(2021/12/30)

S-ANTIGEN TRANSPORT INHIBITING OLIGONUCLEOTIDE POLYMERS AND METHODS
Various embodiments provide STOPS? polymers that are S-antigen transport inhibiting oligonucleotide polymers, processes for making them and methods of using them to treat diseases and conditions. In some embodiments the STOPS? modified oligonucleotides include an at least partially phosphorothioated sequence of alternating A and C units having modifications as described herein. The sequence independent antiviral activity against hepatitis B of embodiments of STOPS? modified oligonucleotides, as determined by HBsAg Secretion Assay, is an EC50 that is less than 100 nM.
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Paragraph 0068; 0467

(2021/06/22)

2,3-Carbamate mannosamine glycosyl donors in glycosylation reactions of diacetone-D-glucose. An experimental and theoretical study
The role of the cyclic 2,3-N,O-carbamate protecting group in directing the selectivity of mannosylation reactions of diacetone-D-glucose, promoted by BSP/Tf2O via α-triflate intermediates, has been investigated through a combined computational
Morelli, Laura,Legnani, Laura,Ronchi, Silvia,Confalonieri, Laura,Imperio, Daniela,Toma, Lucio,Compostella, Federica
(2021/08/26)

A silyl ether-protected building block forO-GlcNAcylated peptide synthesis to enable one-pot acidic deprotection
In this report, we introduce a novel building block for Fmoc/tBu solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of β-linkedO-GlcNAcylated peptides. This building block carries acid labile silyl ether protecting groups, which are fully removed under TFA-mediated peptide cleavage conditions from the resin, thus requiring fewer synthetic steps and no intermediate purification as compared to other acid or base labile protecting group strategies.
Yan, Bingjia,Li, Wenyi,Hackenberger, Christian P. R.
supporting information
p. 8014 - 8017
(2021/10/04)

Synthesis of Asparagine Derivatives Harboring a Lewis X Type DC-SIGN Ligand and Evaluation of their Impact on Immunomodulation in Multiple Sclerosis
The protein myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a key component of myelin and an autoantigen in the disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Post-translational N-glycosylation of Asn31 of MOG seems to play a key role in modulating the immune response towards myelin. This is mediated by the interaction of Lewis-type glycan structures in the N-glycan of MOG with the DC-SIGN receptor on dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we report the synthesis of an unnatural Lewis X (LeX)-containing Fmoc-SPPS-compatible asparagine building block (SPPS=solid-phase peptide synthesis), as well as asparagine building blocks containing two LeX-derived oligosaccharides: LacNAc and Fucα1-3GlcNAc. These building blocks were used for the glycosylation of the immunodominant portion of MOG (MOG31-55) and analyzed with respect to their ability to bind to DC-SIGN in different biological setups, as well as their ability to inhibit the citrullination-induced aggregation of MOG31-55. Finally, a cytokine secretion assay was carried out on human monocyte-derived DCs, which showed the ability of the neoglycopeptide decorated with a single LeX to alter the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, inducing a tolerogenic response.
Doelman, Ward,Marqvorsen, Mikkel H. S.,Chiodo, Fabrizio,Bruijns, Sven C. M.,van der Marel, Gijsbert A.,van Kooyk, Yvette,van Kasteren, Sander I.,Araman, Can
supporting information
p. 2742 - 2752
(2020/12/29)

Substituted pyrazole compound, preparation method, pharmaceutical composition and applications thereof
The invention discloses a substituted pyrazole compound represented by a formula I, and a preparation method, a pharmaceutical composition and applications thereof, wherein the compound has characteristics of good stability, excellent solubility, low cytotoxicity and remarkable neuroprotective effect, can effectively prevent and treat nerve cell injury, and is an ideal medicinal compound for preventing or treating cerebral stroke, cerebral embolism, cerebral stroke sequelae, cerebral stroke dyskinesia, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of spinal cord.
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Paragraph 0346-0350

(2020/03/12)

Protein S-Glyco-Modification through an Elimination-Addition Mechanism
Per-O-acetylated unnatural monosaccharides containing a bioorthogonal group have been widely used for metabolic glycan labeling (MGL) in live cells for two decades, but it is only recently that we discovered the existence of an artificial "S-glycosylation" between protein cysteines and per-O-acetylated sugars. While efforts are being made to avoid this nonspecific reaction in MGL, the reaction mechanism remains unknown. Here, we present a detailed mechanistic investigation, which unveils the "S-glycosylation" being an atypical glycosylation termed S-glyco-modification. In alkaline protein microenvironments, per-O-acetylated monosaccharides undergo base-promoted β-elimination to form thiol-reactive α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, which then react with cysteine residues via Michael addition. This S-glyco-modification produces 3-thiolated sugars in hemiacetal form, rather than typical glycosides. The elimination-addition mechanism guides us to develop 1,6-di-O-propionyl-N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (1,6-Pr2GalNAz) as an improved unnatural monosaccharide for MGL.
Qin, Ke,Zhang, Hao,Zhao, Zhenqi,Chen, Xing
supporting information
p. 9382 - 9388
(2020/06/04)

A terpyridine zinc complex for selective detection of lipid pyrophosphates: A model system for monitoring bacterial O- And N-transglycosylations
To develop an effective method for probing O- and Nglycosyltransfer reactions that are accompanied by the release of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate, solanesyl pyrophosphate (SPP) is used as a surrogate to bind a terpyridine zinc complex (Tpy-Zn), forming a fluorescent [Tpy-Zn]-SPP complex (Kass 106,000 M-1 in EtOH-CHCl3) with 5.8 μM LOD in HEPES buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4) containing 10 mM CaCl2 and 0.08% decyl PEG, which is similar to the bioassay conditions for lipid II polymerization.
Fang, Jim-Min,Hsu, Tse-Wei,Hsu, Hsin-Chuan,Chan, Hsin-Yu
p. 12747 - 12753
(2020/11/10)

Pseudo-enantiomeric carbohydrate-based N-heterocyclic carbenes as promising chiral ligands for enantiotopic discrimination
The practical synthesis of carbohydrate-based NHC-Rh complexes bearing C1 or C3 sterically differentiated positions, accessed by glycosylation or SNAr strategies, is reported. These catalysts exhibit pseudo-enantiomeric behaviour in the hydrosilylation of acetophenone. We show that steric bulk at C1 gives preference for (S)-phenyl-1-ethanol, while bulk at C3 leads to the (R)-enantiomer. These results represent the first example of pseudo-enantiomeric carbohydrate-based NHC ligands leading to enantiotopic discrimination.
Bower, John F.,Galan, M. Carmen,Henderson, Alexander S.
supporting information
p. 3012 - 3016
(2020/05/08)

SYNTHESIS OF DISACCHARIDE BLOCKS FROM NATURAL POLYSACCHARIDES FOR HEPARAN SULFATE OLIGOSACCHARIDE ASSEMBLY
Methods for the preparation of oligosaccharide products from polysaccharide starting materials are disclosed. The methods include: hydrolyzing a glucosamine-containing polysaccharide starting material, such as heparin or heparosan, under conditions sufficient to form an oligosaccharide intermediate (e.g., a GlcN-IdoA disaccharide intermediate or a GlcA-GlcN disaccharide intermediate), and converting the oligosaccharide intermediate to the oligosaccharide product. Conversion of the oligosaccharide intermediates to the oligosaccharide products may include one or more esterification, acylation, epimerization, protection, and deprotection steps. Preparation of higher-order oligomers is described, as well as methods for selective oligosaccharide sulfation.
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Paragraph 0009; 0108; 0118; 0123-0124

(2020/07/14)

Water-soluble Glucosamine-coated AIE-Active Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles: Design, Synthesis and Assembly for Specific Detection of Heparin Based on Carbohydrate–Carbohydrate Interactions
Two water-soluble carbohydrate-coated AIE-activate fluorescent organic nanoparticles TPE3G and TPE4G were designed and synthesized for the detection of heparin. Different from the reported strategy, we not only utilized the general detection mechanism of
Ji, Yan-ming,Liu, Guang-jian,Li, Cui-yun,Liu, Yi-chen,Hou, Min,Xing, Guo-wen
supporting information
p. 3295 - 3300
(2019/11/05)

Monosaccharide Analogues of Anticancer Peptide R-Lycosin-I: Role of Monosaccharide Conjugation in Complexation and the Potential of Lung Cancer Targeting and Therapy
Glycoconjugation is a promising modification strategy for the optimization of peptide drugs. In this study, five different monosaccharide derivatives (7a-e) were covalently linked to the N-terminal of R-lycosin-I, which yielded five glycopeptides (8a-e). They demonstrated increased or reduced cytotoxicity depending on monosaccharide types, which might be explained by the changes of physicochemical properties. Among all synthesized glycopeptides, only 8a exhibited increased cytotoxicity (IC50 = 9.6 ± 0.3 μM) and selectivity (IC50 = 37.4 ± 5.9 μM). The glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) with high expression in cancer cells was approved to be involved in the cytotoxicity and selectivity enhancement of 8a. Furthermore, 8a but not R-lycosin-I inhibited tumor growth in the nude mice xenograft model without generating side effects intraperitoneally. Taken together, this study reveals the different monosaccharide roles in peptide modification and also provides an optimized anticancer peptide with high activity and selectivity, that is, 8a might be a promising lead for developing anticancer drugs.
Zhang, Peng,Ma, Jing,Zhang, Qianqian,Jian, Shandong,Sun, Xiaoliang,Liu, Bobo,Nie, Liqin,Liu, Meiyan,Liang, Songping,Zeng, Youlin,Liu, Zhonghua
p. 7857 - 7873
(2019/10/11)

Synthesis and Biological Activity of 3,4,-Tri-О-Acetyl-N-Acetylglucosamine and Tetraacetylglucopyranose Conjugated with Alkyl Phosphates
Abstract: Conjugates of 3,4,6-tri-О-acetyl-N-acetylglucosamine and tetraacetyl glucopyranose with alkyl phosphates were synthesized. The dependence of their antibacterial and antituberculosis activities on the length of the alkyl substituent at the phosphate group was found. The conjugates with a decyl substituent exhibited in vitro the highest antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MIC 3?μg/mL) but the weakest effect towards Streptococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus (≤MIC 125 μg/mL). Vice versa, the conjugates with a cetyl substituent demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity in vitro towards S. aureus and B. cereus (MIC 16 μg/mL) but showed the lowest antituberculosis activity (MIC 12 μg/mL) among the compounds under study.
Sharipova,Garifullin,Sapunova,Voloshina,Kravchenko,Kataev
p. 155 - 164
(2019/06/14)

INHIBITION OF NGLY1 FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides GlcNAc-Asn analogs of the formula (I): wherein the variables are as defined herein. In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using the compounds disclosed herein. Additionally, the present disclosure also provides methods of treating cancer comprising inhibiting NGLY1.
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Page/Page column 58; 60

(2019/03/05)

ABIOTIC ANTI-VEGF NANOPARTICLE
The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods comprising abiotic, synthetic polymers with affinity and specificity to proteins. The synthetic polymers are an improvement over biological agents by providing a simpler, less expensive, and customizable platform for binding to proteins. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods relate to synthetic polymers with affinity and specificity to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In one embodiment, the compositions are useful for treating diseases and disorders related to the overexpression of VEGF. In one embodiment, the compositions are useful for treating cancer. In one embodiment, the compositions are useful for detecting VEGF levels from biological samples. In one embodiment, the compositions are useful for detecting overexpression of VEGF from biological samples. In one embodiment, the compositions are used to diagnose cancer.
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Page/Page column 30

(2018/09/25)

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INDUCING IMMUNE TOLERANCE
Several embodiments provided in the present disclosure relate to compositions that carry an antigen to which tolerance is desired, the antigen being coupled, bound, or otherwise joined to a targeting moiety, the targeting moiety configured to direct the composition to the liver of a subject. In several embodiments, the antigen in coupled to the targeting moiety by way of a polymeric linker. In several embodiments, the polymeric linker is configured to liberate the antigen in vivo. Methods of using the compositions to reduce and/or prevent unwanted immune responses against an antigen of interest are also provided.
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Paragraph 0308

(2019/01/08)

Synthesis and Antitubercular and Antibacterial Activities of Triethylammonium 2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl Decyl Phosphate
Phosphorylation of 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-glucose at the anomeric hydroxy group gave previously unknown triethylammonium 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl phosphonate, and successive treatment of the latter with decan-1-ol and aqueous iodine afforded triethylammonium 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate.
Garifullin,Sharipova,Voloshina,Kravchenko,Kataev
p. 1333 - 1336
(2018/11/21)

UDP-GlcNAc Analogues as Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT): Spectroscopic, Computational, and Biological Studies
A series of glycomimetics of UDP-GlcNAc, in which the β-phosphate has been replaced by either an alkyl chain or a triazolyl ring and the sugar moiety has been replaced by a pyrrolidine ring, has been synthesized by the application of different click-chemistry procedures. Their affinities for human O-GlcNAc transferase (hOGT) have been evaluated and studied both spectroscopically and computationally. The binding epitopes of the best ligands have been determined in solution by means of saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy. Experimental, spectroscopic, and computational results are in agreement, pointing out the essential role of the binding of β-phosphate. We have found that the loss of interactions from the β-phosphate can be counterbalanced by the presence of hydrophobic groups at a pyrroline ring acting as a surrogate of the carbohydrate unit. Two of the prepared glycomimetics show inhibition at a micromolar level.
Ghirardello, Mattia,Perrone, Daniela,Chinaglia, Nicola,Sádaba, David,Delso, Ignacio,Tejero, Tomas,Marchesi, Elena,Fogagnolo, Marco,Rafie, Karim,van Aalten, Daan M. F.,Merino, Pedro
supporting information
p. 7264 - 7272
(2018/05/04)

Extra Sugar on Vancomycin: New Analogues for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
Lipophilic substitution on vancomycin is an effective strategy for the development of novel vancomycin analogues against drug-resistant bacteria by enhancing bacterial cell wall interactions. However, hydrophobic structures usually lead to long elimination half-life and accumulative toxicity; therefore, hydrophilic fragments were also introduced to the lipo-vancomycin to regulate their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. Here, we synthesized a series of new vancomycin analogues carrying various sugar moieties on the seventh-amino acid phenyl ring and lipophilic substitutions on vancosamine with extensive structure-activity relationship analysis. The optimal analogues indicated 128-1024-fold higher activity against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, vancomycin-intermediate resistant S. aureus (VISA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) compared with that of vancomycin. In vivo pharmacokinetics studies demonstrated the effective regulation of extra sugar motifs, which shortened the half-life and addressed concerns of accumulative toxicity of lipo-vancomycin. This work presents an effective strategy for lipo-vancomycin derivative design by introducing extra sugars, which leads to better antibiotic-like properties of enhanced efficacy, optimal pharmacokinetics, and lower toxicity.
Guan, Dongliang,Chen, Feifei,Xiong, Lun,Tang, Feng,Faridoon,Qiu, Yunguang,Zhang, Naixia,Gong, Likun,Li, Jian,Lan, Lefu,Huang, Wei
supporting information
p. 286 - 304
(2018/02/10)

Synthesis, Characterization, X-Ray Crystallography, and Antileishmanial Activities of N-Linked and O-Linked Glycopyranosides
Novel N-linked 5a-e and O-linked glycopyranosides 7a-e were synthesized in high yield from commercially available L-tartaric acid containing two asymmetric centers and C2 axis of symmetry. The compound L-tartaric acid was completely protected and then partially hydrolyzed to get the monoester, which upon treatment with different amino and hydroxyl derivatives of glycopyranoses gave the desired amides and esters. The synthesized derivatives were purified by chromatography and characterized by spectroanalytical techniques. The structure of compound 7c in the series was supported by X-ray analysis. Leishmanicidal activities of compounds 5a-e and 7a-e were investigated which showed moderate to good activities.
Rashid, Haroon Ur,Khan, Sher Wali,Khan, Momin,Nadhman, Akhtar,Rehman, Noor,Tariq, Muhammad,Yousuf, Sammer
(2018/02/22)

Syntheses and anti-cancer activity of CO-releasing molecules with targeting galactose receptors
CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) containing cobalt have many bioactivities, but most of them do not dissolve in water and have no selectivity to tissue and organs. On the basis of the specific recognition of galactose or sialic acid by a receptor, a series of CORMs based on carbohydrates were synthesized and evaluated. The test results show that all the complexes displayed anticancer activity. Among them, the effects of the complexes of galactose (1), GalNAc (8) and sialic acid (10) were very distinct. Complex 1 displayed higher activity against HeLa, HePG2, MCF-7 and HT-29 cell proliferation than cis-platin (DDP), and its selectivity was far much better than DDP compared with normal cell W138. Furthermore, the uptakes of complexes 1, 8 and 10 by HePG2, HT-29, A549 and RAW264.7 cell lines were studied. The uptake ratio of each cell line for complex 1 was different, and the order of uptake ratio in the four cell lines was HePG2 > HT-29 > RAW264.7 > A549. The HePG2 cells absorbed complex 1 beyond 60% after incubation for 8 h, while A549 absorbed only 27.8%. For complex 8, the uptake trend was similar to that of complex 1 with it being absorbed by all the four cancer cells, but the uptake rate was lower. However, differently, complex 10 was absorbed heavily by macrophage RAW264.7, followed by HePG2; after 8 h incubation, the uptake ratio of RAW264.7 was over 50%. In addition, the mechanism of action was explored, and the results showed that the complexes inhibited cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase; complex 1 up-regulated the expression levels of caspase-3 and Bax, and down-regulated the Bcl-2 expression, giving rise to HePG2 cell apoptosis.
Li, Jili,Zhang, Jinlong,Zhang, Qiuping,Bai, Zhongjie,Zhao, Quanyi,He, Dian,Wang, Zhen,Chen, Yonglin,Liu, Bin
p. 8115 - 8129
(2018/11/23)

A stereoselective and flexible synthesis to access both enantiomers of N-acetylgalactosamine and peracetylated N-acetylidosamine
Synthetic approaches towards N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) have been attracting considerable interest since this compound is known for its pivotal role in cell-cell interaction and receptor induced cell signaling. Herein, we present a synthetic route in which two of the four stereogenic centers present in the target compound are derived from enantiopure tartaric acid being selectively converted to epoxy alcohols. The key step is the Pd-catalyzed, stereo- and regioselective epoxide opening and subsequent nucleophilic substitution of an azide functionality. This approach enables the synthesis of the naturally D- and unnaturally L-configured GalNAc, as well as both enantiomers of the largely unknown N-acetylidosamine (IdoNAc).
Riedl, Bettina,Schmid, Walther
supporting information
p. 856 - 860
(2018/04/30)

Synthesis and biological evaluation of chemical tools for the study of Dolichol Linked Oligosaccharide Diphosphatase (DLODP)
Citronellyl- and solanesyl-based dolichol linked oligosaccharide (DLO) analogs were synthesized and tested along with undecaprenyl compounds for their ability to inhibit the release of [3H]OSP from [3H]DLO by mammalian liver DLO diphosphatase activity. Solanesyl (C45) and undecaprenyl (C55) compounds were 50–500 fold more potent than their citronellyl (C10)-based counterparts, indicating that the alkyl chain length is important for activity. The relative potency of the compounds within the citronellyl series was different to that of the solanesyl series with citronellyl diphosphate being 2 and 3 fold more potent than citronellyl-PP-GlcNAc2and citronellyl-PP-GlcNAc, respectively; whereas solanesyl-PP-GlcNAc and solanesyl-PP-GlcNAc2were 4 and 8 fold more potent, respectively, than solanesyl diphosphate. Undecaprenyl-PP-GlcNAc and bacterial Lipid II were 8 fold more potent than undecaprenyl diphosphate at inhibiting the DLODP assay. Therefore, at least for the more hydrophobic compounds, diphosphodiesters are more potent inhibitors of the DLODP assay than diphosphomonoesters. These results suggest that DLO rather than dolichyl diphosphate might be a preferred substrate for the DLODP activity.
Bosco, Micha?l,Massarweh, Ahmad,Iatmanen-Harbi, Soria,Bouhss, Ahmed,Chantret, Isabelle,Busca, Patricia,Moore, Stuart E.H.,Gravier-Pelletier, Christine
supporting information
p. 952 - 964
(2016/10/25)

Sequential Dy(OTf)3-Catalyzed Solvent-Free Per-O-Acetylation and Regioselective Anomeric De-O-Acetylation of Carbohydrates
Dysprosium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate-catalyzed per-O-acetylation and regioselective anomeric de-O-acetylation of carbohydrates can be tuned by adjusting the reaction medium. In this study, the per-O-acetylation of unprotected sugars by using a near-stoichiometric amount of acetic anhydride under solvent-free conditions resulted in the exclusive formation of acetylated saccharides as anomeric mixtures, whereas anomeric de-O-acetylation in methanol resulted in a moderate-to-excellent yield. Reactions with various unprotected monosaccharides or disaccharides followed by a semi-one-pot sequential conversion into the corresponding acetylated glycosyl hemiacetal also resulted in high yields. Furthermore, the obtained hemiacetals could be successfully transformed into trichloroimidates after Dy(OTf)3-catalyzed glycosylation.
Yan, Yi-Ling,Guo, Jiun-Rung,Liang, Chien-Fu
p. 2471 - 2479
(2017/09/06)

NOVEL COMPOSITIONS AND THERAPEUTIC METHODS
The present invention is directed to novel products, variants, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof, and medical use of such compounds for the treatment and/or management of sepsis, septicemia, septic shock, ocular infection, ocular inflammation, ocular angiogenesis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fever syndromes, cachexia, psoriasis, autoimmune diseases, cardiac diseases, retinoblastoma, cancer and/or any disorder associated with inflammation, immunomodulation and microbial infection.
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Paragraph 0149

(2017/10/23)

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Carbohydrate-Derived Derivatives of Erlotinib
(Table presented.). A series of novel carbohydrate-derived Erlotinib derivatives were prepared by the copper-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction of erlotinib with various azido-sugars. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized and their cytostatic effects evaluated in vitro on human cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, HEPG-2, A549, and MCF-7 using an MTS assay. The novel erlotinib derivatives had the expected inhibitory effects on MDA-MB-231 and HEPG-2 cell llines. Among the compounds evaluated the carbohydrate-derived compounds 5b, 5d, 6a, and 6c had more potent activities against MDA-MB-231 or HEPG-2 than Erlotinib. Drug Dev Res, 2016.
Yu, Wenbo,Jiang, Luxia,Shen, Chao,Zhang, Pengfei
p. 319 - 325
(2016/10/12)

Tetranuclear zinc cluster: A dual purpose catalyst for per-: O -acetylation and de- O -acetylation of carbohydrates
The trifluoroacetic acid adduct of tetranuclear zinc cluster Zn4(OCOCF3)6O catalysis in per-O-acetylation and de-O-acetylation of carbohydrates at 70 °C can be tuned by adjusting the reaction medium. Per-O-acetylation of hexopyranoses with a near stoichiometric amount of acetic anhydride in toluene resulted in the exclusive formation of pyranosyl products as an anomeric mixture, whereas de-O-acetylation of acetates occurred in methanol in high yields. In the latter, methanol acts as both nucleophile and solvent, and the reaction conditions were compatible to acid- and base-sensitive groups and amino acid derivatives.
Lin, Ting-Wei,Adak, Avijit K.,Lin, Hong-Jyune,Das, Anindya,Hsiao, Wei-Chen,Kuan, Ting-Chun,Lin, Chun-Cheng
p. 58749 - 58754
(2016/07/07)

GEL FORMULATIONS FOR IMPROVING IMMUNOTHERAPY
The present invention relates to a composition for use as controlled release of at least one active pharmaceutical ingredient that modulates an immunogenic response in a human or animal body, said composition comprising non-water soluble carbohydrates and wherein the composition is a liquid before administration into the human or animal body and increases in viscosity by more than 1,000 centipoise (cP) after administration.
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Page/Page column 63

(2016/06/21)

GEL FORMULATIONS FOR LOCAL DRUG RELEASE
The present invention relates to a composition comprising non-water soluble carbohydrates, wherein at least 50% of the non-water soluble carbohydrates are carbohydrates selected from derivatives of lactose, maltose, trehalose, raffinose, glucosamine, galactosamine, lactosamine, or derivatives of disaccharides with at least two pyranose saccharide units, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides, or mixtures thereof, and wherein the composition is a liquid before administration into the human or animal body and increases in viscosity by more than 1,000 centipoise (cP) after administration, for use as a medicament.
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Page/Page column 81; 82

(2016/06/15)

GEL FORMULATIONS FOR ENHANCING THE EFFECT OF RADIOTHERAPY
The present invention relates to a composition comprising: a. non-water soluble carbohydrates b. a contrast agent for imaging, wherein at least 60% of the contrast agent remains within 10 cm from the injection site after 24h, for use in local co-administration into a human or animal body, and wherein the composition is a liquid before administration into the human or animal body and increases in viscosity by more than 1,000 centipoise (cP) after administration.
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Page/Page column 66; 67

(2016/06/15)

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr) as an Approach to Challenging Carbohydrate-Aryl Ethers
A general and practical route to carbohydrate-aryl ethers by nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) is reported. Upon treatment with KHMDS, C-O bond formation occurs between carbohydrate alcohols and a diverse range of fluorinated (hetero)ar
Henderson, Alexander S.,Medina, Sandra,Bower, John F.,Galan, M. Carmen
supporting information
p. 4846 - 4849
(2015/10/12)

Synthesis of NAG-thiazoline-derived inhibitors for β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidases
Abstract β-N-Acetyl-d-hexosaminidases are responsible for the metabolism of glycoconjugates in diverse physiological processes that are important targets for medicine and pesticide development. Fourteen new NAG-thiazoline derivatives were synthesized by cyclization and click reaction using d-glucosamine hydrochloride as the starting material. All the compounds created were characterized by NMR and HRMS spectra. A preliminary bioassay, using four enzymes from two β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidase families, showed that most of the compounds synthesized exhibit selective inhibition of GH84 β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidase. Among the compounds tested, compounds 5a (IC50=12.6 μM, hOGA) and 5e (IC50=12.5 μM, OfOGA) proved to be a highly selective and potent inhibitor.
Kong, Hanchu,Chen, Wei,Lu, Huizhe,Yang, Qing,Dong, Yanhong,Wang, Daoquan,Zhang, Jianjun
p. 135 - 144
(2015/07/07)

A novel D-glucosamine-derived pyridyltriazole@ palladium catalyst for solvent-free Mizoroki-Heck reactions and its application in the synthesis of Axitinib
A green method for the synthesis of a D-glucosamine-derived triazole@ palladium catalyst is described. The synthesized catalyst containing a 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole ligand was prepared via a click route in high yields and was explored in Heck cross-coupling reactions between different aryl halides and olefins under solventfree conditions. The catalyst can be separated from the reaction mixture and reused at least six times with superior activity. In addition, using this protocol, the marketed drug Axitinib (antitumor) could be synthesized easily.
Shen, Chao,Shen, Hongyun,Yang, Ming,Xia, Chengcai,Zhang, Pengfei
p. 225 - 230
(2018/04/16)

Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O catalyzed solvent free per-O-acetylation and sequential one-pot conversions of sugars to thioglycosides
The solvent free per-O-acetylation of various reducing and non-reducing sugars has been carried out using stoichiometric amounts of acetic anhydride and copper(ii) perchlorate hexahydrate as the catalyst. The reactions with various reducing monosaccharides have also been followed by a one-pot sequential conversion to the corresponding thioglycosides in high yields. This journal is
Chatterjee, Debnath,Paul, Abhijit,Rajkamal,Yadav, Somnath
p. 29669 - 29674
(2015/05/20)

Stereoselective Synthesis of Quercetin 3-O-Glycosides of 2-Amino-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose under Phase Transfer Catalytic Conditions
This article describes the stereoselective synthesis of quercetin 3-O-glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose. Efficient 1,2-trans-glycosylation of protected quercetin with N-acetyl-protected 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose chloride was achieved under phase transfer catalytic conditions in a 0.15 M aqueous K2CO3/chloroform system using tetrabutylammonium bromide as the catalyst. On the contrary, glycosylation with the N-phthalimido-protected bromide donor under the same conditions was found to give predominantly 1,2-cis-glycoside product.
Cao, Zhiling,Qu, Yingying,Zhou, Jiexing,Liu, Weiwei,Yao, Guowei
p. 28 - 40
(2015/10/20)

Synthesis of staphylococcus aureus type 5 trisaccharide repeating unit: Solving the problem of lactamization
The chemical synthesis of an orthogonally protected trisaccharide derived from the polysaccharide of Staphylococcus aureus Type 5, which is an attractive candidate for the development of immunotherapies, is described. The challenging α-fucosylation and β-mannosylation are addressed through the careful choice of protecting groups. Lactamization of a β-d-ManpNAcA moiety during deprotection was avoided by a late stage oxidation approach. Versatility of the trisaccharide was demonstrated by its transformation into a spacer-containing repeating unit suitable for immunological investigations.
Gagarinov, Ivan A.,Fang, Tao,Liu, Lin,Srivastava, Apoorva D.,Boons, Geert-Jan
supporting information
p. 928 - 931
(2015/04/13)

SILICON PARTICLES TARGETING TUMOR CELLS
A silicon particle comprising a silicon body, a functionalized silica surface surrounding the silicon body, and a targeting moiety specifically targeting tumor cells, and, optionally, an enzymatically metabolizable compound,is useful in the treatment of cancer by producing cell death after particle internalization.
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Paragraph 54

(2015/12/08)

De novo design of a trans-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity from a GH1 β-glycosidase by mechanism engineering
Glycoside hydrolases are particularly abundant in all areas of metabolism as they are involved in the degradation of natural polysaccharides and glycoconjugates. These enzymes are classified into 133 families (CAZy server, http://www.cazy.org) in which members of each family have a similar structure and catalytic mechanism. In order to understand better the structure/function relationships of these enzymes and their evolution and to develop new robust evolved glycosidases, we undertook to convert a Family 1 thermostable β-glycosidase into an exo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. This latter activity is totally absent in Family 1, while natural β-hexosaminidases belong to CAZy Families 3, 20 and 84. Using molecular modeling, we first showed that the docking of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine in the subsite -1 of the β-glycosidase from Thermus thermophilus (TtβGly) suggested several steric conflicts with active site amino-acids (N163, E338) induced by the N-acetyl group. Both N163A and N163D-E338G mutations induced significant N-acetylglucosaminidase activity in TtβGly. The double mutant N163D-E338G was also active on the bicyclic oxazoline substrate, suggesting that this mutated enzyme uses a catalytic mechanism involving a substrate-assisted catalysis with a noncovalent oxazoline intermediate, similar to the N-acetylglucosaminidases from Families 20 and 84. Furthermore, a very efficient trans-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was observed when the double mutant was incubated in the presence of NAG-oxazoline as a donor and N-methyl-O-benzyl-N-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-hydroxylamine as an acceptor. More generally, this work demonstrates that it is possible to exchange the specificities and catalytic mechanisms with minimal changes between phylogenetically distant protein structures.
André-Miral, Corinne,Koné, Fankroma Mt,Solleux, Claude,Grandjean, Cyrille,Dion, Michel,Tran, Vinh,Tellier, Charles
p. 394 - 402
(2015/10/28)

Acyl transfer reactions of carbohydrates, alcohols, phenols, thiols and thiophenols under green reaction conditions
Acyl transfer reactions of various carbohydrates, alcohols, phenols, thiols and thiophenols were achieved at room temperature in high yields and catalytic efficiency in the presence of methane sulfonic acid, a green organic acid, under solvent-free conditions over short time periods. The method is mild enough to allow acid labile substituents such as isopropylidene acetals and trityl ethers on the reacting substrates to be left completely unaffected. Esterification of free mono- and dicarboxylic acids such as acetic acid, cinnamic acid, sialic acid and tartaric acid with alcohols such as menthol, ethanol, methanol or propylene glycol has also been achieved efficiently at room temperature. A comparative study of the method with the silica-sulfuric acid is also reported.
Giri, Santosh Kumar,Kartha, K. P. Ravindranathan
p. 11687 - 11696
(2015/02/19)

3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propylamine: A cheap and versatile reagent for removal of byproducts in carbohydrate chemistry
Inexpensive 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine (DMAPA) was found to be effective in anomeric deacylation reactions giving 1-O deprotected sugars in high yield as precursors for the formation of imidate glycosyl donors. DMAPA was also found to be useful for removing excess reagents such as benzoyl chloride, tosyl chloride, and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-phenylacetimidoyl chloride. The deacylation reaction could be conducted in moist THF and did not require chromatographic purification since an acidic wash was sufficient to remove excess reagent and the formed byproduct.
Andersen, Sofie Meng,Heuckendorff, Mads,Jensen, Henrik H.
supporting information
p. 944 - 947
(2015/04/14)

I2/ionic liquid as a highly efficient catalyst for per-O-acetylation of sugar under microwave irradiation
A practical and highly efficient approach was developed to synthesize peracetylated sugar derivatives using a recyclable iodine/PEG400-based ionic liquid catalyst (I2/IL). The peracetylated sugars were readily obtained in a few minutes in excellent yields (90%-99%, 13 examples) on a multi-gram scale (50.0 mmol) by the reaction of sugar and acetic anhydride under microwave irradiation in the absence of a volatile organic solvent. The desired product was easily obtained by simple extraction with toluene from the reaction mixture, and I2/ILs can be readily recovered and reused at least six times without obvious loss in the yield. When the scale of the per-O-acetylation reaction was increased to 50.0 mmol, the desired product was still obtained in 90% yield after five recycles.
Xiong, Xingquan,Yi, Chao,Han, Qian,Shi, Lin,Li, Sizhong
p. 237 - 243
(2015/09/28)

Synthesis of anti-inflammatory α-and β-linked acetamidopyranosides as inhibitors of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)
Abstract The low-molecular weight isopropyl 2-acetamido-α-glucoside 16 (C34) inhibits toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in enterocytes and macrophages in vitro, and reduces systemic inflammation in mouse models of endotoxemia and necrotizing enterocolitis. We used a copper(II)-mediated solvolysis of anomeric oxazolines and an acid-mediated conversion of β-glucosamine and β-galactosamine pentaacetates to generate analogs of 16 at the anomeric carbon and at C-4 of the pyranose ring. These compounds were evaluated for their influence on TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling in cultured enterocytes and monocytes. Their efficacy was confirmed using a NF-kB-luciferase reporter mouse, thus establishing the first structure-activity relationship (SAR) study in this series and identifying the more efficacious isopropyl 2-acetamido-α-galactoside 17.
Wipf, Peter,Eyer, Benjamin R.,Yamaguchi, Yukihiro,Zhang, Feng,Neal, Matthew D.,Sodhi, Chhinder P.,Good, Misty,Branca, Maria,Prindle, Thomas,Lu, Peng,Brodsky, Jeffrey L.,Hackam, David J.
supporting information
p. 3097 - 3100
(2015/06/02)

Order of reactivity of OH/NH groups of glucosamine hydrochloride and N -Acetyl glucosamine toward benzylation using NaH/BnBr in DMF
The order of reactivity of OH and NH groups of glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcNH2HCl) and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) toward benzylation with NaH/BnBr in DMF was investigated. For GlcNH2.HCl, benzyl groups were introduced in the order of N-Bn > N-Bn2 > 1-O-Bn > 6-O-Bn > 4-O-Bn > 3-O-Bn; for GlcNAc, benzyl groups were introduced in the order of 1-O-Bn > 6-O-Bn > 4-O-Bn > 3-O-Bn > N-Bn. A range of partially benzylated 2-N,N′-dibenzyl glucopyranosides and GlcNAc derivatives were obtained in a single step. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Ali, Stacy P.,Jalsa, Nigel Kevin
p. 185 - 196
(2014/06/09)

Solvent-free per-O-acetylation of carbohydrates
A facile, solvent-free acetylation method promoted by commercial 4? molecular sieves is described here for the synthesis of per-Oacetylated carbohydrates, which are important intermediates in carbohydrate chemistry. Several examples of carbohydrate and noncarbohydrate substrates are provided.
Cai, Li,Rufty, Chris,Liquois, Megan
p. 4367 - 4369
(2014/08/05)

Reconstituting poly(glycerol phosphate) wall teichoic acid biosynthesis in vitro using authentic substrates
Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are phosphate-rich anionic polymers that constitute a substantial portion of the Gram-positive cell wall. Recent work has demonstrated the importance of WTAs in cell shape, virulence and antibiotic resistance. These findings highlight WTA biosynthetic enzymes as attractive targets for novel antimicrobial agents. Due to challenges involved in the isolation of natural substrates, in vitro studies of the recombinant enzymes have largely employed soluble substrate analogues. Herein we present a semisynthetic approach to obtain the authentic precursor for WTA biosynthesis, Lipid α, complete with its polyisoprenoid lipid moiety. We show that this material can be used to reconstitute the activities of four enzymes involved in poly(glycerol phosphate) WTA biosynthesis in a detergent micelle. This work enables the creation of chemically defined and realistic systems for the study of interfacial catalysis by WTA biosynthetic machinery, which could aid efforts to discover and develop novel agents against WTA biosynthesis.
Gale, Robert T.,Sewell, Edward W.,Garrett, Teresa A.,Brown, Eric D.
p. 3823 - 3830
(2014/12/10)

2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-D-gluconic acid: Crystal structure and application in the synthesis of N -(D-gluconyl) derivatives of D-glucosamine
2,3,4,6-tetra-O-Acetyl-D-gluconic acid was synthesized and coupled with 1,3,4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose and diosgenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside to afford N-gluconyl derivatives of diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside using the methods of solution-phase peptide synthesis. Both coupling reactions suffered from acetyl O→N migration, which caused the N-acetyl derivatives to be formed together with the N-(D-gluconyl) derivatives of D-glucosamine. Additionally, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and high-resolution NMR spectral data for 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-gluconic acid were analyzed to reveal that this acyclic carbohydrate has adopted the 2G- conformation instead of a typical zigzag conformation. The planarity and cis geometry of the acetoxyl groups are demonstrated.
Norkowska, Monika,Myszka, Henryk,Cyman, Magdalena,Grzywacz, Daria,Trzybinski, Damian,Sikorski, Artur,Liberek, Beata
p. 33 - 47
(2014/03/21)

CARBOHYDRATE-BASED COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY
Provided herein are compositions and methods for intracellular delivery. The compositions are polymer compositions in which the polymer serves as a carrier for therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents. The polymer compositions are effective in targeted delivery of therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents to a cell. The polymer compositions include a targeting moiety that includes carbohydrate groups that effectively target specific cell surface receptors. The polymer compositions also include an agent binding moiety that effectively associates the therapeutic and/or diagnostic agent to be delivered to the cell.
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Paragraph 0155

(2014/09/03)

NOVEL TLR4 INHIBITORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HUMAN INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
The present invention relates to methods of treating infectious, inflammatory and post-traumatic disorders by administering various compounds newly discovered to have TLR4 inhibitory activity. In addition to methods of treatment, the present invention further provides for pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds, together with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. Because TLR4 is the most upstream receptor in the pro-inflammatory LPS signaling cascade, treatments of the invention, which inhibit or antagonize TLR4 action, may avoid the pitfalls associated with other cytokine inhibitors that act further down the pathway and accordingly play a less specific (and perhaps non-critical) role.
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Paragraph 0078

(2013/11/05)

Specific features of phase transfer catalytic glycosylation of aromatic hydroxy acids
Reactions of peracetylated α-D-glucosaminyl chloride with isomeric hydroxybenzoic and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acids in a solid phase transfer system of potassium carbonate-acetonitrile were studied. It was found that the nature of carboxylic acids, lipophilicity of the phase transfer catalyst, and reaction temperatures affected the reaction composition and product yields. The O-β-glycosyl esters of ortho-hydroxyaromatic acids were first found to form anomeric 1,2-cis derivatives in the presence of potassium carbonate. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. As was shown in vivo experiments, the analgesic activities of glycosyl esters of salicylic acid and peracetylated 2-carboxyphenylglucosaminide were comparable with that of aspirin.
Chupakhina,Astrakhantseva,Kuryanov
p. 306 - 311
(2013/07/27)

A facile and efficient method for the one-pot synthesis of per-O-acetylated thioglycosides from unprotected sugars
An efficient, convenient protocol for the preparation of per-O-acetylated p-tolylthio glycosides is described. Treatment of various unprotected sugars, including 2-deoxy-2-amino sugars, sialic acid, lactose, and maltose, with acetic anhydride using SnCl4 as a catalyst, and subsequently with p-tolylthiol, furnished the corresponding thioglycosides in 71%-90% yield under solvent-free conditions.
Yan, Shiqiang,Ding, Ning,Zhang, Wei,Wang, Peng,Li, Yingxia,Li, Ming
p. 571 - 583
(2012/10/30)