7439-89-6 Usage
Chemical Description
Iron is a metallic element used in many industries, including construction and manufacturing.
History
Different sources of media describe the History of 7439-89-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Iron has been known to mankind from early civilization. In fact, a period of history, the “iron age,” is named for the widespread use of this metal. For almost a thousand years, it remained as the single most-used metal, and its use in mechanization made the industrial revolution possible.
Iron, after oxygen, silicon and aluminum, is the fourth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is the prime constituent of earth’s core along with nickel. Its abundance in the crust is 5.63%. Its concentration in the seawater is about 0.002mg/L. The principal ores of iron are hematite, Fe2O3; pyrite, Fe2S2; ilmenite, FeTiO3; magnetite, Fe3O4; siderite, Fe2CO3; and limonite [FeO(OH)]. It also is found in a number of minerals, such as corundum, as an impurity. It also is found in meteorites.
Iron occurs in every mammalian cell and is vital for life processes. It is bound to various proteins and found in blood and tissues. The iron-porphyrin or heme proteins include hemoglobin, myoglobin and various heme enzymes, such as cytochromes and peroxidases. Also, it occurs in non heme compounds, such as ferritin, siderophilin, and hemosiderin. Hemoglobin, found in the red blood cells, is responsible for transport of oxygen to the tissue cells and constitutes about two-thirds (mass) of all iron present in the human body. An adult human may contain about 4 to 6 grams of iron.
2. Iron is a relatively abundant element in the universe. It is found in the sun and many types of stars in considerable quantity. It has been suggested that the iron we have here on Earth may have originated in a supernova. Iron is a very difficult element to produce in ordinary nuclear reactions, such as would take place in the sun. Iron is found native as a principal component of a class of iron–nickel meteorites known as siderites, and is a minor constituent of the other two classes of meteorites. The core of the Earth, 2150 miles in radius, is thought to be largely composed of iron with about 10% occluded hydrogen. The metal is the fourth most abundant element, by weight, making up the crust of the Earth. The most common ore is hematite (Fe2O3). Magnetite (Fe3O4) is frequently seen as black sands along beaches and banks of streams. Lodestone is another form of magnetite. Taconite is becoming increasingly important as a commercial ore. Iron is a vital constituent of plant and animal life, and appears in hemoglobin. The pure metal is not often encountered in commerce, but is usually alloyed with carbon or other metals. The pure metal is very reactive chemically, and rapidly corrodes, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures. It has four allotropic forms,or ferrites, known as α, β, γ, and δ, with transition points at 700, 928, and 1530°C. The α form is magnetic, but when transformed into the β form, the magnetism disappears although the lattice remains unchanged. The relations of these forms are peculiar. Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3% carbon with varying amounts of S, Si, Mn, and P. It is hard, brittle, fairly fusible, and is used to produce other alloys, including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of carbon, is tough, malleable, less fusible, and usually has a “fibrous” structure. Carbon steel is an alloy of iron with carbon, with small amounts of Mn, S, P, and Si. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, etc. Iron is the cheapest and most abundant, useful, and important of all metals. Natural iron contains four isotopes. Twenty-six other isotopes and isomers, all radioactive, are now recognized.
Chemical properties
Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth’s crust (5%). It is a transition metal and is placed within the d-block of the periodic table and naturally occurs coordinated with other elements. It is mainly extracted from hematite (Fe2O3) and limonite (Fe2O3·3H2O), although other ores, such as magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3), and taconite (an iron silicate), are also the key sources. Iron is used principally for structural materials, primarily steel, an iron carbon alloy. It is also used in magnets, dyes, pigments, abrasives, and polishing compounds (e.g., jeweler’s rouge).
Reduced iron is elemental iron obtained by a chemical process in the form of a grayish black powder, all of which should pass through a 100-mesh sieve. It is lusterless or has not more than a slight luster. When viewed under a microscope having a magnifying power of 100 diameters, it appears as an amorphous powder, free from particles having a crystalline structure. It is stable in dry air.
Content analysis
Accurately weigh approximately 200 mg of the sample and transfer it into a 300 ml Erlenmeyer flask, add 50 ml of a dilute sulfuric acid solution (TS-241). Use a plug containing a Bunsen valve (the production method is to insert a glass tube connected with a short segment of rubber tube to the plug. The side of the rubber tube has a long slit while the other side is inserted of a glass rod so that the gas can escape and the air can’t enter). The solution was heated on a steam bath to dissolve the iron. After cooling, dilute with 50 ml of freshly boiled and cooled water. Add 2 drops of the test solution (TS-162) to 0.1 mol/L
Apply cerium sulfate titration to until the red color becomes light blue color. Each ml of 0.1mol/L of high cerium sulfate are equivalent to 5.585 mg of iron (Fe).
The method is the same as that of "reduced iron (01219)”.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 7439-89-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Industrial uses of iron as carbon steels are numerous and surpass any 410 IRONother alloys. Carbon steels are alloys of iron containing carbon in varying proportions, usually up to 1.7% carbon. Other metals also are incorporated into carbon steels to produce low-alloy steels. Such metals are usually nickel and chromium and are classified as stainless steel, tool steels, and heat-resistant steels. Non-steel iron alloys such as cast iron, wrought iron, nickel iron and silicon iron also have many important applications. Another important application of iron is as an industrial catalyst. It is used in catalyst compositions in the Haber process for synthesis of ammonia, and in Fischer-Tropsch process for producing synthetic gasoline.The followings are some examples of common applications:
pharmaceuticals, pesticides, powder metallurgy and so on;
as a hot hydrogen generator, gel propellant, combustion activator, catalyst, water cleaning adsorbent, sintered active agent, etc;used for powder metallurgy products, all kinds of mechanical parts and components products, cemented carbide products, etc;
as a reducing agent as well as being used for iron salt manufacturing and electronics industry;
as nutritional supplements (iron fortifier),for casting,or as reducing agent;
in the electronics industry, powder metallurgy.
2. Iron is a mineral used in food fortification that is necessary for the
prevention of anemia, which reduces the hemoglobin concentra-
tion and thus the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues. sources
include ferric ammonium sulfate, chloride, fructose, glycerophos-
phate, nitrate, phosphate, pyrophosphate and ferrous ammonium
sulfate, citrate, sulfate, and sodium iron edta. the ferric form (fe3+)
is iron in the highest valence state and the ferrous form (fe2+) is iron
in a lower valence state. the iron source should not discolor or add
taste and should be stable. iron powders produce low discoloration
and rancidity. it is used for fortification in flour, baked goods, pasta,
and cereal products.
3. Smelting of iron from its ore occurs in a blast furnace where carbon (coke) and limestoneare heated with the ore that results in the iron in the ore being reduced and converted tomolten iron, called “pig iron.” Melted pig iron still contains some carbon and silicon as wellas some other impurities as it collects in the bottom of the furnace with molten slag floatingatop the iron. Both are tapped and drained off. This process can be continuous since moreingredients can be added as the iron and slag are removed from the bottom of the furnace.This form of iron is not very useful for manufacturing products, given that it is brittle andnot very strong.One of the major advances in the technology of iron smelting was the development of theBessemer process by Henry Bessemer (1813–1898). In this process, compressed air or oxygenis forced through molten pig iron to oxidize (burn out) the carbon and other impurities. Steelis then produced in a forced oxygen furnace, where carbon is dissolved in the iron at very hightemperatures. Variations of hardness and other characteristics of steel can be achieved with theaddition of alloys and by annealing, quench hardening, and tempering the steel.Powder metallurgy (sintering) is the process whereby powdered iron or other metals arecombined together at high pressure without high heat to fit molded forms. This process is usedto produce homogenous (uniform throughout) metal parts.One of the most useful characteristics of iron is its natural magnetism, which it loses athigh temperatures. Magnetism can also be introduced into iron products by electrical induction. Magnets of all sizes and shapes are used in motors, atom smashers, CT scanners, and TV and computer screens, toname a few uses. Super magnets can be formed by addingother elements (see cobalt) tohigh-quality iron.Iron is an important element making up hemoglobinin the blood, which carriesoxygen to the cells of ourbodies. It is also very important as a trace element inthe diet, assisting with theoxidation of foods to produce energy. We need about10 to 18 milligrams of ironeach day, as a trace mineral.Iron is found in liver andmeat products, eggs, shellfish, green leafy vegetables,peas, beans, and whole graincereals. Iron deficiency maycause anemia (low red bloodcell count), weakness, fatigue,headaches, and shortness ofbreath. Excess iron in thediet can cause liver damage,but this is a rare condition.
4. Pure iron is very much a laboratory material and finds no great industrial use.
Production Methods
Different sources of media describe the Production Methods of 7439-89-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Most iron produced today is from its oxide minerals, hematite and magnetite. The process involves reducing mineral iron with carbon in a blast furIRON 411nace. There are several types of blast furnaces which vary in design and dimensions. The overall processes, however, are more or less the same. One such process is outlined below:
The mixture of ore, coke and limestone is fed into the blast furnace from the top. The materials are preheated to about 200°C in the top most zone. Hematite is partially reduced to magnetite and then to FeO by the ascending stream of carbon monoxide formed at the bottom and mid zones of the furnace resulting from high temperature oxidation of carbon. The ferrous oxide FeO formed at the top zone is reduced to metallic iron at about 700°C in the mid zone by carbon monoxide. A hot air blast at 900°C passes through the entire furnace for a very short time (usually for a few seconds). This prevents any gassolid reaction product from reaching equilibrium. In the temperature zone 700 to 1,200°C ferrous oxide is completely reduced to iron metal by carbon monoxide. Also, more CO is formed by oxidation of carbon by carbon dioxide. Further down the furnace at higher temperatures, around 1,500°C, iron melts, dripping down into the bottom. Also, in this temperature zone acidic silica particles react with basic calcium oxide produced from the decomposition of limestone, producing calcium silicate. The molten waste calcium silicate also drips down into the bottom. In the hottest zone of the blast furnace, between 1,500 to 2,000°C, some carbon dissolves into the molten iron. Also at these temperatures any remaining silicates and phosphates are reduced to silicon and phosphorus, and dissolve into the molten iron. Additionally, other tract metals such as manganese dissolve into the molten iron. The impure iron melt containing about 3 to 4% carbon is called “pig iron”. At the bottom, the molten waste slag floats over the impure pig iron melt that is heavier than the slag melt and immiscible with it. Pig iron is separated from the slag and purified for making different types of steel.
Chemical reactions and processes occurring in various temperature zones of blast furnace are summarized below:
Pig iron produced in the blast furnace is purified and converted to steel in a separate furnace, known as a basic-oxygen furnace. Jets of pure oxygen gas at high pressure are blown over and through the pig iron melt. Metal impurities are converted into oxides. Part of the dissolved carbon in the impure iron melt is converted into carbon dioxide gas. Formation of SiO2, CO2, and other metal oxides are exothermic reactions that raise the temperature to sustain the melt. A lime flux (CaO) also is added into the melt, which converts silica into calcium silicate, CaSiO3, and phosphorus into calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, forming a molten slag immiscible with molten steel. The lighter molten slag is decanted from the heavier molten steel.
2. Iron ore reserves are found worldwide. Areas with more than
1 billion metric tons of reserves include Australia, China,
Brazil, Canada, the United States, Venezuela, South Africa,
India, the former Soviet Union, Gabon, France, Spain,
Sweden, and Algeria. The ore exists in varying grades,
ranging from 20 to 70% iron content. North America has
been fortunate in its ore deposits. There are commercially
usable quantities in 22 U.S. states and in six Canadian
provinces. In the United States the most abundant supplies,
discovered in the early 1890s, are located in the Lake Superior
region around the Mesabi Range. Other large deposits are
found in Alabama, Utah, Texas, California, Pennsylvania,
and New York. These deposits, particularly the Mesabi
Range reserves, seemed inexhaustible in the 1930s when
an average of 30 million tons of ore was produced annually
from that one range. The tremendous demand for iron ore
duringWorldWar II virtually tripled the output of the Mesabi
Range and severely depleted its deposits of high-grade ore.
The major domestic (U.S.) production is nowfrom crude iron
ore, mainly taconite, a low-grade ore composed chiefly of
hematite [FeO(OH) ·H2O] and silica found in the Great
Lakes region.
Mining
China pyrrhotite-type sulfur pyrite mine has less of mining hills resources. Take the MinXi mine in the DaTian City, Fujian Province and Zhangjiagou mine in Dandong City, Liaoning Province as the representatives; both of them are underground mining mines. The former applies the Housing pile mining method while the later one uses the section mining method. The pit mining process is the same as the method of "phosphate rock." Beneficiation methods include flotation process and flotation-magnetic combined process.
Toxicity
Iron Powder: GRAS (FDA, § 184.1375, 2000); Inhalation of dust can cause pneumoconiosis. Operation personnel should wear overall, wear dust masks and other labor insurance products. Production equipment should be closed, the workshop should be well-ventilated. Be sure to pay attention to dust protection.
Description
Carbonyl iron is elemental iron produced by the decomposition of
iron pentacarbonyl as a dark gray powder. When viewed under a
microscope having a magnifying power of 500 diameters or
greater, it appears as spheres built up with concentric shells. It is
stable in dry air.
Chemical Properties
Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 7439-89-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Silver-white malleable metal. The only metal that can be tempered. Mechanical properties are altered by impurities, especially carbon.Iron is highly reactive chemically, a strong reducing agent, oxidizes readily in moist air, reacts
with steam when hot, t
2. Pure iron is a silvery-white, rather soft metal which is both malleable and ductile at room
temperature. Its physical properties, however, are profoundly altered by the presence of
trace amounts of other elements, and since pure iron finds little industrial use, the physical properties of the numerous steels are in many respects more important.
Physical properties
Pure iron is a silvery-white, hard, but malleable and ductile metal that can be worked andforged into many different shapes, such as rods, wires, sheets, ingots, pipes, framing, and soon. Pure iron is reactive and forms many compounds with other elements. It is an excellentreducing agent. It oxidizes (rusts) in water and moist air and is highly reactive with most acids,releasing hydrogen from the acid. One of its main properties is that it can be magnetized andretain a magnetic field.The iron with a valence of 2 is referred to as “ferrous” in compounds (e.g., ferrous chloride= FeCl2). When the valence is 3, it is called “ferric” (e.g., ferric chloride = FeCl3).Iron’s melting point is 1,535°C, its boiling point is 2,750°C, and its density is 7.873g/cm3.
Isotopes
There are 30 isotopes of iron ranging from Fe-45 to Fe-72. The following arethe four stable isotopes with the percentage of their contribution to the element’s naturalexistence on Earth: Fe-54 = 5.845%, Fe-56 = 91.72%, Fe-57 = 2.2%, and Fe-58 =0.28%. It might be noted that Fe-54 is radioactive but is considered stable because ithas such a long half-life (3.1×10+22 years). The other isotopes are radioactive and areproduced artificially. Their half-lives range from 150 nanoseconds to 1×105 years.
Origin of Name
The name “iron” or “iren” is Anglo-Saxon, and the symbol for iron (Fe)
is from ferrum, the Latin word for iron.
Occurrence
Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth s crust (about 5%) and is the ninth most abundant element found in the sun and stars in the universe. The core of the Earth is believed to consist of two layers, or spheres, of iron. The inner core is thought to be molten iron and nickel mixture, and the outer core is a transition phase of iron with the molten magma of the Earth s mantle. Iron s two oxide compounds (ferrous(II) oxide FeO) and (ferric(III) oxide Fe2O3) are the third and seventh most abundant compounds found in the Earth s crust. The most common ore of iron is hematite that appears as black sand on beaches or black seams when exposed in the ground. Small amounts of iron and iron alloys with nickel and cobalt were found in meteorites (siderite) by early humans. This limited supply was used to shape tools and crude weapons. Even though small amounts of iron compounds and alloys are found in nature (iron is not found in its pure metallic state in nature), early humans did not know how to extract iron from ores until well after they knew how to smelt gold, tin, and copper ores. From these metals, they then developed bronze alloy thus the Bronze Age (about 8000 BCE). There are several grades of iron ores, including hematite (brown ferric oxide) and limonite (red ferric oxide). Other ores are pyrites, chromite, magnetite, siderite, and low-grade taconite. Magnetite (Fe3O4) is the magnetic iron mineral/ore found in South Africa, Sweden, and parts of the United States. The lodestone, a form of magnetite, is a natural magnet. Iron ores are found in many countries. Iron is found throughout most of the universe, in most of the stars, and in our sun, and it probably exists on the other planets of our solar system.
Characteristics
Iron is the only metal that can be tempered (hardened by heating, then quenching in wateror oil). Iron can become too hard and develop stresses and fractures. This can be corrected byannealing, a process that heats the iron again and then holds it at that temperature until thestresses are eliminated. Iron is a good conductor of electricity and heat. It is easily magnetized,but its magnetic properties are lost at high temperatures. Iron has four allotropic states. Thealpha form exists at room temperatures, while the other three allotropic forms exist at varyinghigher temperatures.Iron is the most important construction metal. It can be alloyed with many other metals tomake a great variety of specialty products. Its most important alloy is steel.An interesting characteristic of iron is that it is the heaviest element that can be formed byfusion of hydrogen in the sun and similar stars. Hydrogen nuclei can be “squeezed” in the sunto form all the elements with atomic numbers below cobalt (27Co), which includes iron. Itrequires the excess fusion energy of supernovas (exploding stars) to form elements with protonnumbers greater than iron (26Fe).
Preparation
Most iron produced today is from its oxide minerals, hematite and magnetite. The process involves reducing mineral iron with carbon in a blast furnace. There are several types of blast furnaces which vary in design anddimensions. The overall processes, however, are more or less the same. Onesuch process is outlined below:
The mixture of ore, coke and limestone is fed into the blast furnace from thetop. The materials are preheated to about 200°C in the top most zone.Hematite is partially reduced to magnetite and then to FeO by the ascendingstream of carbon monoxide formed at the bottom and mid zones of the furnaceresulting from high temperature oxidation of carbon. The ferrous oxide FeOformed at the top zone is reduced to metallic iron at about 700°C in the midzone by carbon monoxide. A hot air blast at 900°C passes through the entirefurnace for a very short time (usually for a few seconds). This prevents any gassolid reaction product from reaching equilibrium. In the temperature zone 700to 1,200°C ferrous oxide is completely reduced to iron metal by carbon monox-ide. Also, more CO is formed by oxidation of carbon by carbon dioxide. Furtherdown the furnace at higher temperatures, around 1,500°C, iron melts, drippingdown into the bottom. Also, in this temperature zone acidic silica particlesreact with basic calcium oxide produced from the decomposition of limestone,producing calcium silicate. The molten waste calcium silicate also drips downinto the bottom. In the hottest zone of the blast furnace, between 1,500 to2,000°C, some carbon dissolves into the molten iron. Also at these temperatures any remaining silicates and phosphates are reduced to silicon and phosphorus, and dissolve into the molten iron. Additionally, other tract metals suchas manganese dissolve into the molten iron. The impure iron melt containingabout 3 to 4% carbon is called “pig iron”. At the bottom, the molten waste slagfloats over the impure pig iron melt that is heavier than the slag melt andimmiscible with it. Pig iron is separated from the slag and purified for makingdifferent types of steel. Chemical reactions and processes occurring in varioustemperature zones of blast furnace are summarized below:
Pig iron produced in the blast furnace is purified and converted to steel ina separate furnace, known as a basic-oxygen furnace. Jets of pure oxygen gasat high pressure are blown over and through the pig iron melt. Metal impurities are converted into oxides. Part of the dissolved carbon in the impure ironmelt is converted into carbon dioxide gas. Formation of SiO2, CO2,and othermetal oxides are exothermic reactions that raise the temperature to sustainthe melt. A lime flux (CaO) also is added into the melt, which converts silicainto calcium silicate, CaSiO3,and phosphorus into calcium phosphate,Ca3(PO4)2,forming a molten slag immiscible with molten steel. The lightermolten slag is decanted from the heavier molten steel.
Definition
Different sources of media describe the Definition of 7439-89-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. iron: Symbol Fe. A silvery malleableand ductile metallic transition element;a.n. 26; r.a.m. 55.847; r.d.7.87; m.p. 1535°C; b.p. 2750°C. Themain sources are the ores haematite(Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), limonite(FeO(OH)nH2O), ilmenite (FeTiO3),siderite (FeCO3), and pyrite (FeS2).The metal is smelted in a blast furnaceto give impure pig iron, whichis further processed to give castiron, wrought iron, and varioustypes of steel. The pure element hasthree crystal forms: alpha-iron, stablebelow 906°C with a body-centredcubicstructure; gamma-iron, stablebetween 906°C and 1403°C with anonmagnetic face-centred-cubicstructure; and delta-iron, which isthe body-centred-cubic form above1403°C. Alpha-iron is ferromagneticup to its Curie point (768°C). The elementhas nine isotopes (mass numbers52–60), and is the fourth mostabundant in the earth’s crust. It is requiredas a trace element (see essentialelement) by living organisms.Iron is quite reactive, being oxidizedby moist air, displacing hydrogenfrom dilute acids, and combiningwith nonmetallic elements. It formsionic salts and numerous complexeswith the metal in the +2 or +3 oxidationstates. Iron(VI) also exists in theferrate ion FeO42-, and the elementalso forms complexes in which its oxidationnumber is zero (e.g. Fe(CO)5).
2. Metallic element of atomic number 26, group VIII of
the periodic table, aw 55.847, valences = 2,3; four
stable isotopes, 4 artificially radioactive isotopes.
General Description
A gray lustrous powder. Used in powder metallurgy and as a catalyst in chemical manufacture.
Air & Water Reactions
Highly flammable. May react with water to give off hydrogen, a flammable gas. The heat from this reaction may ignite the hydrogen.
Reactivity Profile
Iron is pyrophoric [Bretherick, 1979 p. 170-1]. A strong reducing agent and therefore incompatible with oxidizing agents. Burns in chlorine gas [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:380 1956]. Reacts with fluorine with incandescence [Mellor 13:314, 315, 1946-1947].
Hazard
Iron dust from most iron compounds is harmful if inhaled and toxic if ingested. Iron dustand powder (even filings) are flammable and can explode if exposed to an open flame. Asmentioned, excessive iron in the diet may cause liver damage.
Health Hazard
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
Fire Hazard
Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Carbonyl iron has a role as an absorber of microwave radiation. Carbonyl iron also exhibits shielding properties because of the low density and the connectivity among the fillers it provide. It is used in industries and in the synthesis of nitro-group-containing pharmaceutical ingredients.
Environmental Fate
Iron occurs rarely by itself in nature due to the ease with which
it forms compounds, especially in oxidation reactions. Many
iron compounds are water soluble, leading to potentially high
concentrations in water, especially in seawater. Iron is a necessary
component of all life and it is therefore taken up readily by
organisms from all sources.
Purification Methods
Clean it in conc HCl, rinse in de-ionised water, then reagent grade acetone and dry it under vacuum.
Toxicity evaluation
In some adults, iron overload can be the result of a genetic
defect (idiopathic hemochromatosis) that causes malfunction of the normal homeostasis mechanism and, in turn, excessive
absorption of iron. Iron overload can also be caused by too
many blood transfusions, which results in too much iron in the
various iron-containing organs.
Recently, it has been suggested that the presence of
increased transferrin concentrations in males is associated with
an increased number of heart attacks. This must be corroborated
by further research. Excess iron can lead to diabetes
mellitus, faulty liver functions, and endocrine disturbance.
Iron is a catalyst for oxidative damage leading to lipid peroxidation.
The latest hypotheses link peroxidation to heart
disease, cancer, and accelerated aging. Iron is involved in the
Fenton reaction, which catalyzes the formation of free radicals
that cause excessive damage to cells and their components.
Structure and conformation
Two structural types of iron occur in the solid state. At room temperature iron has a
body-centered cubic lattice (the a form). At about 910°C the a form is transformed into
the γ allotrope which has a cubic close-packed structure. Around 1390°C a body-centred
cubic lattice is reformed—the δ form. Thus the allotropy of iron is unusual in that it can
exist with the same crystal form in two distinct temperature ranges which are separated by a
range within which a different form is stable. The a and ? forms have similar lattice parameters—
the differences between them being expected in view of thermal expansion which
increases the size of the unit cell of the δallotrope.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 7439-89-6 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 7,4,3 and 9 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 8 and 9 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 7439-89:
(6*7)+(5*4)+(4*3)+(3*9)+(2*8)+(1*9)=126
126 % 10 = 6
So 7439-89-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/Fe
7439-89-6Relevant articles and documents
An investigation of the Dy-Fe-Cr phase diagram: Phase equilibria at 773 K
Yao, Qingrong,Wang, Hailong,Liu, Zhanwei,Zhou, Huaiying,Pan, Shunkan
, p. 286 - 288 (2009)
Phase equilibria in the Dy-Fe-Cr system were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques and the isothermal section at 773 K was obtained. It consists of 8 single-phase
Nesmeyanov et al.
, p. 163 (1969)
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MIXED-METAL CARBIDO CLUSTER Fe5C(μ2-CO)3(CO)11(μ2-AuPEt3)-(μ4-AuPEt3) AND THE OXIDATION OF Fe-Au CLUSTERS
Johnson, Brian F.G.,Kaner, David A.,Lewis, Jack,Rosales, Maria J.
, p. C73 - C78 (1982)
Reaction of 2- with excess (PEt3)AuCl/Tl(PF6) affords the mixed-metal cluster Fe5C(μ2-CO)3(CO)11(μ2-AuPEt3)(μ4-AuPEt3) which has been shown by an X-ray structural analysis to exhibit a novel coordination for one of the AuPEt3 groups.This and another Fe-Au cluster, Fe4H(CO)12C(AuPEt3) undergo unusual oxidative rearrangements.
Morphology, diameter distribution and Raman scattering measurements of double-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized by catalytic decomposition of methane
Ren, Wencai,Li, Feng,Chen, Jian,Bai, Shuo,Cheng, Hui-Ming
, p. 196 - 202 (2002)
Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) were synthesized by catalytic decomposition of methane in the presence of Fe catalyst at 1373 K. The microstructure of the as-prepared DWNTs was characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and resonant laser Raman spectroscopy. HRTEM observations revealed that the dominant type of the as-prepared product was DWNTs, which are mostly bundle-like. A triangular lattice arrangement of DWNTs in a DWNT bundle was observed. The as-prepared DWNTs show corresponding peaks from resonant Raman spectra of the radial breathing mode (RBM), which are considered to be associated with inner tubes as well as outer tubes of the DWNTs. The outer and inner tube diameters of the DWNTs, as determined from HRTEM images, are in the range of 1.6-3.6 and 0.8-2.8 nm, in agreement with the results from the resonant Raman scattering measurements. Moreover, the interlayer spacing of DWNTs is not a constant, ranging from 0.34 to 0.41 nm.
Field emission properties of vertically aligned iron nanocluster wires grown on a glass substrate
Kim, Do-Hyung,Jang, Hoon-Sik,Lee, Hyeong-Rag,Kim, Chang-Duk,Kang, Hee-Dong
, p. 109 - 111 (2004)
The synthesis of vertically aligned nanocluster wires (NCW) on indium-tin-oxide-coated glass substrates by the thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5 with a resistive heater under a magnetic field was discussed. It was shown that the aligned NCW was controlled by varying the flow rate of carrier gas. It was found that the low-density NCWs showed better field emission characteristics, with a low turn-on field of about 4 V/μm and a current density as high as 3 mA/cm2 at 7.6 V/μm. The field enhancement factor (γ) was determined to be ～1200 for high-density NCWs and ～1600 for low-density NCW.
Atomic Iron Recoil in Multiphoton Dissociation of Ferrocene
Liou, H. T.,Ono, Y.,Engelking, P. C.,Moseley, J. T.
, p. 2892 - 2896 (1986)
The translational energy of atomic iron, produced by a three-photon dissociation of bis(cyclopentadienyl)iron (ferrocene), has been measured by using the atomic multiphoton ionization Doppler line width at 440 nm.The iron atoms have an appreciable amount of recoil, indicating that the ferrocene dissociation process is nonconcerted and does not preserve a center of symmetry.This is also evidence for a dissociation via one or more repulsive electronic states, rather than by statistical, unimolecular decay of a hot ground state.
Williams, H. E.
, p. 1014 - 1014 (1912)
Aqueous electrodeposition of iron group-vanadium binary alloys
Yoo,Schwartz,Nobe
, p. 4335 - 4343 (2005)
Electrodeposition of binary iron group (IG)-vanadium (V) alloys from aqueous citrate solutions was investigated. Addition of NH3(aq.) and increasing solution pH resulted in increased deposit V content, but non-metallic deposits were obtained at solution pH > 7. Increasing current density resulted in an almost linear decrease in V content and a sharp increase in hydrogen evolution (decreased current efficiency). In general, the amount of V deposited with the IG metal increased as follows: Ni Fe ≤ Co. XRD spectra indicated that preferred orientations from 25 °C solutions were not displaced by elevated temperature deposits. Changes in orientation may contribute to the deposit magnetic properties; e.g., Co-V deposits with (1 0 0) planes exhibit harder magnetization than deposits with (0 0 2) planes.
Nitrogen storage properties based on nitrogenation and hydrogenation of rare earth-iron intermetallic compounds R2Fe17 (R=Y, Ce, Sm)
Itoh, Masahiro,Machida, Ken-Ichi,Nakajima, Hiroharu,Hirose, Kazuhiro,Adachi, Gin-Ya
, p. 141 - 146 (1999)
The nitrogen storage properties for the rare earth-iron intermetallic compounds, R2Fe17 (R=Y, Ce, and Sm), were investigated. These intermetallic compounds formed the corresponding metal nitrides by heating in a mixed gas of NH3-H2 at 350-450°C and the nitrogen was incorporated into interstitial sites of the crystal lattices. The nitrogen stored as the metal nitrides was reversibly released as NH3 by the following heating in H2 at 450°C. An amount of the nitrogen released per unit volume of these intermetallic compounds is larger than that of a conventional nitrogen container charged at 15 MPa. The nitrogen storage capacity of Sm2Fe17Nx was increased by repeating the nitrogenation-hydrogenation cycle owing to the formation of FeNx/RNy composites with large surface areas derived from the starting intermetallic compound through the cycle. Furthermore, the nitrogen storage characteristics of Sm2Fe17 powders were effectively improved by surface loading with Ru metal that is active for ammonia generation.
Electrodeposited Ni-Fe-C cathodes for hydrogen evolution
Meguro, Shinsaku,Sasaki, Teruhito,Katagiri, Hiroshi,Habazaki, Hiroki,Kawashima, Asahi,Sakaki, Takashi,Asami, Katsuhiko,Hashimoto, Koji
, p. 3003 - 3009 (2000)
Tailoring of active nickel alloy cathodes for hydrogen evolution in a hot concentrated hydroxide solution was attempted by electrodeposition. Electrodeposited iron is naturally more active for hydrogen evolution than nickel, but Ni-Fe alloys show further high activity for hydrogen evolution, although the rate-determining step being assumed as proton discharge is not changed. The carbon addition to iron or nickel remarkably enhances the activity for hydrogen evolution and changes the mechanism of hydrogen evolution. Ternary Ni-Fe-C alloys show the highest activity for hydrogen evolution, and the Tafel slope of hydrogen evolution is about 33 mV/dec, suggesting the rate-determining step of desorption of adsorbed hydrogen by recombination. XPS analysis reveals that the charge transfer occurs from nickel to iron in alloys and the carbon addition particularly enhances the charge transfer. Accelerated proton discharge due to enhanced charge transfer from nickel to iron seems responsible for the high activity of the Ni-Fe-C alloys for hydrogen evolution.
Dispersing and coating of transition metals Co, Fe and Ni on carbon materials
Zhong, Ziyi,Liu, Binghai,Sun, Lianfeng,Ding, Jun,Lin, Jianyi,Tan, Kuang Lee
, p. 135 - 143 (2002)
Interaction between transition metals Co, Fe and Ni and carbon materials, such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), activated carbon (AC) and layered graphite (LG), has been investigated at high temperatures. Complete wetting for AC, partial wetting for MWNTs, and almost no wetting for SWNTs and LG have been observed, respectively. It is found that the defects in the carbon materials play a key role in the interaction.
Electrodeposition of metal iron from dissolved species in alkaline media
Allanore,Lavelaine,Valentin,Birat,Lapicque
, p. E187-E193 (2007)
The electrodeposition of metal iron from iron dissolved species in alkaline media has been investigated. Dissolved ferric species in equilibrium with hematite (α -Fe2 O3) have been electrochemically identified and their reduction to iron was demonstrated. The reduction efficiency was poor, however, because of the low concentration of dissolved matter (2.6× 10-3 M). In order to determine more precisely the electrochemical features of the deposition reaction from iron ions, more concentrated solutions at 1.9× 10-2 M have been obtained using an iron anode as the ion source. Voltammetric and chronoamperometric investigations using a rotating disk electrode revealed that such concentrated solutions contain ferric and ferrous species, with higher concentration of the trivalent form. Metal can be deposited with higher current efficiency in these concentrated solutions with less than 30% of the current spent in hydrogen evolution.
Webb, A. N.,Eischens, R. P.
, p. 4710 - 4713 (1955)
Johns et al.
, p. 277 (1962)
Structure and magnetic properties of electrodeposited Fe-Ni alloy films
Ueda, Yuji,Takahashi, Minoru
, p. 477 - 483 (1980)
Fe-Ni alloy films with a composition of Invar region were prepared on copper substrates by electrodeposition. The crystal structures and magnetic properties of the films were investigated. The region which formed α phase in the films was different from that shown in the equilibrium phase diagram for bulk samples of Fe-Ni system, that is, the region shifts toward the nickel richer composition. The drop region the magnetization in the electrodeposited film shows a tendency to shift to the nickel richer composition (45 at.%Ni-Fe) corresponding with the shift of the α phase at the film deposition. The magnetic moment at low temperatures in the electrodeposited film decreases more rapidly with the increase of temperature as compared with the result observed in the bulk crystal.
Belcher, R.,West, T. S.
, p. 260 - 267 (1951)
Phillips, M. J.,Emmett, P. H.
, p. 268 - 272 (1986)
Electrodeposition of monodispersed Fe nanocrystals from an ionic liquid
Aravinda,Freyland
, p. 2754 - 2755 (2004)
Monodispersed Fe nanocrystals up to ～2 nm thick, ～50 nm wide and ～120 nm long have been electrodeposited from the ionic melt AlCl 3-1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium chloride {AlCl3-[MBIm] +Cl-} at room temperature on
Belbruno, Joseph J.
, p. 267 - 273 (1989)
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under highly basic conditions by using Ru nanoparticles and 2-phenyl-4-(1-naphthyl)quinolinium ion
Yamada, Yusuke,Miyahigashi, Takamitsu,Kotani, Hiroaki,Ohkubo, Kei,Fukuzumi, Shunichi
, p. 16136 - 16145 (2011)
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with a ruthenium metal catalyst under basic conditions (pH 10) has been made possible for the first time by using 2-phenyl-4-(1-naphthyl)quinolinium ion (QuPh+-NA), dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and Ru nanoparticles (RuNPs) as the photocatalyst, electron donor, and hydrogen-evolution catalyst, respectively. The catalytic reactivity of RuNPs was virtually the same as that of commercially available PtNPs. Nanosecond laser flash photolysis measurements were performed to examine the photodynamics of QuPh+-NA in the presence of NADH. Upon photoexcitation of QuPh+-NA, the electron-transfer state of QuPh+-NA (QuPh?-NA ?+) is produced, followed by formation of the π-dimer radical cation with QuPh+-NA, [(QuPh?-NA?+) (QuPh+-NA)]. Electron transfer from NADH to the π-dimer radical cation leads to the production of 2 equiv of QuPh?-NA via deprotonation of NADH?+ and subsequent electron transfer from NAD? to QuPh+-NA. Electron transfer from the photogenerated QuPh?-NA to RuNPs results in hydrogen evolution even under basic conditions. The rate of electron transfer from QuPh ?-NA to RuNPs is much higher than the rate of hydrogen evolution. The effect of the size of the RuNPs on the catalytic reactivity for hydrogen evolution was also examined by using size-controlled RuNPs. RuNPs with a size of 4.1 nm exhibited the highest hydrogen-evolution rate normalized by the weight of RuNPs.
Baxter, G. P.,Hoover, C. R.
, p. 1657 - 1657 (1912)
Visible multiphoton dissociation of Fe(CO)5 for production of iron atoms
Mitchell, S.A.,Hackett, P.A.
, p. 7813 - 7821 (1990)
Ground state (a 5D) and metastable excited state (a 5F and a 3F) iron atoms have been produced by visible multiphoton dissociation of Fe(CO)5 at 552 nm in a static pressure gas cell at room temperature.The distribution of iron atoms among these states has been measured by using a pump and probe arrangement in which the probe laser pulse excites resonance fluorescence from iron atoms at variable time delay following the photolysis pulse.Collisional relaxation processes of metastable a 5F and a 3F iron atoms have been investigated by using a simple model to describe the main features of the overall relaxation process.Results for a variety of quenching gases including N2O, C2H4O, and O2 indicate that relaxation occurs mainly by transitions between adjacent multiplets, with little intermediate intramultiplet relaxation and no detectable removal by chemical reaction.An interpretation of these results is given in terms of schematic potential energy curves which represent the bonding capabilities of specific-electronic configurations of iron atoms.These curves are discussed in an accompanying paper on studies of chemical reactions of ground state iron atoms.
On the use of amine-borane complexes to synthesize iron nanoparticles
Pelletier, Frédéric,Ciuculescu, Diana,Mattei, Jean-Gabriel,Lecante, Pierre,Casanove, Marie-José,Yaacoub, Nader,Greneche, Jean-Marc,Schmitz-Antoniak, Carolin,Amiens, Catherine
, p. 6021 - 6026 (2013)
The effectiveness of amine-borane as reducing agent for the synthesis of iron nanoparticles has been investigated. Large (2-4 nm) Fe nanoparticles were obtained from [Fe{NACHTUNGTRENUNG(SiMe3)2}2]. Inclusion of boron in the nanoparticles is clearly evidenced by extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and M?ssbauer spectrometry. Furthermore, the reactivity of amine-borane and amino-borane complexes in the presence of pure Fe nanoparticles has been investigated. Dihydrogen evolution was observed in both cases, which suggests the potential of Fe nanoparticles to promote the release of dihydrogen from amine-borane and amino-borane moieties. Copyright
Interaction of diamond with ultrafine Fe powders prepared by different procedures
Chepurov,Sonin,Chepurov,Zhimulev,Tolochko,Eliseev
, p. 864 - 868 (2011)
We have studied the interaction of synthetic diamond crystals with ultrafine Fe powders during catalytic diamond gasification in a hydrogen atmosphere at 900°C. The Fe powders were prepared by three procedures: reduction of Fe2O3 nan
Reduction and adsorption of Pb2+ in aqueous solution by nano-zero-valent iron - A SEM, TEM and XPS study
Xi, Yunfei,Mallavarapu, Megharaj,Naidu, Ravendra
, p. 1361 - 1367 (2010)
This study reports the synthesis, characterisation and application of nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI). The nZVI was produced by a reduction method and compared with commercial available ZVI powder for Pb2+ removal from aqueous phase. Comparing with commercial ZVI, the laboratory made nZVI powder has a much higher specific surface area. XRD patterns have revealed zero-valent iron phases in two ZVI materials. Different morphologies have been observed using SEM and TEM techniques. EDX spectrums revealed even distribution of Pb on surface after reaction. The XPS analysis has confirmed that immobilized lead was present in its zero-valent and bivalent forms. 'Core-shell' structure of prepared ZVI was revealed based on combination of XRD and XPS characterisations. In addition, comparing with Fluka ZVI, this lab made nZVI has much higher reactivity towards Pb2+ and within just 15 min 99.9% removal can be reached. This synthesized nano-ZVI material has shown great potential for heavy metal immobilization from wastewater.
Ligational and biological studies of Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zr(IV) complexes with carbamazepine as antiepileptic drug
Mohamed, Amira A.,Sadeek, Sadeek A.
, (2021/02/12)
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is considered to be the preferred drug for fractional seizures and may also use in the prevention of primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures. The chelates of CBZ with Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zr(IV) were designed and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-visible, mass spectra, thermal analysis (TG, DTG, and DTA), molar conductivity, and magnetic moment. IR spectra emphasize that CBZ acts as a neutral bidentate ligand with metal ions through amide oxygen and amino nitrogen. UV-visible spectra and magnetic moment demonstrate that all chelates have geometric octahedral structures. Complexes thermal behavior is systematically analyzed employing TG and DTA technicality. TG findings signalize that water molecules (hydrated and coordinated) are extracted the first and second phases, while CBZ ligand is splitted in the second and subsequent steps. From the DTA curves, the obtained data reflect that the degradation processes are endothermic or exothermic peaks. Assorted thermodynamic factors are calculated, and the results are explicated. Antimicrobial activity was examined against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa). Anti-fungal efficacy of the compounds has been tested. The Co(II) complex was highly significant against the antifungal Candida albicans and significantly against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis.
ROMP polymer supported manganese porphyrins: Influence of C[dbnd]C bonds along polymer chains on catalytic behavior in oxidation of low concentration Fe2+
Li, Fanfan,Wang, Xuan,Zhang, Yanwu,Zhao, Huanhuan
, (2020/02/22)
One unsaturated polymer support was prepared through ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene-2,3-dip-toluene sulfonate initiated by Grubbs 2nd initiator and manganese porphyrins were immobilized on polymer through transesterification reaction. To investigate the effect of C[dbnd]C bonds along polymer chains on the catalytic behavior, the obtained polymer supported catalyst (P-PPIXMnCl) was applied in oxidation of low concentration Fe2+ to mimic catalytic behavior of Ceruloplasmin. In the presence of P-PPIXMnCl, the conversion of Fe2+ reaches to 91.92% and 96.46% at 10 °C and 37.5 °C (body temperature), respectively. Compared to manganese porphyrins, P-PPIXMnCl can dramatically increase oxidation rate of Fe2+ and the catalytic kinetic shows that the oxidation reaction changes from second-order to third-order. Upon hydrogenation of ROMP polymer, the oxidation reaction still conforms to the second-order kinetics. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation shows that the C[dbnd]C bonds along polymer chains play an important role in the coordination with Fe2+ in the catalytic microenvironment. The real time morphology of supported catalysts in aqueous environment characterized by Cryo-TEM indicates that hydrogenation can shrink the morphology of polymer-water skeleton. The catalyst could be recycled six times without any significant loss in activity. The liner heterogeneous catalyst is expected to be used as drugs for treating excessive iron accumulation in the human body.
COMPOUND
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Paragraph 0080-0085, (2020/10/31)
A purpose of the invention is to provide a novel compound. The novel compound is represented by M[i-C3H7NC(R)N-i-C3H7]2 (where, M=Co or Fe; R=n-C3H7 or i-C3H7) that is a liquid under 25° C. (at 1 atmospheric pressure).
