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616-38-6

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616-38-6 Usage

Chemical Description

Dimethyl carbonate is an organic compound used as a solvent and as a fuel additive.

Outline

Dimethyl carbonate is briefly referred to as DMC. At room temperature, it is a colorless and transparent liquid with a pungent odor with a relative density (D204) of 1.0694, a melting point of 4 °C, boiling point of 90.3 °C, the flash point being 21.7 °C (opening) and being 16.7 °C (closed ) and the refractive index (nd20) being 1.3687. It is flammable and non-toxic and is miserable with almost all organic solvents in any proportion with alcohols, ketones and esters. It is slightly soluble in water. It can be used as the methylating agent. Compared with other methylating reagent such as methyl iodide and dimethyl sulfate, dimethyl carbonate is less toxic, and biodegradable. The past method of making dimethyl carbonate with phosgene as raw materials is not frequently used. Instead, people now adopt the catalytic oxidative carbonylation of methanol in the presence of oxygen which is more environmentally friendly than the previous method. Dimethyl carbonate can enable to methylation of aniline, phenol and carboxylic acid. However, many reaction demands high-pressure. DBU can be added during reflux of DMC for catalyzing the methylation of carboxylic acid with dimethyl carbonate.

Reference quality standards

Index name battery grade excellent grade first grade qualified experimental methods Appearance, colorless and transparent liquid Dimethyl carbonate content% ≥99.9 ≥99.5 ≥99.0 ≥98.5 Gas Chromatography Water, Water Content% ≤30ppm ≤0.10 ≤0.10 ≤0.10 GB606 Alkalinity mmol/10Og-≤0.10 ≤0.12 ≤0.12 Q/GNPC-JX 017 Non-volatile matter, %-≤0.02 ≤0.02 ≤0.02 GB6324.2 Peroxide (By H2O2) ≤5ppm---GB6016-85 Density (20 ℃), Density g/cm3 1.071 ± 0.005

The application of dimethyl carbonate

1, a novel type of low toxicity solvents and can substitute solvent such as toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetone or butanone in paints and adhesive industry, and is environmentally friendly green chemical products. 2, it is excellent methylating agent, carbonylation agent, hydroxymethylation agent and methoxylation agent and is a kind of chemical raw material of wide application. 3, it can be used as ideal substitute of highly toxic product such as phosgene, dimethyl sulfate, and methyl chloroformate. 4, it can be used for synthesizing polycarbonate, diphenyl carbonate, and isocyanate and so on. 5, in the field of medicine, it can be for the synthesis of anti-infective drugs, anti-inflammatory medicines, vitamin-class medicines and central nervous system drugs. 6, in the field of pesticides, it can be mainly used for the production of methyl isocyanate, thereby producing some carbamate drugs, pesticides (anisole). 7, it can be used as gasoline additives and lithium battery electrolyte and so on. The above information is edited by the lookchem of Dai Xiongfeng.

Chemical Properties

Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 616-38-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. It is colorless liquid with a pungent odor. It is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether and other organic solvents.
2. Dimethyl carbonate is miscible with most acids and alkalis, soluble in most organic solvents, but insoluble in water.

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 616-38-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Dimethyl carbonate product can be used as traditional substitute of toxic materials phosgene, dimethyl sulfate and methyl chloride and so on. It can be used for synthesis of polycarbonate, diphenyl carbonate, isocyanate and allyl diglycol carbonate ester; it can also used for the synthesis of various kinds of carbamate pesticides such as carbaryl and so on; it can also be used as intermediate of organic synthesis such as anisole, dimethoxybenzene, alkylated aryl amines, symmetrical diamine urea, methyl carbazate and so on; in the pharmaceutical industry, it can be used for making amino oxazolidinone, ciprofloxacin, β-keto acid ester class pharmaceutical intermediates. In addition, it can be used as additives of gasoline, diesel fuel, the refrigerator oil and solvent.
2. Dimethyl carbonate is used as a solvent in organic synthesis and considered as a replacement for solvent like methyl ethyl ketone, tert-butyl acetate and parachlorobenzotrifluoride. It is involved as an intermediate in the preparation of diphenylcarbonate, which in turn is used as a key raw material for the synthesis of Bisphenol-A-polycarbonate. It is also used as a 'green' methylating agent involved in the methylation of aniline, phenols and carboxylic acids. It can be used as a fuel additive due to its high oxygen content. It also finds applications related to supercapacitors and lithium batteries.
3. Environmentally benign substitute for dimethyl sulfate, q.v., and methyl halides in methylation reactions and for phosgene, q.v., in methylcarbonylation reactions.

Production method

It can be produced through the reaction between methyl chloroformate ([79-22-1]) and methanol. The raw material, methyl chloroformate is produced from the reaction between methanol and phosgene. For the preparation, it is also plausible to have this phosgenation product been without isolation and add excess methanol for reflux reaction to synthesize dimethyl carbonate. The above reaction is called conventional phosgene method. 2 Transesterification methods: this is based on the transesterification between ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate and methanol which can also produce dimethyl carbonate. This method has a high yield, small equipment corrosion and mild reaction conditions. However, the source of raw materials is limited by the development of petrochemical industry and the elements utilization rate is low. 3. Oxidative carbonylation method: this is based on the reaction of methanol, carbon monoxide and oxygen in the catalyst for direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate. This method has a lot of advantages including easily available and cheap raw material, low toxicity and simple process. Therefore, it is the most promising approach. According to the technology conditions, it can be divided into liquid phase method and gas phase method. Gas phase can be further divided into one-step and two-step method, wherein the liquid phase of methanol oxidation-carbonylation method and the gas-phase oxidative carbonylation step method has been industrialized while the one-step way of gas-phase oxidative-carbonylation of methanol is still in development. 4. The synthesis reaction between methanol and CO2. This process route is still in development. 5. Synthesis method via reaction between methanol and urea. This process route is still in development.

Acute toxicity

Oral-rat LD50: 13000 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 6000 mg/kg.

Flammability and hazard characteristics

It is flammable in case of fire, high temperature and oxidant with burning causing irritated fume.

Storage characteristics

Treasury: ventilation, low-temperature and dry; store it separately from oxidants.

Extinguishing agent

Dry powder dry sand, carbon dioxide, foam, 1211 fire extinguishing agent.

Definition

ChEBI: Dimethyl carbonate is a carbonate ester that is carbonic acid in which both hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A flammable, colourless liquid (m.p. 2-4°C, b.p. 90°C) with a characterstic ester-like odour, it is used as a 'green' methylating agent and as a solvent. It has a role as a solvent and a reagent.

Preparation

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is formed by the reaction of MeOH with phosgene or methyl chloroformate in the presence of a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution in a two-phase reaction in high yields and purity. Other alcohols can also be phosgenated. As DMC is now more easily accessible via the direct oxidative carbonylation of MeOH, phosgenation is losing its attractiveness in this application.

Synthesis Reference(s)

The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 49, p. 1122, 1984 DOI: 10.1021/jo00180a033Tetrahedron Letters, 15, p. 803, 1974

General Description

Dimethyl carbonate appears as a clear, colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. Denser than water and slightly soluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air. Used to make other chemicals and as a special purpose solvent.

Air & Water Reactions

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

Dimethyl carbonate reacts with acids to liberate heat along with methanol and carbon dioxide. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Heat is also generated by the interaction with caustic solutions. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing with alkali metals and hydrides.

Hazard

Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant.

Health Hazard

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

Fire Hazard

HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

Flammability and Explosibility

Highlyflammable

Safety Profile

Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route. Mildly toxic by ingestion. An irritant. Violent reaction or ignition on contact with potassium-tertbutoxide. A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, open flames (sparks), or oxiduers. To fight fire, use alcohol foam. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Purification Methods

If the reagent has broad intense bands at 3300cm-1 and above (i.e. OH stretching), then it should be purified further. Wash it successively with 10% Na2CO3 solution, saturated CaCl2, H2O, and dry it by shaking mechanically for 1hour with anhydrous CaCl2, and fractionate. [Bowden & Butler J Chem Soc 78 1939, Vogel J Chem Soc 1847 1948, Beilstein 3 IV 3.]

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 616-38-6 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 6,1 and 6 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 3 and 8 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 616-38:
(5*6)+(4*1)+(3*6)+(2*3)+(1*8)=66
66 % 10 = 6
So 616-38-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C3H6O3/c1-5-3(4)6-2/h1-2H3

616-38-6 Well-known Company Product Price

  • Brand
  • (Code)Product description
  • CAS number
  • Packaging
  • Price
  • Detail
  • TCI America

  • (C0053)  Dimethyl Carbonate  >98.0%(GC)

  • 616-38-6

  • 25mL

  • 80.00CNY

  • Detail
  • TCI America

  • (C0053)  Dimethyl Carbonate  >98.0%(GC)

  • 616-38-6

  • 100mL

  • 110.00CNY

  • Detail
  • TCI America

  • (C0053)  Dimethyl Carbonate  >98.0%(GC)

  • 616-38-6

  • 500mL

  • 250.00CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A13104)  Dimethyl carbonate, 99%   

  • 616-38-6

  • 100g

  • 153.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A13104)  Dimethyl carbonate, 99%   

  • 616-38-6

  • 500g

  • 346.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A13104)  Dimethyl carbonate, 99%   

  • 616-38-6

  • 2500g

  • 1130.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (517127)  Dimethylcarbonate  anhydrous, ≥99%

  • 616-38-6

  • 517127-100ML

  • 559.26CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (517127)  Dimethylcarbonate  anhydrous, ≥99%

  • 616-38-6

  • 517127-1L

  • 1,077.57CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (517127)  Dimethylcarbonate  anhydrous, ≥99%

  • 616-38-6

  • 517127-2L

  • 1,563.12CNY

  • Detail
  • Aldrich

  • (809942)  Dimethylcarbonate  ≥99.9%, acid <10 ppm, H2O <10 ppm

  • 616-38-6

  • 809942-25G

  • 2,533.05CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D152927)  Dimethylcarbonate  ReagentPlus®, 99%

  • 616-38-6

  • D152927-500ML

  • 271.44CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (D152927)  Dimethylcarbonate  ReagentPlus®, 99%

  • 616-38-6

  • D152927-1L

  • 484.38CNY

  • Detail

616-38-6SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 12, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 12, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name dimethyl carbonate

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names EINECS 210-478-4

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only. Fuels and fuel additives,Intermediates,Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories,Processing aids, not otherwise listed,Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:616-38-6 SDS

616-38-6Synthetic route

methanol
67-56-1

methanol

carbon monoxide
201230-82-2

carbon monoxide

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With bis-triphenylphosphine-palladium(II) chloride; triethylamine at 90 - 100℃; under 40 - 80 Torr;100%
With <2>*H2O at 120℃; under 15200 Torr; for 7h;45.2%
With sodium selenite; oxygen at 100℃; under 37503.8 Torr; for 2h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature;32.9%
[1,3]-dioxolan-2-one
96-49-1

[1,3]-dioxolan-2-one

methanol
67-56-1

methanol

A

ethylene glycol
107-21-1

ethylene glycol

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
anion exchanging resin at 80.4 - 98℃; for 6h; Product distribution / selectivity;A 99%
B 99.7%
potassium hydroxide In water at 98℃; under 838.584 Torr; for 500 - 6000h; Product distribution / selectivity; Heating / reflux;A n/a
B 99.88%
potassium hydroxide at 98 - 130℃; under 784.578 - 838.584 Torr; for 500 - 6000h; Product distribution / selectivity; Heating / reflux;A n/a
B 99.99%
[1,3]-dioxolan-2-one
96-49-1

[1,3]-dioxolan-2-one

methanol
67-56-1

methanol

A

ethylene glycol
107-21-1

ethylene glycol

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

C

diethylene glycol
111-46-6

diethylene glycol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
potassium hydroxide at 63.8 - 98℃; for 6.7h; Product distribution / selectivity;A 99.1%
B 99.8%
C n/a
sodium hydroxide at 49.8 - 56.2℃; under 342.034 Torr; Product distribution / selectivity; Industry scale;A 91.3%
B 91.3%
C n/a
potassium hydroxide at 47 - 56℃; under 228.023 - 342.034 Torr; Product distribution / selectivity; Industry scale;A 90.5%
B 90.5%
C n/a
at 55.9 - 56℃; under 342.034 Torr; Product distribution / selectivity; Industry scale;A 38.9%
B 38.9%
C n/a
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

methyl chloroformate
79-22-1

methyl chloroformate

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 1-methyl-1H-imidazole In Diethyl carbonate at 0 - 20℃; for 1h;98.2%
at 30℃; Rate constant; Mechanism; var. conc, presence of var. salts (LiCl, (CH3)4NCl, (C2H5)4NBr);
at 30℃; Thermodynamic data; Rate constant; ΔH(excit.), -ΔS(excit.);
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one
116-16-5

1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: methanol With Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether; potassium carbonate at 10 - 30℃;
Stage #2: 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one at 30 - 75℃; Reagent/catalyst;
97%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

carbon dioxide
124-38-9

carbon dioxide

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 2-Cyanopyridine; cerium(IV) oxide at 119.84℃; under 37503.8 Torr; for 16h; Reagent/catalyst; Pressure; Temperature; Autoclave;96%
With 2-pyrazine carbonitrile at 20 - 50℃; under 15001.5 - 45004.5 Torr; for 50h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Pressure; Autoclave;95%
With 2-Cyanopyridine; cerium(IV) oxide at 119.84℃; under 37503.8 Torr; for 12h; Autoclave;94%
[1,3]-dioxolan-2-one
96-49-1

[1,3]-dioxolan-2-one

methanol
67-56-1

methanol

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With graphitic carbon nitride at 119.84℃; for 4h; Catalytic behavior; Concentration; Reagent/catalyst; Time;93%
With 2-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-3-n-buthylimidazole bromide; potassium carbonate at 60℃; for 1h; Green chemistry;90%
With mesoporous carbon nitride detemplated by 0.5 M NaOH solution at 160℃; under 4500.45 Torr; for 6h; Catalytic behavior; Knoevenagel Condensation; Autoclave;90.7%
1,2-propylene cyclic carbonate
108-32-7

1,2-propylene cyclic carbonate

methanol
67-56-1

methanol

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 90℃; for 3h; Temperature; Time;93%
With calcined hollow titanium silicon molecular sieve modified with sodium carbonate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate In water at 100℃; for 8h; Time; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Autoclave;74%
at 140℃; for 6h;35%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

(2-hydroxyethyl) methyl carbonate
106729-72-0

(2-hydroxyethyl) methyl carbonate

A

ethylene glycol
107-21-1

ethylene glycol

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With film supported Penicillium expansum at 60℃; for 48h; Reagent/catalyst; Concentration; Temperature; Time; Enzymatic reaction;A 93%
B 93%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

methyl N-hydroxycarbamate
584-07-6

methyl N-hydroxycarbamate

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lead dioxide In dichloromethane at 40℃; for 0.166667h;92.1%
Dimethyl peroxydicarbonate
15411-45-7

Dimethyl peroxydicarbonate

1-methoxy-cyclohex-1-ene
931-57-7

1-methoxy-cyclohex-1-ene

A

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

B

1-methoxy-cyclohex-1-en-6-yl methyl carbonate
171512-51-9

1-methoxy-cyclohex-1-en-6-yl methyl carbonate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In dichloromethane for 0.5h; Heating;A n/a
B 91%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

urea
57-13-6

urea

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfolane; nickel diacetate; triphenylphosphine at 85 - 170℃; for 10h;89.3%
Stage #1: urea With carbon dioxide; 1-(6',7'-dihydroxy-4'-thioxoheptyl)-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonimide; zinc(II) oxide at 150℃; for 8h; Autoclave;
Stage #2: methanol at 150℃; for 2h; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Concentration; Autoclave;
87%
catalyst composition: potassium oxide 2 wt percent, zinc oxide 31 wt percent, Al2O3 67 wt percent at 170 - 200℃; under 15001.5 Torr; Product distribution / selectivity;76.88%
carbon dioxide
124-38-9

carbon dioxide

2,2-dimethoxy-propane
77-76-9

2,2-dimethoxy-propane

A

acetone
67-64-1

acetone

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dibutyldimethoxytin at 180℃; under 1520000 Torr; for 24h;A 85%
B 88%
carbon dioxide
124-38-9

carbon dioxide

2,2-dimethoxy-propane
77-76-9

2,2-dimethoxy-propane

A

2-Methoxypropene
116-11-0

2-Methoxypropene

B

acetone
67-64-1

acetone

C

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dibutyldimethoxytin at 180℃; under 1520000 Torr; for 24h; Product distribution; metal-catalyzed reaction of acetals with CO2; effect of catalyst structure; effect of additives; pressure effect; possible mechanism;A n/a
B 85%
C 88%
1,2-propylene cyclic carbonate
108-32-7

1,2-propylene cyclic carbonate

A

propylene glycol
57-55-6

propylene glycol

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium carbonate In methanol at 119.84℃; for 2h; Temperature; Concentration; Autoclave; Industrial scale;A n/a
B 88%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

C11H17N2O3S(1+)*C2F6NO4S2(1-)

C11H17N2O3S(1+)*C2F6NO4S2(1-)

A

1-(6',7'-dihydroxyl-4'-thiaheptyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide
1337384-29-8

1-(6',7'-dihydroxyl-4'-thiaheptyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With zinc(II) oxide at 150℃; Concentration; Time; Green chemistry;A n/a
B 87%
methylene chloride
74-87-3

methylene chloride

potassium hydrogencarbonate
298-14-6

potassium hydrogencarbonate

A

Dimethyl ether
115-10-6

Dimethyl ether

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
tetrahexylammonium chloride In N,N-dimethyl acetamide at 150℃;A n/a
B 86%
[1,3]-dioxolan-2-one
96-49-1

[1,3]-dioxolan-2-one

A

ethylene glycol
107-21-1

ethylene glycol

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium carbonate In methanol at 169.84℃; for 1h; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst; Autoclave;A n/a
B 86%
With polystyrene resin bound methylimidazole hydroxyl ionic liquid catalyst In methanol at 80℃; for 8h; Catalytic behavior; Temperature; Ionic liquid;
With 2,6-di(isopropyl)pyridine In methanol at 90℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 10h; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent; Inert atmosphere;
With methanol; C5H11N4(1+)*HO(1-) at 20℃; for 12h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Flow reactor;
methylene chloride
74-87-3

methylene chloride

caesium carbonate
534-17-8

caesium carbonate

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; water at 155 - 160℃; under 11251.1 - 15001.5 Torr; for 12h;85.3%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

urea
57-13-6

urea

A

methyl carbamate
598-55-0

methyl carbamate

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 179.84℃; for 10h;A 84.8%
B 6.5%
With zinc/aluminum mixed oxide at 179.84℃; for 10h; Reagent/catalyst; Autoclave;A 55.1%
B 36.5%
calcined La(NO3)3x6H2O at 170℃; under 14821 Torr; for 4h; Product distribution / selectivity; Autoclave; Inert atmosphere;A 41.2%
B 53.4%
With Zn/Ca-catalyst at 179.84℃; for 10h;A 50.5%
B 41.2%
With Ga2O3/CeO2-Al2O3 at 110℃; for 5h;
[1,3]-dioxolan-2-one
96-49-1

[1,3]-dioxolan-2-one

methanol
67-56-1

methanol

A

(2-hydroxyethyl) methyl carbonate
106729-72-0

(2-hydroxyethyl) methyl carbonate

B

ethylene glycol
107-21-1

ethylene glycol

C

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With carbon dioxide at 160℃; under 4500.45 Torr; for 4h; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Autoclave;A n/a
B n/a
C 83.3%
at 65.5456 - 162.768℃; under 5171.62 Torr; for 8h; Conversion of starting material;
With 1-octyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide at 70℃; for 4h;A n/a
B 21 %Chromat.
C 22 %Chromat.
With potassium hydrogencarbonate at 120℃; under 16274.9 Torr; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst;
methylene chloride
74-87-3

methylene chloride

sodium carbonate
497-19-8

sodium carbonate

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In ethanol; water at 115 - 120℃; under 7500.75 - 11251.1 Torr; for 16h;82.8%
carbon dioxide
124-38-9

carbon dioxide

N,N-dimethyl-formamide dimethyl acetal
4637-24-5

N,N-dimethyl-formamide dimethyl acetal

A

N,N-dimethyl-formamide
68-12-2, 33513-42-7

N,N-dimethyl-formamide

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 110℃; under 37503 Torr; for 15h;A n/a
B 82%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

carbon dioxide
124-38-9

carbon dioxide

N,N'-dicyclohexyl-O-methyl isourea
6257-10-9

N,N'-dicyclohexyl-O-methyl isourea

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium methyl carbonate at 64.85℃; under 37503 Torr; for 24h;80.3%
1,2-propylene cyclic carbonate
108-32-7

1,2-propylene cyclic carbonate

methanol
67-56-1

methanol

A

propylene glycol
57-55-6

propylene glycol

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With eggshell calcinated at 800 grad C at 25℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 2h;A 60%
B 80%
With superbasic sodium stannate sample(623) at 79.84℃; for 5h;A n/a
B 72.6%
With MCM-41-pr-TMEDA(+)Cl(-) at 120℃; for 4h;A n/a
B 68%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

4-allyloxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one
826-29-9

4-allyloxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one

A

3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol
123-34-2

3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With MCM-41-pr-TMEDA(+)Cl(-) at 120℃; for 4h;A n/a
B 79%
methyl N-hydroxycarbamate
584-07-6

methyl N-hydroxycarbamate

isopropyl alcohol
67-63-0

isopropyl alcohol

A

methyl 1-methylethyl carbonate
51729-83-0

methyl 1-methylethyl carbonate

B

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lead dioxide In dichloromethane at 40℃; for 0.166667h;A 77.7%
B 14.6%
methylene chloride
74-87-3

methylene chloride

potassium carbonate
584-08-7

potassium carbonate

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In N,N-dimethyl acetamide; water at 145 - 150℃; for 11h;74.7%
carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate
32315-10-9

bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With chlorine In tetrachloromethane for 18h; Irradiation;100%
With chlorine In tetrachloromethane for 28h; Irradiation;97%
With chlorine for 33h; chlorination;88%
cyclohexanone
108-94-1

cyclohexanone

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

2-(methoxycarbonyl)cyclohexanone
41302-34-5

2-(methoxycarbonyl)cyclohexanone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: carbonic acid dimethyl ester With sodium hydride In toluene; mineral oil for 1h; Reflux;
Stage #2: cyclohexanone In toluene; mineral oil for 3h; Reflux;
100%
Stage #1: carbonic acid dimethyl ester With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran at 100℃; Heating / reflux;
Stage #2: cyclohexanone With potassium hydride In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃; for 1.86667h; Heating / reflux;
Stage #3: With acetic acid In tetrahydrofuran; water
91%
With potassium hydride; sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran; mineral oil for 0.5h; Reflux;91%
1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-one
530-93-8

1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-one

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

methyl 3,4-dihydro-2(2H)-naphthalenone-1-carboxylate
31202-23-0

methyl 3,4-dihydro-2(2H)-naphthalenone-1-carboxylate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium methylate In methanol at 80℃; for 2h;100%
With sodium hydride In methanol; mineral oil at 80℃; for 3h; Inert atmosphere;100%
With sodium hydride In benzene at 65 - 70℃; for 5h;93%
acetophenone
98-86-2

acetophenone

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

methyl 3-oxo-3-phenylpropionate
614-27-7

methyl 3-oxo-3-phenylpropionate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In toluene; mineral oil Reflux; Inert atmosphere;100%
With sodium hydride In toluene; mineral oil at 95℃;100%
Stage #1: carbonic acid dimethyl ester With sodium hydride In toluene; mineral oil Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube; Reflux;
Stage #2: acetophenone In toluene; mineral oil for 0.5h; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube;
98%
3,4-dihydronaphthalene-1(2H)-one
529-34-0

3,4-dihydronaphthalene-1(2H)-one

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

methyl 1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylate
7442-52-6, 125117-36-4

methyl 1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In methanol; mineral oil at 80℃; for 3h; Inert atmosphere; Further stages;100%
With sodium hydride In methanol; toluene at 90℃; for 2h;100%
With sodium hydride In toluene; mineral oil at 0 - 120℃; for 18h;99%
5,6-dimethoxy-1-indanone
2107-69-9

5,6-dimethoxy-1-indanone

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

5,6-dimethoxy-2-methoxycarbonylindan-1-one
119035-03-9

5,6-dimethoxy-2-methoxycarbonylindan-1-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran; mineral oil Reflux; Inert atmosphere;100%
With sodium hydride In paraffin oil at 90℃;92%
With sodium hydride In paraffin oil at 90℃; Inert atmosphere;92%
cycloactanone
502-49-8

cycloactanone

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

methyl 2-oxocyclooctanecarboxylate
5452-73-3

methyl 2-oxocyclooctanecarboxylate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In 1,4-dioxane at 90℃; Reflux;100%
Stage #1: carbonic acid dimethyl ester With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran at 5 - 10℃; for 0.5h; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: cycloactanone In tetrahydrofuran for 4.5h; Reflux; Inert atmosphere;
88%
Stage #1: carbonic acid dimethyl ester With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran at 5 - 10℃; for 0.5h;
Stage #2: cycloactanone In tetrahydrofuran for 4.5h; Reflux;
88%
4-bromo-phenol
106-41-2

4-bromo-phenol

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

1-bromo-4-methoxy-benzene
104-92-7

1-bromo-4-methoxy-benzene

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With N,N'-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate In acetonitrile at 160℃; for 2h; Microwave irradiation; Green chemistry;100%
With layered double hydroxide - supported L-methionine at 180℃; for 6h; Autoclave; chemoselective reaction;95%
With magnesium oxide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 170℃; for 0.5h; Microwave irradiation; Green chemistry;95%
α-naphthol
90-15-3

α-naphthol

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

1-Methoxynaphthalene
2216-69-5

1-Methoxynaphthalene

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With caesium carbonate at 120℃; for 4h;100%
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene at 90℃; for 16h; Product distribution; Further Variations:; Temperatures; Solvents; Pressures; reaction times; microwave irradiation;99%
With N,N'-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate In acetonitrile at 160℃; for 2h; Microwave irradiation; Green chemistry;99%
C19H26O3
78098-11-0

C19H26O3

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

methyl 2-(ethylenedioxy)-1α,4aβ,8aβ-trimethyl-8-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,6,7,8,8a,9-decahydrophenanthrene-7α-carboxylate
131250-73-2

methyl 2-(ethylenedioxy)-1α,4aβ,8aβ-trimethyl-8-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,6,7,8,8a,9-decahydrophenanthrene-7α-carboxylate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium hydride; sodium hydride In 1,2-dimethoxyethane for 1h; Heating;100%
carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone
100-06-1

1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone

methyl 3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)acetate
22027-50-5

methyl 3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)acetate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In toluene at 110℃;100%
Stage #1: carbonic acid dimethyl ester With sodium hydride In toluene at 110℃;
Stage #2: 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone In toluene at 110℃;
100%
With sodium hydride In toluene for 4h; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;98%
carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

phenol
108-95-2

phenol

methoxybenzene
100-66-3

methoxybenzene

Conditions
ConditionsYield
N,N,N',N'-tetrabutyl-N''-methylguanidine at 160℃; for 4.5h;100%
N,N,N',N'-tetrabutyl-N''-methylguanidine at 160℃; for 4.5h; Product distribution; other catalysts, other reaction conditions, other phenols;100%
With tetrabutylammomium bromide; potassium carbonate at 93℃; for 5h;99%
carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

cycloheptanone
502-42-1

cycloheptanone

2-(methoxycarbonyl)cycloheptanone
52784-32-4

2-(methoxycarbonyl)cycloheptanone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: carbonic acid dimethyl ester With sodium hydride In toluene; mineral oil for 1h; Reflux;
Stage #2: cycloheptanone In toluene; mineral oil for 3h; Reflux;
100%
Stage #1: carbonic acid dimethyl ester; cycloheptanone With sodium hydride In mineral oil; benzene for 3.84h; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;
Stage #2: With acetic acid In mineral oil; benzene at 0℃; Inert atmosphere;
94%
With sodium hydride In benzene for 3h; Reflux;94%
4-methoxylindanone
13336-31-7

4-methoxylindanone

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

methyl 4-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-indene-2-carboxylate
131308-27-5

methyl 4-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-indene-2-carboxylate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran for 6h; Heating;100%
With sodium hydride In mineral oil for 0.5h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; Reflux;
Stage #1: carbonic acid dimethyl ester With potassium tert-butylate; sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 0.0833333h;
Stage #2: 4-methoxylindanone In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 2h;
3-(prop-1-yloxy)acetophenone
121704-77-6

3-(prop-1-yloxy)acetophenone

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

methyl 3-(prop-1-yloxy)benzoylacetate
150356-60-8

methyl 3-(prop-1-yloxy)benzoylacetate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride100%
With sodium hydride Substitution;
carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone
586-37-8

1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone

methyl 3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropanoate
779-81-7

methyl 3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropanoate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In toluene; mineral oil for 2h; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;100%
With sodium hydride In toluene for 4h; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;97%
With sodium hydride at 80℃; for 0.116667h;82%
(R,R)-hydroxybenzoin
52340-78-0

(R,R)-hydroxybenzoin

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

(+)-(R,R)-1,2-diphenylethylene carbonate
181783-75-5

(+)-(R,R)-1,2-diphenylethylene carbonate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydroxide at 60℃; for 0.5h;100%
With sodium hydroxide at 60℃; for 0.5h; Yield given;
carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

3'-chloro-2',5'-dimethoxyacetophenone
286931-54-2

3'-chloro-2',5'-dimethoxyacetophenone

methyl 3-(3-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropionate
286931-55-3

methyl 3-(3-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropionate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium methylate In methanol Acylation; Heating;100%
With sodium methylate In methanol for 3h; Heating;100%
carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

3'-bromo-2',5'-dimethoxyacetophenone

3'-bromo-2',5'-dimethoxyacetophenone

methyl 3-(3-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropionate
286931-61-1

methyl 3-(3-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropionate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium methylate In methanol Acylation; Heating;100%
With sodium methylate In methanol for 3h; Heating;100%
1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one
615-16-7

1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

1,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one
3097-21-0

1,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lead(II) nitrate at 199.85℃; for 20h;100%
1-methyl-2-benzimidazolone
1849-01-0

1-methyl-2-benzimidazolone

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

1,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one
3097-21-0

1,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lead(II) nitrate at 199.85℃; for 20h;100%
1,2-diamino-benzene
95-54-5

1,2-diamino-benzene

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

1,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one
3097-21-0

1,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With lead acetate at 199.85℃; for 20h;100%
carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

C14H22O3
177476-32-3

C14H22O3

C16H24O5
352354-89-3

C16H24O5

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With methanol; sodium hydride at 60℃;100%
carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

benzylamine
100-46-9

benzylamine

methyl N-benzylcarbamate
5817-70-9

methyl N-benzylcarbamate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 20℃; under 6000600 Torr; for 16h; neat (no solvent);100%
lipase from Candida antarctica In toluene at 70℃; for 15h;99%
With tetrabutylammomium bromide; L-proline at 20℃; for 3h; Catalytic behavior; Solvent; Green chemistry;96%
p-methoxybenzylnitrile
104-47-2

p-methoxybenzylnitrile

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

methyl 2-cyano-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) acetate
30698-32-9

methyl 2-cyano-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) acetate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In toluene; mineral oil at 80℃; for 5.5h;100%
With sodium hydride In toluene at 80℃; for 5h; Inert atmosphere; Cooling with ice;81%
With sodium methylate In methanol; toluene at 75 - 80℃; for 12h;42%
carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

3,4-dichloro-benzeneacetonitrile
3218-49-3

3,4-dichloro-benzeneacetonitrile

cyano-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetic acid methyl ester
849589-04-4

cyano-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetic acid methyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium methylate In toluene Heating;100%
With sodium methylate In toluene Heating;100%
With sodium methylate In toluene at 85℃; for 3h;93%
7-methoxyl-2-tetralone
4133-34-0

7-methoxyl-2-tetralone

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

methyl 7-methoxy-2-oxotetralin-1-carboxylate
34865-33-3

methyl 7-methoxy-2-oxotetralin-1-carboxylate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In benzene for 2h; Heating;100%
4-tercbutyl-cyclohexanone
98-53-3

4-tercbutyl-cyclohexanone

carbonic acid dimethyl ester
616-38-6

carbonic acid dimethyl ester

5-tert-butyl-2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester
74851-58-4

5-tert-butyl-2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran at 75℃;100%
With sodium hydride In 1,4-dioxane at 90℃; Reflux; Inert atmosphere;100%
With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran; mineral oil for 2h; Reflux;99%
With potassium hydride; sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran for 0.666667h; Heating;95%

616-38-6Relevant articles and documents

Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide over Ga2O3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 catalysts: Effect of acidity and basicity of the catalysts

Lee, Hye Jin,Park, Sunyoung,Song, In Kyu,Jung, Ji Chul

, p. 531 - 537 (2011)

Ce X Zr1-X O2 catalysts with different cerium content (X) (X = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) were prepared by a sol-gel method for use in the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. Among these catalysts, Ce0.6Zr 0.4O2 was found to show the best catalytic performance. In order to enhance the acidity and basicity of Ce0.6Zr 0.4O2 catalyst, Ga2O3 was supported on Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 (XGa2O 3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 (X = 1, 5, 10, and 15)) by an incipient wetness impregnation method with a variation of Ga 2O3 content (X, wt%). Effect of acidity and basicity of Ga2O3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 on the catalytic performance in the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate was investigated using NH3-TPD and CO2-TPD experiments. Experimental results revealed that both acidity and basicity of the catalysts played a key role in determining the catalytic performance in the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. Large acidity and basicity of the catalyst facilitated the formation of dimethyl carbonate. The amount of dimethyl carbonate produced over XGa2O 3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 catalysts increased with increasing both acidity and basicity of the catalysts. Among the catalysts tested, 5Ga2O3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O 2, which retained the largest acidity and basicity, showed the best catalytic performance in the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. Graphical Abstract: In the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and carbon dioxide over Ga 2O3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 catalysts, the amount of DMC showed a volcano-shaped curve with respect to Ga2O3 content. The amount of DMC increased with increasing both acidity and basicity of the catalysts [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Triorganotin(iv) cation-promoted dimethyl carbonate synthesis from CO2 and methanol: Solution and solid-state characterization of an unexpected diorganotin(iv)-oxo cluster

?vec, Petr,Cattey, Hélène,R??i?ková, Zdeňka,Holub, Josef,R??i?ka, Ale?,Plasseraud, Laurent

, p. 8253 - 8260 (2018)

Two novel C,N-chelated organotin(iv) complexes bearing weakly coordinating carborane moieties were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding C,N-chelated organotin(iv) chloride (i.e. LCNR2SnCl, R = n-Bu (1) and Ph (2); LCN = 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl)) with monocarba-closo-dodecaborate silver salt (AgCB11H12; Ag·3). Both products of the metathesis, [LCN(n-Bu)2Sn]+[CB11H12]- (4) and [LCNPh2Sn]+ [CB11H12]- (5), respectively, were characterized by both multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The instability of 4 and 5 towards water is discussed. The solid-state structure of LCN(n-Bu)2SnOH·B(C6F5)3 (4a) as a model compound with a Sn-O(H)?B linkage is also reported. The evaluation of the catalytic activity of 4 and 5 was carried out within the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol and CO2. While 5 was shown to be definitively inactive, presumably due to cleavage of the Sn-Ph bond, compound 4 exhibits a beneficial action, since it leads to an amount of DMC higher than the stoichiometry (nDMC/nSn(cat) = 1.5). In addition, the solid state structures of [BnNMe3]+[CB11H12]- (6) and [(n-Bu)20Sn10O2(OMe)6(CO3)2]2+·2[CB11H12]- (7), isolated as single-crystals and resulting from the recombination of 4 under the reaction conditions (methanol/CO2), were established by sc-XRD analyses within the term of this work as well. 6 and 7 were also fully characterized by IR spectroscopy, multinuclear NMR in solution and elemental analysis.

Graphene oxide supported molybdenum cluster: First heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of dimethylcarbonate from CO2and methanol

Kumar, Subodh,Khatri, Om P.,Cordier, St??phane,Boukherroub, Rabah,Jain, Suman L.

, p. 3488 - 3494 (2015)

The octahedral molybdenum cluster-based compound, Cs2Mo6Bri8Bra6 was immobilized on graphene oxide (GO) by using a facile approach. High resolution transmission electron microscopy results revealed that molybdenum clusters were uniformly distributed on the GO nanosheets. Cs2Mo6Bri8Bra6 was attached to the GO support via chemical interaction between apical ligands of Mo6Bri8Bra6 cluster units and oxygen functionalities of GO, as revealed by XPS studies. The developed material was used for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate by reduction of carbon dioxide. The synthesized catalyst, that is, GO-Cs2Mo6Bri8Brax, exhibited higher catalytic efficiency than its homogeneous analogue without using dehydrating agent. The catalyst was found to be efficiently recyclable without significant loss of catalytic activity.

Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methyl carbamate and methanol catalyzed by mixed oxides from hydrotalcite-like compounds

Wang, Dengfeng,Zhang, Xuelan,Zhao, Wenbo,Peng, Weicai,Zhao, Ning,Xiao, Fukui,Wei, Wei,Sun, Yuhan

, p. 427 - 430 (2010)

A series of mixed oxides calcined from hydrotalcite-like compounds with different cations were prepared and their catalytic activities were studied by the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methyl carbamate and methanol. Among them, ZnFe mixed oxide possessed the best catalytic ability. Furthermore, the zinc-based mixed oxides as well as the corresponding hydrotalcite-like compounds were characterized by using ICP, TGA, CO2-TPD and N2 adsorption/desorption techniques.

Effects of Mo promoters on the Cu-Fe bimetal catalysts for the DMC formation from CO2 and methanol

Zhou, Ying-Jie,Xiao, Min,Wang, Shuan-Jin,Han, Dong-Mei,Lu, Yi-Xin,Meng, Yue-Zhong

, p. 307 - 310 (2013)

The Mo-promoted Cu-Fe bimetal catalysts were prepared and used for the formation of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from CO2 and methanol. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), laser Raman spectra (LRS), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. The experimental results demonstrated that the Mo promoters can decrease the reducibility and increase the dispersion of Cu-Fe clusters. The concentration balance of base-acid sites can be readily adjusted by changing the Mo content. The moderate concentration balance of acid and base sites was in favor of the DMC formation. Under optimal experimental conditions, the highest methanol conversion of 6.99% with a DMC selectivity of 87.7% can be obtained when 2.5 wt% of Mo was loaded.

Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from ethylene carbonate and methanol over nano-catalysts supported on CeO2-MgO

Jun, Jin Oh,Lee, Joongwon,Kang, Ki Hyuk,Song, In Kyu

, p. 8330 - 8335 (2015)

A series of CeO2(X)-MgO(1-X) (X = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0) nano-catalysts were prepared by a co-precipitation method for use in the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from ethylene carbonate and methanol. Among the CeO2(X)-MgO(1-X) catalysts, CeO2(0.25)-MgO(0.75) nano-catalyst showed the best catalytic performance. Alkali and alkaline earth metal oxides (MO = Li2O, K2O, Cs2O, SrO, and BaO) were then supported on CeO2(0.25)-MgO(0.75) by an incipient wetness impregnation method with an aim of improving the catalytic performance of CeO2(0.25)-MgO(0.75). Basicity of the catalysts was determined by CO2-TPD experiments in order to elucidate the effect of basicity on the catalytic performance. The correlation between catalytic performance and basicity showed that basicity played an important role in the reaction. Yield for dimethyl carbonate increased with increasing basicity of the catalysts. Among the catalysts tested, Li2O/CeO2(0.25)-MgO(0.75) nano-catalyst with the largest basicity showed the best catalytic performance in the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate.

The influence of halogen anions and N-ligands in CuXn/N-ligands on the catalytic performance in oxidative carbonylation of methanol

Mo, Wanling,Xiong, Hui,Hu, Jianglin,Ni, Youming,Li, Guangxing

, p. 576 - 580 (2010)

The catalytic properties of CuXn/N-ligands (X=Cl, Br and I; n = 1 or 2) in oxidative carbonylation ofmethanolwere investigated. It was found that the interaction of halogen anions, N-ligands and Cu (I) affected the catalytic performance of copper complex catalyst in the reaction, especially iodide anion and 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen). When CuI/Phen was used as a catalyst, the conversion of methanol was 42.6%, the selectivity to dimethyl carbonate was 99.2% and the TOF was 13.1 h-1 at an optimized conditions: CuI/Phen 0.2 mol l-1, 120 °C, 2 h, 2.4 MPa, PCO/PO2 = 2:1. Compared with the plain CuI catalyst, the catalytic activity of CuI/Phen increased about 36 times.When CuI/Phen catalystwas immobilized on polystyrene (PS), the heterogenized catalyst,CuI/Phen-NH-PS, also exhibited veryhigh catalytic activity in oxidative carbonylation. The CuI/Phen - NH - PS catalyst remained its high catalytic activity even after seven recycles. The average weight loss of CuI/Phen - NH - PS after reaction was less than 1.0%, and the leaching of copper was only about 0.15% in each recycling test. Copyright

Efficient ceria-zirconium oxide catalyst for carbon dioxide conversions: Characterization, catalytic activity and thermodynamic study

Kumar, Praveen,With, Patrick,Srivastava, Vimal Chandra,Gl?ser, Roger,Mishra, Indra Mani

, p. 718 - 726 (2017)

In this study, ceria-zirconia based catalysts (CeO2, ZrO2and Ce0.5Zr0.5O2) were synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by N2-sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Acidity and basicity of synthesized catalysts were investigated by NH3[sbnd] and CO2[sbnd] temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of CeO2, Ce0.5Zr0.5O2and ZrO2were found to be 88, 117 and 70?m2?g?1and average crystallite sizes was 9.48, 7.09 and 9.45?nm, respectively. These catalysts were further used for direct conversion of CO2with methanol for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC). DMC yield was found to be highly dependent upon the both basicity and acidity of catalysts. Ce0.5Zr0.5O2catalysts showed better activity as compared to CeO2and ZrO2catalysts. Effect of reaction conditions (such as catalyst dose, reaction temperature and reaction time) and catalyst reusability was studied with Ce0.5Zr0.5O2catalyst. The optimum operating condition for direct conversion of CO2into DMC at constant pressure of 150 bar were found to be reaction time?=?24?h, catalyst dose?=?1.25?g and temperature?=?120?°C. Moreover, chemical equilibrium modeling was performed using Peng–Robinson–Stryjek–Vera equation of state (PRSV-EoS) along with the van der Waals one-fluid (1PVDW) mixing rule to calculate the heat of reaction and Gibbs free energy change.

Carbon dioxide conversion to dimethyl carbonate: The effect of silica as support for SnO2 and ZrO2 catalysts

Ballivet-Tkatchenko, Danielle,Dos Santos, Jo?o H.Z.,Philippot, Karine,Vasireddy, Sivakumar

, p. 780 - 785 (2011)

Abundant in nature, CO2 poses few health hazards and consequently is a promising alternative to phosgene feedstock according with the principles of Green Chemistry and Engineering. The synthesis organic carbonates from CO2 instead of phosgene is highly challenging as CO2 is much less reactive. As part of our ongoing research on the investigation of catalysts for dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis from methanol and CO 2, we herein report results aimed at comparing the catalytic behavior of new SnO2-based catalysts with that of ZrO2. Silica-supported SnO2 and ZrO2 exhibit turnover numbers which are an order of magnitude higher than those of the unsupported oxides. Tin-based catalysts also promote methanol dehydration which makes them less selective than the zirconium analogues. Last but not least, comparison with soluble Bu2Sn(OCH3)2 highlights the superiority of the organometallic precursor for achieving 100% selectivity to DMC but it deactivates by intermolecular rearrangement into polynuclear tin species.

Dimethyl carbonate production via the oxidative carbonylation of methanol over Cu/SiO2 catalysts prepared via molecular precursor grafting and chemical vapor deposition approaches

Drake, Ian J.,Fujdala, Kyle L.,Bell, Alexis T.,Tilley, T. Don

, p. 14 - 27 (2005)

The influence of catalyst synthesis method and Cu source on the activity and selectivity of Cu/SiO2 catalysts for the gas-phase oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is reported. [CuOSi(O tBu)3]4, [CuO tBu]4, and CuCl were used as precursors to produce highly dispersed silica-supported copper. XANES and EXAFS characterization prior to reaction (but after thermal treatment under He) showed that Cu in the catalysts prepared with CuCl and [CuOSi(O tBu)3]4 was present primarily as isolated Cu(I) species, whereas [CuO tBu]4 produced 1-nm Cu particles. During the catalytic reaction, the Cu in catalysts prepared from CuCl and [CuOSi(O tBu)3]4 formed highly dispersed CuO moieties, whereas the Cu in catalysts prepared from [CuO tBu]4 formed a cuprous oxide layer over a Cu(0) core. For comparison, poorly dispersed Cu on silica was prepared via traditional incipient wetness impregnation with Cu(NO3)2. It was found that activity for DMC formation increased with increasing Cu dispersion. The selectivity for DMC formation (relative to CO) decreased with decreasing Cu dispersion when the original state of the Cu was Cu(0) directly preceding reaction conditions.

Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from propylene carbonate and methanol over Y2O3/CeO2-La2O3 catalysts

Song, Ji Hwan,Jun, Jin Oh,Kang, Ki Hyuk,Han, Seung Ju,Yoo, Jaekyeong,Park, Seungwon,Kim, Do Heui,Song, In Kyu

, p. 10810 - 10815 (2016)

A series of CeO2(1 - X)-La2O3(X) (X = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) mixed metal oxide catalysts with different La2O3 molar ratio (X) were prepared by a citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. The catalysts were applied to the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) via transesterification of propylene carbonate with methanol. Among these catalysts, it was found that CeO2(0.85)-La2O3(0.15) catalyst showed the highest DMC yield. To improve the catalytic performance of CeO2(0.85)-La2O3(0.15), different amount of Y2O3 was introduced onto CeO2(0.85)-La2O3(0.15) by an incipient wetness impregnation method. The prepared XY2O3/CeO2(0.85)-La2O3(0.15) (X = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 wt%) catalysts were then applied to the synthesis of DMC from propylene carbonate and methanol. Basicity of the catalysts was measured by CO2-TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) experiments to investigate the effect of basicity on the catalytic performance. A correlation between basicity and catalytic performance demonstrated that basicity of the catalyst played an important role in the transesterification of propylene carbonate with methanol. Yield for DMC increased with increasing basicity of the catalyst. Among the catalysts tested, 9Y2O3/CeO2(0.85)-La2O3(0.15) catalyst with the largest basicity showed the highest DMC yield.

Oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate (DMC): a new catalytic system

Delledonne, Daniele,Rivetti, Franco,Romano, Ugo

, p. C15 - C19 (1995)

Oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethylcarbonate catalysed by cobalt complexes is reported.Cobalt complexes with oxygen and or nitrogen donor ligands such as carboxylate, acetylacetonate, picolinate and Schiff bases are suitable catalysts.The oxidative carbonylation of methanol catalysed by cobalt complexes which has never been reported, affords dimethylcarbonate with remarkably high selectivities.Of the cobalt complexes, those with Schiff bases show the highest reactivity.The influence of co-solvents was also examined.Keywords: Cobalt; Carbonylation; Methanol; Catalysis; Dimethyl carbonate

Graphene supported Cu nanoparticles as catalysts for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate: Effect of carbon black intercalation

Shi, Ruina,Ren, Meijiao,Li, Haixia,Zhao, Jinxian,Liu, Shusen,Li, Zhong,Ren, Jun

, p. 257 - 268 (2018)

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) intercalated with a carbon black (CB) supported copper catalyst (Cu/rGO-CB) was employed in the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) via liquid-phase oxidative carbonylation of methanol. The conversion of methanol and the space-time yield of DMC (STYDMC) over Cu/rGO-CB reached 5.6% and 2757 mg/(g h), higher than over a Cu/rGO catalyst, 4.7% and 2334 mg/(g h), respectively. The characterization indicates that CB particles, acting as spacers, ensured the high utilization of graphene layers and enhanced the interaction between Cu and the support, and the oxygen containing groups on the surface of CB play an important role in stabilizing Cu clusters. In comparison with Cu/rGO, the loss of copper concentration in Cu/rGO-CB is significantly decreased, from 15.37% to 1.96%. Catalyst reusability tests show that Cu/rGO-CB could be reused five times without almost any catalytic activity loss, implying distinct enhanced catalytic stability compared to the Cu/rGO catalyst.

Phosphinite-Ni(0) Mediated Formation of a Phosphide-Ni(II)-OCOOMe Species via Uncommon Metal-Ligand Cooperation

Kim, Yeong-Eun,Oh, Seohee,Kim, Seji,Kim, Onnuri,Kim, Jin,Han, Sang Woo,Lee, Yunho

, p. 4280 - 4283 (2015)

Reversible transformations are observed between a phosphide-nickel(II) alkoxide and a phosphinite-nickel(0) species via a P-O bond formation coupled with a 2-e- redox change at the nickel center. In the forward reaction, the nickel(0) dinitrogen species (PPOMeP)Ni(N2) (2) and {(PPOMeP)Ni}2(μ-N2) (3) were formed from the reaction of (PPP)NiCl (1) with a methoxy anion. In the backward reaction, a (PPP)Ni(II) moiety was regenerated from the CO2 reaction of 3 with the concomitant formation of a methyl carbonate ligand in (PPP)Ni(OCOOMe) (7). Thus, unanticipated metal-ligand cooperation involving a phosphide based ligand is reported.

Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from ethylene carbonate and methanol using TS-1 as solid base catalyst

Tatsumi,Watanabe,Koyano

, p. 2281 - 2282 (1996)

The titanium silicate molecular sieve, TS-1, exchanged with an aqueous solution of K2CO3 is an excellent heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate by an ester exchange reaction between ethylene carbonate and methanol.

PREPARATION OF DIMETHYL CARBONATE FROM METHANOL AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF Sn(IV) and Ti(IV) ALKOXIDES AND METAL ACETATES

Kizlink, Juraj,Pastucha, Ivan

, p. 687 - 692 (1995)

The synthesis of dimethyl carbonate by the reaction of methanol with carbon dioxide in the presence of metal alkoxides and metal carboxylates was studied.The best results have been achieved with Ti(IV) and Sn(IV) alkoxides which at 130 to 180 deg C and low CO2 pressures yield dimethyl carbonate in 30 to 100 mole percent or 40 to 130 mole percent yields with respect to the metal alkoxides, depending on the carbon dioxide (gaseous and solid one, respectively).The yields can be further increased up to 70-190 mole percent and 90-270 mole percent, respectively, by the use of chemical scavengers of the reaction water.

Spectro-Electrochemical Examination of the Formation of Dimethyl Carbonate from CO and Methanol at Different Electrode Materials

Figueiredo, Marta C.,Trieu, Vinh,Eiden, Stefanie,Koper, Marc T.M.

, p. 14693 - 14698 (2017)

In this work, we report a fundamental mechanistic study of the electrochemical oxidative carbonylation of methanol with CO for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate on metallic electrodes at low overpotentials. For the first time, the reaction was shown to take place on the metallic catalysts without need of oxidized metals or additives. Moreover, in-situ spectroelectrochemical techniques were applied to this electrosynthesis reaction in order to reveal the reaction intermediates and to shed light into the reaction mechanism. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy was used with different electrode materials (Au, Pd, Pt, and Ag) to assess the effect of the electrode material on the reaction and the dependence of products and intermediates on the applied potentials. It was observed that the dimethyl carbonate is only formed when the electrode is able to decompose/oxidize MeOH to form (adsorbed) methoxy groups that can further react with CO to dimethyl carbonate. Furthermore, the electrode needs to adsorb CO not too strongly; otherwise, further reaction will be inhibited because of surface poisoning by CO.

La-modified mesoporous Mg-Al mixed oxides: Effective and stable base catalysts for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methyl carbamate and methanol

Wang, Dengfeng,Zhang, Xuelan,Ma, Jie,Yu, Haiwen,Shen, Jingzhu,Wei, Wei

, p. 1530 - 1545 (2016)

A series of La-containing Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like (HTl) precursors with different La contents (Mg2+:Al3+:La3+ = 3:1:x, where x varies from 0 to 1.0) were synthesized using a co-precipitation method followed by hydrothermal treatment. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric measurements demonstrated that the yield of the HTl phase decreased with increasing La content. The La-modified Mg-Al mixed oxides (HTC-La) were then obtained by thermal decomposition of the corresponding HTl precursors, and the mesoporous structure was formed during calcination. It was demonstrated that the structure and surface basic properties of the HTC-La samples strongly depended on the amount of La additive. Simultaneously, the resulting HTC-La materials were used as solid base catalysts for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methyl carbamate (MC) and methanol. Then, the correlation between their basic properties and catalytic performance was studied in detail. The incorporation of a suitable amount of La into HTC-La catalysts was beneficial for the production of DMC, and a DMC yield of 54.3% with a high DMC selectivity of 80.9% could be achieved when x was tuned to 0.5 under the optimized reaction conditions. In addition, the HTC-La catalyst could be readily recycled while maintaining high catalytic activity and selectivity for DMC. Furthermore, in situ FTIR experiments were carried out to elucidate the adsorption behaviours of the reactants. On the basis of the experimental results, a plausible basic catalytic mechanism wherein MC and methanol were activated simultaneously on the basic sites of the catalyst was proposed for this catalytic reaction.

The promotion and stabilization effects of surface nitrogen containing groups of CNT on cu-based nanoparticles in the oxidative carbonylation reaction

Zhang, Guoqiang,Zhao, Dan,Yan, Junfen,Jia, Dongsen,Zheng, Huayan,Mi, Jie,Li, Zhong

, p. 18 - 29 (2019)

N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs)with different contents of N were prepared by pre-oxidation and subsequent N-doping strategy and employed as the supports to fabricate Cu-based catalysts for oxidative carbonylation of methanol. The supports and their corresponding catalysts were characterized thoroughly by BET, XPS, XRD, H2-TPR, TEM, N2O chemisorption, CO-TPD, CH3OH-TPD and ICP-OES measurements. It is found that the increase of oxygen containing groups generated by pre-oxidation can effectively improve the content of the nitrogen containing groups during the subsequent N-doping process. The nitrogen containing groups, especially the pyridine N groups, serving as the preferred anchoring site, significantly promotes the dispersion of Cu species. With the increased content of N from 0 to 5.2%, the dispersion of Cu species increases from 11.0 to 21.6% and the space time yield of DMC increases from 150.5 to 1789.6 mg g?1h?1. Moreover, the incorporation of nitrogen containing groups enhances the interaction between Cu species and CNT support, which suppresses the auto-reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ and Cu0, while improves the anti-agglomeration, anti-oxidation and anti-leaching properties of Cu species. From the perspective of stability, the space time yield of DMC for Cu/CNT decreases from 150.5 to 86.9 mg g?1 h?1 after four consecutive runs, while that of Cu/NCNT200 slightly decreases from 1789.6 to 1557.9 mg g?1 h?1, and the declined degrees are 42.3% and 12.9%, respectively. The superior dispersion, anti-agglomeration, anti-oxidation and anti-leaching properties of Cu species as well as the promotion effect of pyridine N groups are contributed to the increased activity and stability of the Cu/NCNT200 catalyst.

Template-derived carbon: An unexpected promoter for the creation of strong basicity on mesoporous silica

Sun, Lin-Bing,Liu, Xiao-Yan,Li, Ai-Guo,Liu, Xiao-Dan,Liu, Xiao-Qin

, p. 11192 - 11195 (2014)

Template-derived carbon is demonstrated to effectively promote the creation of strong basicity on mesoporous silica, for the first time. New materials owning ordered mesoporous structure, strong basicity, and excellent catalytic activity are thus successfully constructed at low temperatures, which are impossible to achieve using conventional methods.

Kinetics of dimethyl carbonate synthesis from methanol and carbon dioxide over ZrO2-MgO catalyst in the presence of butylene oxide as additive

Eta, Valerie,M?ki-Arvela, P?ivi,W?rn, Johan,Salmi, Tapio,Mikkola, Jyri-Pekka,Murzin, Dmitry Yu.

, p. 39 - 46 (2011)

A kinetic investigation of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis from methanol and CO2 over ZrO2-MgO was performed by using butylene oxide as a chemical trap for the water formed during the reaction. The effect of the catalyst amount, the stirring speed, the temperature, as well as the amount of butylene oxide on the reaction rate and the selectivity to DMC was studied. The analysis of the reaction pathway suggests that DMC and butylene glycol are formed via the reaction of adsorbed mono-methoxycarbonate intermediate and methoxybutanol or methanol. A kinetic model was developed based on the reaction mechanism and it was in agreement with the experimental data. The apparent activation energy for the formation of DMC was 62 kJ/mol.

Selective carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate by gas-liquid-solid-phase boundary electrolysis

Yamanaka, Ichiro,Funakawa, Akiyasu,Otsuka, Kiyoshi

, p. 448 - 449 (2002)

Selective and efficient electrochemical carbonylation of MeOH to DMC was performed over PdCl2/VGCF (vapor grown carbon fiber) anode by utilizing the three-phase boundary electrolysis at 1 atm (CO) and 298 K.

Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate by Electrolytic Carbonylation of Methanol in the Gas Phase

Otsuka, Kiyoshi,Yagi, Toshikazu,Yamanaka, Ichiro

, p. 495 - 498 (1994)

Electrolytic carbonylation of methanol has been attempted in the gas phase under atmospheric pressure at 343 K. The graphites added with PdCl2 and CuCl2 are favorable anodes for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The formation of DMC occurs at a lower applied voltage than that for dimethoxy methane and methyl formate. However, a considerable CO2 formation accompanies the DMC formation.

NiO/CeO2-ZnO nano-catalysts for direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide

Kang, Ki Hyuk,Lee, Chang Hoon,Kim, Dong Baek,Jang, Boknam,Song, In Kyu

, p. 8693 - 8698 (2014)

XNiO/CeO2(0.7)-ZnO(0.3) (X =0, 1, 5, 10, and 15) nano-catalysts were prepared by a wet impregnation method with a variation of NiO content (X, wt%). The prepared catalysts were then applied to the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. Successful formation of XNiO/CeO2(0.7)-ZnO(0.3) nano-catalysts was confirmed by XRD and ICP-AES analyses. Acidity and basicity of XNiO/CeO2-ZnO were measured by NH3-TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) and CO2-TPD experiments, respectively, with an aim of elucidating the effect of acidity and basicity of the catalysts on the catalytic performance in the reaction. It was revealed that the catalytic activity of XNiO/CeO2(0.7)-ZnO(0.3) was closely related to both acidity and basicity of the catalysts. The amount of dimethyl carbonate produced over XNiO/CeO2(0.7)-ZnO(0.3) increased with increasing acidity and basicity of the catalysts. Thus, both acidity and basicity of the catalysts played important roles in determining the catalytic performance in the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide.

CuCl catalyst heterogenized on diamide immobilized SBA-15 for efficient oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethylcarbonate

Cao, Yong,Hu, Jun-Cheng,Yang, Ping,Dai, Wei-Lin,Fan

, p. 908 - 909 (2003)

CuCl has been successfully immobilized on a novel diamide modified SBA-15, and proven to be an efficient heterogenized catalyst for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethylcarbonate.

The Influence of Iron Group Promoters on the Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate over CuY Catalysts Prepared via Modified Vapor Impregnation Method

Yuchun Wang,Liu, Zhaorong,Tan, Chao,Sun, Hong,Li, Zhong

, p. 705 - 712 (2021/04/22)

Abstract: CuY and CuMY (M = Fe, Co, Ni) catalysts were prepared by modified vapor impregnation using cupric acetylacetonate as copper source and M acetylacetonate as promoter. The catalysts were evaluated in heterogeneous catalytic vapor phase oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The catalyst samples were analyzed by XRD, H2-TPR, XPS, CO-TPD, and NH3?TPD, and their catalytic performance was assessed in a fixed-bed reactor. The experimental results indicate that all introduced species were well dispersed on zeolite Y, and the addition of iron group promoters have effect on the Cu+ contents, acidity and CO adsorption-desorption performance. Finally the influence of various promoters was examined with the aim of increasing space-time yield of DMC from methanol. Space-time yield of DMC was increased with the addition of iron group promoters in the order Fe? Co Ni, but the selectivity follows the order of Fe Ni Co, respectively.

Urea-Functionalized Swelling Poly(ionic liquid)s as Efficient Catalysts for the Transesterification and Hydrolysis of Ethylene Carbonate

Hu, Hao,Wang, Xin,Chen, Bihua,Gao, Guohua

, p. 3945 - 3952 (2021/07/31)

Urea-functionalized poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) were synthesized through polymerization of urea tethered imidazolium ionic liquid monomers (urea-IL) with sodium acrylate, and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. Close-packed and interconnected pores (1–4 (Formula presented.)) under swollen state could be observed from the cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) images. The promising catalytic activity of the PILs was illustrated for the transesterification reaction of ethylene carbonate with methanol. High activity and selectivity could be achieved by using poly(urea-IL)-n catalysts, which was similar to that of corresponding homogeneous ionic liquid catalysts. The urea tethered imidazolium in PILs acted as hydrogen-bonding donor to activate ethylene carbonate and intermediate 2-hydroxyethyl methyl carbonate (HEMC) for enhancing catalytic activity. The swelling ability of urea-functionalized PILs in methanol enabled active urea sites accessible for substrates. However, the complete conversion of ethylene carbonate was limited by reversible reaction between ethylene carbonate and HEMC. A possible synergistic activation mechanism for the transesterification reaction was proposed and supported by NMR titrations. The catalyst can be reused and recycled five times with stable activity. Furthermore, urea-functionalized swelling PILs also exhibited high catalytic activity for the hydrolysis of ethylene carbonate.

Preparation method of dialkyl carbonate

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Paragraph 0051-0079, (2021/05/01)

The invention relates to a preparation method of dialkyl carbonate. The method comprises the following steps: by using cyclic carbonate and monohydric alcohol as raw materials, carrying out transesterification under the catalysis of triazole onium ionic liquid to obtain the dialkyl carbonate. According to the brand-new method for preparing the dialkyl carbonate, the cyclic carbonate and the monohydric alcohol are catalyzed by using the triazolium ionic liquid to be subjected to transesterification to obtain the dialkyl carbonate, and the dialkyl carbonate prepared by using the method has relatively high selectivity and conversion rate; and the selectivity of the obtained dialkyl carbonate can reach 99.5%. Compared with a method for preparing dialkyl carbonate in the prior art, the triazolium ionic liquid catalyst used in the invention has the advantages of high catalytic efficiency, high stability, no need of other solvents or cocatalysts, mild reaction conditions and the like, and has high industrial application value.

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