- One-Pot Enzymatic-Chemical Cascade Route for Synthesizing Aromatic α-Hydroxy Ketones
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2-Hydroxyacetophenone (2-HAP) is an important building block for the production of a series of natural products and pharmaceuticals; however, there is no safe, efficient, and economical method for 2-HAP synthesis. Here, a one-pot enzymatic-chemical cascade route was designed for synthesizing 2-HAP based on retrosynthetic analysis. First, a spontaneous proton-transfer reaction was designed using a computational simulation that enabled 2-HAP synthesis from the isomer 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetaldehyde. A route for 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetaldehyde synthesis was then constructed by introducing the unnatural substrate glyoxylic acid into a C-C ligation reaction catalyzed by Candida tropicalis pyruvate decarboxylase. Assembly and optimization of this enzymatic-chemical cascade route resulted in a final yield of 92.7%. Furthermore, stereospecific carbonyl reductases were introduced to construct a synthetic application platform that enabled further transformation of 2-HAP into (S)- and (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol. This method of cascading spontaneous chemical and enzymatic reactions to synthesize chemicals offers insight into avenues for synthesizing other valuable chemicals.
- Wang, Lei,Song, Wei,Wang, Binju,Zhang, Yan,Xu, Xin,Wu, Jing,Gao, Cong,Liu, Jia,Chen, Xiulai,Chen, Jinghua,Liu, Liming
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p. 2808 - 2818
(2021/03/15)
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- Chiral Bidentate Phosphoramidite-Pd Catalyzed Asymmetric Decarboxylative Dipolar Cycloaddition for Multistereogenic Tetrahydrofurans with Cyclic N-Sulfonyl Ketimine Moieties
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An asymmetric [3 + 2] cycloaddition of vinyl ethylenecarbonates (VECs) and (E)-3-arylvinyl substituted benzo[d] isothiazole 1,1-dioxides has been developed using the Pd complex of a bidentate phosphoramidite (Me-BIPAM) as the catalyst, providing a wide variety of chiral multistereogenic vinyltetrahydrofurans in good yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to >20:1 dr, 99% ee).
- Lv, Hao-Peng,Yang, Xiao-Peng,Wang, Bai-Lin,Yang, Hao-Di,Wang, Xing-Wang,Wang, Zheng
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supporting information
p. 4715 - 4720
(2021/06/28)
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- Palladium-Catalyzed (3+3) Annulation of Allenylethylene Carbonates with Nitrile Oxides
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In this paper, we designed and synthesized a new type of cyclic carbonates, allenylethylene carbonates (AECs). With AECs as reactive precursors, we developed palladium-catalyzed (3+3) annulation of AECs with nitrile oxides. Various AECs worked well in this reaction under mild reaction conditions. A variety of 5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-dioxazine derivatives with allenyl quaternary stereocenters can be accessed in a facile manner in high yields (≤98%).
- Pan, Ting,Gao, Xing,Yang, Sen,Wang, Lan,Hu, Yimin,Liu, Min,Wang, Wei,Wu, Yongjun,Zheng, Bing,Guo, Hongchao
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supporting information
p. 5750 - 5754
(2021/08/16)
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- BENZOPYRAZOLE COMPOUND USED AS RHO KINASE INHIBITOR
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The invention relates to a benzopyrazole compound used as RHO kinase inhibitor, a pharmaceutical composition and uses thereof for preparing an RHO kinase inhibiting drug, and more specifically to said compound of formula (I-1), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and isomer thereof.
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Paragraph 0145-0148
(2021/02/25)
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- Palladium-Catalyzed [5 + 2] Annulation of Vinylethylene Carbonates with Barbiturate-Derived Alkenes
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A palladium/XantPhos-catalyzed [5 + 2] annulation of VECs with electron-deficient alkenes having an isolated carbon-carbon double bond has been developed to afford spirobarbiturate-tetrahydrooxepines. This study provides an expedient assembly of biologically interesting spirobarbiturate-tetrahydrooxepines. The easy scalability and versatile transformability of the reaction products were also exhibited.
- Chen, Yuehua,Deng, Hao,Gao, Xing,Guo, Hongchao,Jiang, Feng,Wang, Wei,Wu, Yongjun,Zhu, Dongyu
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supporting information
p. 7158 - 7163
(2020/10/02)
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- Vinylethylene Carbonates as α,β-Unsaturated Aldehyde Surrogates for Regioselective [3 + 3] Cycloaddition
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Herein, we report a novel stepwise addition-controlled ring size method, to access tetrahydropyrimidines through an operationally simple [3 + 3] cycloaddition of vinylethylene carbonates with triazinanes. Interestingly, we could also use this method for a [3 + 3] oxidative cycloaddition, which allows the facile synthesis of polysubstituted terphenyls under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies suggest that vinylethylene carbonates could generate α,β-unsaturated aldehydes as 3-carbon synthons for cycloaddition via a combination process of Pd-catalyzed decarboxylation and β-H elimination.
- Xu, Yi,Chen, Lu,Yang, Yu-Wen,Zhang, Zhiqiang,Yang, Weibo
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supporting information
p. 6674 - 6678
(2019/09/03)
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- Spiro[indene-1,4′-oxa-zolidinones] Synthesis via Rh(III)-Catalyzed Coupling of 4-Phenyl-1,3-oxazol-2(3 H)-ones with Alkynes: A Redox-Neutral Approach
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Transition-metal-catalyzed C-H activation synthesis of heterocyclic spiro[4,4]nonanes has persistently witnessed the use of additional stoichiometric transition-metal oxidant when employing C=C bond as the spiro ring closure site. Herein, we have addressed the issue by reporting a redox-neutral strategy for spiro[indene-1,4′-oxa-zolidinones] synthesis via Rh(III)-catalyzed coupling of 4-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-2(3H)-ones with alkynes. The synthesis features a broad substrate scope and high regiospecificity.
- Liu, Zhongsu,Zhang, Wenjing,Guo, Shan,Zhu, Jin
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p. 11945 - 11957
(2019/10/02)
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- Chiral Ion-Pair Organocatalyst-Promoted Efficient Enantio-selective Reduction of α-Hydroxy Ketones
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The enantioselective reduction of α-hydroxy ketones with catecholborane has been developed employing 5 mol% of an 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL)-derived ion-pair organocatalyst. This methodology provides a straightforward access to the corresponding aromatic 1,2-diols in high yields (up to 90%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97%). Furthermore, the α-amino ketones also could be reduced with moderate ee values under mild reaction condition. (Figure presented.).
- Zhang, Yiliang,He, Li,Shi, Lei
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supporting information
p. 1926 - 1931
(2018/03/27)
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- Divergent synthesis of N-heterocycles by Pd-catalyzed controllable cyclization of vinylethylene carbonates
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Here, we report a palladium-catalyzed controllable cyclization of vinyl ethylene carbonates that proceeds through formal migration [2+3] and [5+2] cycloadditions, respectively, under mild conditions. The transformation described here affords a series of synthetically versatile 5,7-membered N-heterocycles which are found in natural products and pharmaceuticals with biological and medicinal properties.
- Yang, Yuwen,Yang, Weibo
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supporting information
p. 12182 - 12185
(2018/11/21)
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- Enantioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Ethynylethylene Carbonates with Malononitrile Enabled by Organo/Metal Cooperative Catalysis
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The first catalytic asymmetric decarboxylative [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of ethynylethylene carbonates with malononitrile has been developed successfully by an organo/copper cooperative system. This strategy led to a series of optically active polysu
- Zhang, Yu-Chen,Zhang, Bo-Wen,Geng, Rui-Long,Song, Jin
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supporting information
p. 7907 - 7911
(2019/01/04)
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- Diversity-Orientated Stereoselective Synthesis through Pd-Catalyzed Switchable Decarboxylative C?N/C?S Bond Formation in Allylic Surrogates
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Switchable catalytic transformation of reactants can be a powerful approach towards diversity-orientated synthesis from easily available molecular synthons. Herein, an endogenous ligand-controlled, Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution allowing for either selective C?N or C?S bond formation using vinylethylene carbonates (VECs) and N-sulfonylhydrazones as coupling partners has been developed. This versatile methodology provides a facile, divergent route for the highly chemo- and stereoselective synthesis of functional allylic sulfones or sulfonohydrazides. The newly developed protocol features wide substrate scope (nearly 80 examples), broad functional group tolerance, and potential for the late-stage functionalization of bioactive compounds. The isolation and crystallographic analysis of a catalytically competent π-allyl Pd complex suggests that the pathway leading to the allylic products proceeds through a different manifold as previously proposed for the functionalization of VECs with nucleophiles.
- Deng, Lei,Kleij, Arjan W.,Yang, Weibo
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supporting information
p. 19156 - 19161
(2018/11/30)
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- Direct Aerobic Oxidative Reactions of 2-Hydroxyacetophenones
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Valuable and direct aerobic oxidation reactions of 2-hydroxyacetophenones were explored. The concept was based on the in situ treatment of small quantities of aerobically formed α-keto aldehydes that drove the reactions to the corresponding products. This new strategy was applied for a variety of oxidative reactions of 2-hydroxyacetophenones, and valuable products such as phthalides, quinoxalines, and α-keto amides were obtained in good to high yields.
- Sahoo, Subas Chandra,Nath, Utpal,Pan, Subhas Chandra
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supporting information
p. 4434 - 4438
(2017/08/23)
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- Selective Debromination and α-Hydroxylation of α-Bromo Ketones Using Hantzsch Esters as Photoreductants
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Two transformations initiated by photoinduced one-electron transfer to α-bromo ketones have been demonstrated. Hantzsch esters donate one electron to α-bromo ketones under photoirradiation, promoting reductive debromination. Subsequent reactions of the resulting radical species of the ketones with molecular oxygen and Hantzsch esters lead to α-hydroxylation or debromination, respectively. The relative dominance of the two pathways depends profoundly on the reaction conditions, including solvent, O2 levels, and the concentration of the Hantzsch esters. The synthetic protocols feature advantages because they require the environmentally benign sources, molecular oxygen and visible light.
- Jung, Jaehun,Kim, Jun,Park, Gyurim,You, Youngmin,Cho, Eun Jin
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supporting information
p. 74 - 80
(2016/01/25)
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- A new chiral C1-symmetric NHC-catalyzed addition to α-aryl substituted α,β-disubstituted enals: Enantioselective synthesis of fully functionalized dihydropyranones
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The first enantioselective NHC-catalyzed activation of α-aryl substituted α,β-disubstituted unsaturated aldehyde is successfully developed via a highly-active acyl azolium intermediate. The new C1-symmetric biaryl-saturated imidazolium exhibits a superior ability to enable previously unavailable transformation, and the corresponding fully functionalized dihydropyranones are efficiently synthesized in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. This journal is
- Lu, Hong,Liu, Jin-Yu,Li, Chen-Guang,Lin, Jun-Bing,Liang, Yong-Min,Xu, Peng-Fei
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supporting information
p. 4473 - 4476
(2015/03/18)
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- Synthesis of α-hydroxyacetophenones
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A general method for the preparation of α-hydroxyacetophenones is presented. Functionalized arylmagnesium species are transmetalated to the corresponding arylzinc intermediates, which undergo Cu(I)-catalyzed reaction with acetoxyacetyl chloride. Acidic hy
- McLaughlin, Mark,Belyk, Kevin M.,Qian, Gang,Reamer, Robert A.,Chen, Cheng-Yi
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experimental part
p. 5144 - 5148
(2012/07/03)
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- Formal aromatic C-H insertion for stereoselective isoquinolinone synthesis and studies on mechanistic insights into the C-C bond formation
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(Chemical Equation Presented) Formal aromatic C-H insertion of rhodium(II) carbenoid was intensively investigated to develop a new methodology and probe its mechanism. Contrasting with the previously proposed direct C-H insertion, the mechanism was revealed to be electrophilic aromatic substitution, which was supported by substituent effects on the aromatic ring and a secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effect. Various isoquinolinones were synthesized intramolecularly via six-membered ring formation with high regioand diastereoselectivity, while averting the common Buchner-type reaction. Intermolecularly, dirhodium catalyzed formal aromatic C-H insertion on electron-rich aromatics was also achieved.
- Park, Chan Pil,Nagle, Advait,Cheol, Hwan Yoon,Chen, Chiliu,Kyung, Woon Jung
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supporting information; scheme or table
p. 6231 - 6236
(2009/12/08)
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- Enantioselective synthesis of cyclic sulfamidates via Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation
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Using Pd(CF3;CO2)2/(S,S)-f-binaphane as the catalyst, an efficient enantioselective synthesis of cyclic sulfamidates was developed via asymmetric hydrogenation of the corresponding cyclic imines in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol at room temperature with high enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee).
- Wang, You-Qing,Yu, Chang-Bin,Wang, Da-Wei,Wang, Xiao-Bing,Zhou, Yong-Gui
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2071 - 2074
(2009/04/18)
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- An efficient method for the synthesis of α-hydroxyalkyl aryl ketones
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Exposure of alkyl aryl ketones to Oxone/trifluoroacetic anhydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodobenzene affords α-hydroxyalkyl aryl ketones in good yield. This method provides an effective and economical entry for the installation of α-hydroxy moieties into ketones and should find wide application in the construction of the α-hydroxy ketone subunit in natural product synthesis.
- Chen, Chengqun,Feng, Xinghua,Zhang, Guozhen,Zhao, Qin,Huang, Guosheng
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experimental part
p. 3205 - 3208
(2009/05/07)
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- Enzyme catalyzed hydroxymethylation of aromatic aldehydes with formaldehyde. Synthesis of hydroxyacetophenones and (S)-benzoins
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Benzaldehyde lyase from the Pseudomonas Fluorescens catalyzed reaction of aromatic aldehydes with formaldehyde providing 2-hydroxy-1-arylethan-1-one in high yields via an acyloin linkage. Kinetic resolution of rac-benzoins with formaldehyde providing (S)-benzoins and 2-hydroxy-1-arylethan-1-one via C-C bond cleavage and a bond formation reaction.
- Demir, Ayhan S.,Ayhan, Peruze,Igdir, A. Cigdem,Duygu, A. Nese
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p. 6509 - 6512
(2007/10/03)
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- Diastereo- and enantioselective direct catalytic aldol reaction of 2-hydroxyacetophenones with aldehydes promoted by a heteropolymetallic complex: Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of anti-1,2-diols
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An anti-selective direct catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction of 2-hydroxyacetophenones with aldehydes is described. The reaction is catalyzed by a heteropolymetallic complex to afford anti-α,β-dihydroxy ketones as the major diastereomer with excellent enantioselectivity. The use of 2-hydroxyacetophenones bearing electron-donating groups at the phenyl moiety enabled efficient transformation of the aldol products (α,β-dihydroxy ketones) into the corresponding α,β-dihydroxy ester derivatives via Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. A plausible reaction mechanism is also discussed based on the stereochemistry of the products.
- Yoshikawa, Naoki,Suzuki, Takeyuki,Shibasaki, Masakatsu
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p. 2556 - 2565
(2007/10/03)
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