Oxidation of chloride and subsequent chlorination of organic compounds by oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radicals

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.201104461

Ironing it out: Oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complexes (see figure) serve as models for the oxidation of Cl^- into an active chlorinating reagent that chlorinates various organic compounds. Evidence suggests that Cl^- is oxidized to Cl₂ via Cl^.. The mechanism involving either direct electron transfer or iron(III) hypochlorite formation, and then homolysis of the Cl-O bond is discussed. Copyright

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.201104461

DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104461
Enzyme Models
Oxidation of Chloride and Subsequent Chlorination of Organic
Compounds by Oxoiron(IV) Porphyrin p-Cation Radicals**
Zhiqi Cong, Takuya Kurahashi, and Hiroshi Fujii*
À
Chloroperoxidase (CPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are
the only heme peroxidases that catalyze oxidation of the
chloride ion (ClÀ) with hydrogen peroxide.[1] CPO is an
enzyme from Caldariomyces fumago and catalyzes chlorina-
tion reactions in the biosynthesis of chlorine-containing
compounds.[2] CPO is also known to exhibit peroxidase,
catalase, and cytochrome-P450-like activities.[1b,3] CPO has a
thiolate heme axial ligand like cytochrome P450. This makes
CPO distinct from other heme peroxidases which have a
histidine imidazole as the heme axial ligand.[1] In contrast,
MPO is found in the granules of myelocytes (precursors of
neutrophils), and works as a major component of the
antimicrobial system of neutrophils.[1c,4] MPO belongs to the
animal peroxidase superfamily and has an imidazole heme
axial ligand.[1b] Numerous biological studies have suggested
that an oxoiron(IV) porphyrin p-cation radical species known
as compound I is responsible for the oxidation of ClÀ and
addition of ClÀ to the ferryl oxygen atom of compound I to
few reports of the formation of an O X bond between
compound I model complexes and halides as models for CPO
and MPO.[9] Woggon et al. studied the reactions of iron(III)
porphyrin complexes with thiolate axial ligands using either
hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide and ClÀ.[9a–c] Chlorinated
compounds were produced by these reactions, but the
absence of detailed spectroscopic characterizations has
raised questions about the reactive species and the mecha-
nism by which ClÀ is oxidized in these reactions. Groves et al.
reported that oxomanganese(V) porphyrin oxidizes BrÀ and
ClÀ into hypobromite and hypochlorite, respectively.[9d] More
À
recently, Nam, Que et al. reported that an O I bond is formed
between the compound I model complex and phenyl iodi-
de.[9e] Herein we report the direct observation of the oxidation
of ClÀ with synthetic compound I model complexes and
subsequent reactions leading to chlorination of organic
compounds (Scheme 1).
Compound I model complexes, [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO-
produce the transient ferric hypochlorite complex FeIII
(C6F5CO2)]
and
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)]
(TPFPP =
À
OCl.[1,5] The ferric hypochlorite complex is believed to act
as a key compound in the reactions leading to chlorination of
organic substrates by CPO and antimicrobial activity in MPO.
Although the oxidation process has been studied by multi-
mixing stopped-flow experiments in which the transiently
formed compound I was reacted with ClÀ,[6] the spectroscopic
evidence for the formation of the ferric hypochlorite complex
has not been obtained and it remains unclear as to how
compound I oxidizes ClÀ. Furthermore, the identity of the
true chlorinating agent in the subsequent chlorination of
organic substrates is not known and more information is
needed about the exact roles of the hypochlorite adduct, free
hypochlorous acid, and Cl2.[7]
5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin), were pre-
pared by ozone oxidation of the corresponding ferric
porphyrin
complexes,
[(TPFPP)FeIII(C6F5CO2)]
and
[(TPFPP)FeIII(NO3)], in dichloromethane at À908C and
À808C,
respectively.[10]
Spectroscopic
data
of
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)] and [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)]
were consistent with those of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin p-
cation radical complexes.[11] Oxidation of ClÀ with
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)] and [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)]
were monitored using absorption spectroscopy. Upon addi-
tion of 1 equivalent of tetra-n-butylammonium chloride
(TBACl), the absorption spectrum of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO-
Synthetic iron porphyrin complexes have been widely
used as models of heme enzymes with the aim of gaining an
understanding of the details of the enzymatic reaction
mechanisms. While extensive studies have been shown to
form compound I model complexes from various iron(III)
porphyrin complexes and oxidants, such as m-chloroperox-
ybenzoic acid, iodosobenzene, and ozone,[8] there are only a
[*] Dr. Z. Cong, Dr. T. Kurahashi, Prof. Dr. H. Fujii
Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative
Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787 (Japan)
E-mail: hiro@ims.ac.jp
[**] This study was supported by grants from the JSPS (Grant-in-Aid for
Science Research, Grant No. 22350030) and MEXT (Global COE
Program).
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201104461.
Scheme 1. The oxoiron(IV) porphyrin p-cation radical complexes used
in this study.
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(C6F5CO2)] changed to a new one having an absorption at l =
through pathway 1 which is shown in Scheme 2. In contrast,
upon addition of 50 equivalents of ClÀ to [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO-
(NO3)], the absorption spectrum quickly changed to one
552 nm with isosbestic points (Figure 1a). The new absorp-
tion spectrum is similar to that of [(TPFPP)FeIVO].[12] The
Scheme 2. Proposed reaction pathways for the oxidation of ClÀ by
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(L)].
having absorptions at l = 547 and l = 687 nm, and then
changed once again to a final spectrum with a peak at l =
561 nm after one minute (Figure 1b). The peak at l = 687 nm
was
identical
to
the
peak
corresponding
to
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(Cl)],[13] and the peaks at l = 547 and l =
561 nm were similar to those for [(TPFPP)FeIVO] that are
observed in the presence of 1 equivalent of NO3À and excess
ClÀ, respectively. These spectral changes suggest that oxida-
tion of ClÀ through pathways 1 and 2 in Scheme 2 occur at the
same time during the initial stage when L is a weakly binding
ligand such as NO3À. After consumption of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO-
(NO3)], the [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(Cl)] complex further oxidizes
ClÀ to form [(TPFPP)FeIVO(Cl)].
The formation of the oxoiron(IV) porphyrin species from
the oxidation of ClÀ with synthetic compound I model
complexes was further confirmed by 2H NMR measurements
(Figure 2). The large upfield shift (d = À86.7 ppm) of the
signal for the b-deuterium center of the pyrrole in
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)] was consistent with the a1u porphyrin
p-cation radical state as reported previously.[11] Upon addition
of 50 equivalents of ClÀ, the signal disappeared and a new
signal appeared at d = 1.4 ppm, which is consistent with the
formation of [(TPFPP)FeIVO(Cl)]. The EPR spectrum of
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)] showed signals at g ꢀ 2 and 1.7.[14]
The final reaction product is an EPR-silent species, consistent
with an oxoiron(IV) porphyrin species (see Figure S2 in the
Supporting Information). The formation of an oxoiron(IV)
porphyrin species for [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)] was also
Figure 1. UV/visible spectral changes of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(L)] in CH2Cl2
observed upon addition of ClÀ. a) [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)]
(5.0ꢀ10À4 m) in a 0.1 cm quartz cuvette at À908C (a); after
addition of 1 equiv TBACl (g); final reaction solution (c).
b) [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)] (1.0ꢀ10À4 m) in a 1 cm quartz cuvette at
À808C (a); immediately after addition of 50 equiv of TBACl (b);
after addition (g); final reaction solution (c).
2
supported by H NMR and EPR measurements (see Figur-
small peak at l = 630 nm and the shoulder peak around l =
500 nm suggest that [(TPFPP)FeIII(X)], where X = C6F5CO2
or Cl, is formed concomitantly as a minor product. A similar
spectral change was observed even when 50 equivalents of
TBACl was added, but the relevant absorption peak of the
complex was at l = 556 nm (see Figure S1 in the Supporting
Information). Since the same complex having an absorption
at l = 556 nm was obtained when excess ClÀ was added to the
compound formed from 1 equivalent of TBACl, the change
appears to be due to an equilibrium of the binding of the
es S3 and S4 in the Supporting Information).
To study the reaction mechanism, we conducted kinetic
studies of the reactions of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)] and
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO-(C6F5CO2)] with ClÀ. The data in Figure 1a
clearly indicates that the reaction of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO-
(C6F5CO2)] with ClÀ is the rate-limiting step of the overall
reaction (the first step of the pathway 1 in Scheme 2). The
time course of the absorption change for the reaction of
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)] was observed to obey first-order
kinetics in the presence of excess TBACl and the estimated
apparent reaction rate constant is linearly correlated with the
concentration of TBACl (see Figure S5 in the Supporting
À
anions (ClÀ and C6F5CO2 ) to [(TPFPP)FeIVO].
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)] was observed to oxidize ClÀ
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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 9935 –9939

Figure 2. 2H NMR (76.65 MHz) spectra of: a) [([D8]pyrrole-
TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)] and b) the solution after addition of TBACl
(50 equiv) at À808C. The signal (S) of residual CHDCl2 is referenced
to d=5.32 ppm. Signals denoted by asterisks are due to unoxidized
ferric porphyrin complexes. Inset: EPR spectrum of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO-
(NO3)] in dichloromethane at 4 K.
Scheme 3. The chlorination reactions of organic compounds (50 equiv)
by [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)] (0.5 mm) at À908C and by
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)] (0.1 mm) at À808C in CH2Cl2. The yields are
based on [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(L)].
and 2-chloroanisole in 9% and 1% yield, respectively when
using [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)], and 11% and 1% yield
respectively, when using [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)]. The
production of the para and ortho isomers from the com-
pound I model complexes were similar to the isomers
produced by the CPO reaction, but their regioselectivity for
the compound I model complexes were better than the
regioselectivity of the CPO reaction or the reaction with
free hypochlorous acid in acidic aqueous conditions.[16] The
chlorination of the methoxy group was also not observed for
anisole. Cyclohexene was chlorinated to form trans-1,2-
dichlorocyclohexane, a typical addition product under ionic
conditions, in 44% yield using [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)] and
Information). The second-order rate constant was estimated
to be (7.8 Æ 0.5)mÀ1 sÀ1 at À908C. In contrast, for the reaction
of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)] with ClÀ, we could monitor only
the reaction of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(Cl)] with ClÀ (the second
step of pathway 2 in Scheme 2), because the reaction of
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)] with ClÀ and the formation of
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(Cl)] (the first steps of pathways 1 and 2)
were too fast to determine the reaction rate constants in the
presence of excess TBACl. The reaction rate constant for the
reaction of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(Cl)] with ClÀ could be deter-
mined by the absorption change at l = 687 nm, because the
oxoiron(IV) porphyrin species does not have an absorption
peak at l = 687 nm. The apparent reaction rate constant for
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(Cl)] was also found to be linearly corre-
lated with the concentration of TBACl and the second-order
reaction rate constant was estimated to be (10.8 Æ 0.5)mÀ1 sÀ1
at À808C (see Figure S5 in the Supporting Information).
These results clearly indicate that compound I model com-
plexes react with one equivalent of ClÀ.
38% yield using [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)].
A small
amount (5%) of 3-chlorocyclohexene was also formed from
these reactions. 4-chlorocyclohexene and cis-1,2-dichlorocy-
clohexane (possible free-radical chlorination products), and
2-chlorohexanol[17] (an expected product from a reaction with
hypochlorous acid), were not detected in these chlorination
reactions.
To confirm the formation of a reactive chlorinating agent,
we examined a chlorination reaction of organic compounds
(see the Experimental Section). The results are summarized
in Scheme 3. These were single-turnover reactions, so the
product yields were based on compound I model complexes.
When 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene was added to the reaction
mixture of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)] and [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO-
(C6F5CO2)] with 50 equivalents of ClÀ, a chlorinated product,
1-chloro-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzene, was produced in 54% and
39% yield, respectively.[15] No other products (such as 1-
chloromethoxyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzene, a main product of a
reaction with chlorine radical), were detected.[16] The chlori-
nation reactions of anisole and cyclohexene were also
examined under the same conditions. As shown in
Scheme 3, anisole was chlorinated to form 4-chloroanisole
To further confirm the formation of a reactive chlorinat-
ing agent in the reaction mixture, we added tetra-n-butylam-
monium iodide (TBAI) as a reducing agent. Excess TBAI was
added to the solution after the reaction of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO-
(NO3)] with ClÀ at À808C. The absorption spectrum of the
reaction mixture was not significantly changed upon addition
of TBAI (see Figure S6 in the Supporting Information).
[(TPFPP)FeIVO(Cl)] was not reduced by TBAI in the absence
of protons. However, 1-chloro-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzene was
not detected at all by GC/MS measurements when 1,3,5-
trimethoxybenzene was added after addition of TBAI. Only
the reactive chlorinating agent was reduced at À808C by
TBAI. These results clearly indicate that a reactive chlorinat-
ing agent was formed in the reaction mixture by the oxidation
of ClÀ with [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(L)].
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Communications
pared in a 0.1 cm UV cuvette in a low-temperature chamber set
within a UVabsorption spectrometer in CH2Cl2 at À908C. Ozone gas
was bubbled into the solution with a gastight syringe. After confirm-
ing the formation of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)], the excess ozone
was removed by bubbling argon gas through the mixture. For
[(TPFPP)FeIII(NO3)], 0.1 mm sample in CH2Cl2 was prepared in a
1 cm UV cuvette and the ozone oxidation was carried out at À808C.
Tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (1 or 50 equiv) was then added to
the solution with stirring at À80 or À908C and the reaction was
monitored by recording the changes in the absorption at fixed time
intervals. 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (50 equiv) was added to the
solution at À80 or À908C after confirming completion of the
oxidation of ClÀ. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 min at the
same temperature and then warmed to room temperature. After
addition of undecane (0.5 equiv) as an internal standard, the reaction
products and their yields were determined by GC/MS. The reaction
products were identified by comparing retention times and mass
patterns with those of authentic samples. The yields were determined
with calibration lines prepared with authentic samples and undecane.
The product yields were based on the compound I model complex.
In addition, we examined participation of an oxoiron(IV)
porphyrin complex in the chlorination reaction. We added
cyclohexene to the solution after the reaction of
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)] with ClÀ at À908C and the reaction
mixture was stirred for 1 hour at À808C.Meanwhile,
[(TPFPP)FeIVO(Cl)] was not decomposed significantly (see
Figure S7 in the Supporting Information). After reduction of
[(TPFPP)FeIVO(Cl)] and the remaining chlorinating agent
with TBAI and trifluoroacetic acid at À808C, the reaction
mixture was analyzed by GC/MS. Even with these reaction
conditions, trans-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane and 3-chlorohex-
ene were formed in 27% and 4% yields, respectively. This
indicates that the oxoiron(IV) porphyrin complex is not
responsible for the chlorination reaction.
The formation of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin complexes from
the oxidation of ClÀ with oxoiron(IV) porphyrin p-cation
radical complexes can be explained by direct one-electron
oxidation or formation of an iron(III) hypochlorite complex,
À
with subsequent homolysis of the O Cl bond. The direct one-
Received: June 28, 2011
Published online: September 12, 2011
electron oxidation mechanism seems to be quite different
from the mechanisms proposed previously for CPO and
MPO.[1–5] ClÀ must come close to the oxo ligand of com-
pound I to make a bond between the oxo ligand and ClÀ. The
negative net charge of the oxo ligand prevents ClÀ from
closely approaching the oxo ligand because of electrostatic
repulsion. Thus, the one-electron transfer occurs from ClÀ to
compound I in the model system. In CPO and MPO, protein
matrices form a cationic environment on the distal side of the
heme pocket and keep the ClÀ close to the oxo ligand of
compound I. In fact, previous studies reported that ClÀ binds
to CPO and MPO.[18] The formation of an iron(III) hypo-
chlorite complex as a transient species may also be a
reasonable reaction mechanism. The observed first-order
kinetics for ClÀ can be explained when [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(L)]
forms an equilibrium with [(TPFPP)FeIIIOCl] and the small
amount of [(TPFPP)FeIIIOCl] formed from the equilibrium
decomposes to [(TPFPP)FeIVO] by homolytic cleavage of the
Keywords: enzyme models · halogenation · heme proteins ·
.
oxidation · reaction mechanisms
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À
intermediate, with subsequent homolysis of the O Cl bond. A
reactive chlorinating reagent formed under this set of reaction
conditions can chlorinate various organic compounds.
Experimental Section
Instruments and materials are shown in the Supporting Information.
A typical procedure for oxidation of ClÀ and a subsequent
chlorination reaction: [(TPFPP)FeIII(C6F5CO2)] (0.5 mm) was pre-
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[14] The intensities of the EPR signals of [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)]
and [(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)] were very weak compared
with those of other compound I model complexes. Additional
characterization will require more specialized EPR techniques,
such as dispersion mode EPR, or using passage effect. See
Ref. [5b].
[15] When 1 equiv of ClÀ was used, the yield of 1-chloro-2,4,6-
trimethoxybenzene
from
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(NO3)]
and
[(TPFPP+C)FeIVO(C6F5CO2)] was reduced to 23% and 33%,
respectively.
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