Communication
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Finally, a successful, reversible aggregation and disaggrega-
tion cycle was obtained by alternating NIR irradiation at 980 nm
(trans- to cis-isomer) and VIS irradiation at 450 nm (cis- to trans-
isomer) (see Fig. 5B and C). However, it was found that the
disaggregation of cross-linked UCNPs is slower compared to the
switching experiments using the monovalent guest. Nevertheless,
complete redispersion of the aggregates was achieved after 7 h,
which enhances their potential application for host–guest inter-
actions under biologically relevant conditions.
In this study we developed a versatile protocol for an efficient
and broadly applicable combination of cyclodextrin coated
upconversion nanoparticles and photoresponsive host–guest
interactions. A near-infrared light stimulus was used to induce
the photoisomerization of azobenzene and arylazopyrazole to
control the formation of host–guest complex. Both the surface
functionalization and aggregation of upconversion nanoparticles
9 R. Scheps, Prog. Quantum Electron., 1996, 20, 271.
10 American National Standard for safe use of lasers, Laser Institute of
America, Orlando, FL, 2000.
¨
can be controlled by near-infrared irradiation. This attractive 11 S. He, K. Krippes, S. Ritz, Z. Chen, A. Best, H.-J. Butt, V. Mailander and
S. Wu, Chem. Commun., 2015, 51, 431; Z. Chen, W. Sun, H.-J. Butt and
S. Wu, Chem. – Eur. J., 2015, 21, 9165.
12 C.-J. Carling, J.-C. Boyer and N. Branda, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009,
combination could become especially useful for the near-infrared
induced local release of payload from cyclodextrin complexes under
physiological conditions.4,6
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We thank Christian Schwickert (MEET) for XRD measure-
ments and Wilke de Vries and Andreas Ru¨hling for helpful
discussions. Martin Peterlechner is acknowledged for advice on
TEM measurements.
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