848821-61-4Relevant articles and documents
Mechanism of the stereoselective α-alkylation of aldehydes driven by the photochemical activity of enamines
Bahamonde, Ana,Melchiorre, Paolo
supporting information, p. 8019 - 8030 (2016/07/11)
Herein we describe our efforts to elucidate the key mechanistic aspects of the previously reported enantioselective photochemical α-alkylation of aldehydes with electron-poor organic halides. The chemistry exploits the potential of chiral enamines, key organocatalytic intermediates in thermal asymmetric processes, to directly participate in the photoexcitation of substrates either by forming a photoactive electron donor-acceptor complex or by directly reaching an electronically excited state upon light absorption. These photochemical mechanisms generate radicals from closed-shell precursors under mild conditions. At the same time, the ground-state chiral enamines provide effective stereochemical control over the enantioselective radical-trapping process. We use a combination of conventional photophysical investigations, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and kinetic studies to gain a better understanding of the factors governing these enantioselective photochemical catalytic processes. Measurements of the quantum yield reveal that a radical chain mechanism is operative, while reaction-profile analysis and rate-order assessment indicate the trapping of the carbon-centered radical by the enamine, to form the carbon-carbon bond, as rate-determining. Our kinetic studies unveil the existence of a delicate interplay between the light-triggered initiation step and the radical chain propagation manifold, both mediated by the chiral enamines.
Organocatalytic enantioselective α-hydroxymethylation of aldehydes: Mechanistic aspects and optimization
Boeckman, Robert K.,Biegasiewicz, Kyle F.,Tusch, Douglas J.,Miller, John R.
, p. 4030 - 4045 (2015/05/05)
Further studies of the direct enantioselective α-hydroxymethylation of aldehydes employing the α,α-diarylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether class of organocatalysts are described. This process has proven efficient for access to β-hydroxycarboxylic acids and δ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated esters from aldehydes in generally good yields, excellent enantioselectivity, and compatibility with a broad range of functional groups in the aldehyde. The goal of these studies was to identify the critical reaction variables that influence the yield and enantioselectivity of the α-hydroxymethylation process such as catalyst structure, pH of the medium, purity of the reactants and reagents particularly with respect to the presence of acidic impurities, and the nature of the buffer, along with the standard variables including solvent, time, temperature and mixing efficiency. The previously identified intermediate lactol has been further characterized and its reactivity examined. These studies have led to identification of the most critical variables translating directly into improved substrate scope, reproducibility, enantioselectivity, and yields.
Transfer of 1-alkenyl groups between secondary amines. Relative stability and reactivity of enamines from popular organocatalysts
Carneros, Hector,Sanchez, Dani,Vilarrasa, Jaume
, p. 2900 - 2903 (2014/06/23)
Enamines from 3-methylbutanal and several Pro- and Phe-derived secondary amines were prepared in DMSO-d6, CD3CN, and CDCl 3. For the first time, the relative thermodynamic stabilities of these and other enamines were compared, and rapid exchanges of 1-alkenyl groups were demonstrated. Competition experiments showed that the most favored enamines (without significant steric inhibition of resonance) react more rapidly with electrophiles.
Enantioselective organocatalyzed α sulfenylation of aldehydes
Marigo, Mauro,Wabnitz, Tobias C.,Fielenbach, Doris,Jorgensen, Karl Anker
, p. 794 - 797 (2007/10/03)
The facile elaboration of optically active α-sulfanyl-substituted aldehydes makes their direct preparation from unmodified aldehydes and 1-benzylsulfanyl-1,2,4-triazole particularly valuable. The substituted aldehydes are formed with excellent enantiosele
CATALYTIC ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE α-HALO-CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
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Page/Page column 31-32, (2010/02/13)
A process for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of an optically active compound of the formula (la) or (lb): wherein R is an organic group; X is halogen; Rland R2which may the same or different represents H, or an organic group or R