(1919–2001). Awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry, together with Lehn, in 1987 for work in elucidating mechanisms of molecular recognition, which are fundamental to enzymic catalysis, regulation, and transport. Cram also studied three-dimensional cyclic compounds that maintained a rigid structure, accepting substrates in a structurally preorganized cavity. He called these compounds cavitands, while Lehn named them cryptands. Cram was awarded a doctorate by Harvard University in 1947.