X. Yang et al.: Organic Nitrates Determined by GC-MS/MS
3
.
Jie, S., Wu, F., Bo, H., Tang, G., Wang, Y.: VOC characteristics,
emissions and contributions to SOA formation during hazy episodes.
Atmos. Environ. 141, 560–570 (2016)
8
.2%, indicating that the method had a good degree of
repeatability. ONs are poorly photostable, so light must be
excluded throughout the sample preparation process. In a
previous experiment, we found not excluding light gave
unsatisfactory results (recoveries 61.2–156.3%, relative
standard deviations > 10.2%).
4. Perring, A.E., Pusede, S.E., Cohen, R.C.: An observational perspective
on the atmospheric impacts of alkyl and multifunctional nitrates on ozone
and secondary organic aerosol. Chem. Rev. 113, 5848–5870 (2013)
5.
Duan, H., Liu, X., Yan, M., Wu, Y., Liu, Z.: Characteristics of carbonyls
and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residences in Beijing, China.
Front. Env. Sci. Eng. 10, 73–84 (2016)
6
.
Wei, W., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Cheng, S., Wang, L.: Characteristics of VOCs
during haze and non-haze days in Beijing, China: concentration, chemical
degradation and regional transport impact. Atmos. Environ. 194, 134–
ON Concentrations in Real PM2.5
The method was used to analyze six real PM2.5 samples and
two blank samples. No ONs were detected in the blank
samples. Overall, 87% of the seven analytes were detected
in the real samples. Phenethyl nitrate, heptyl nitrate, and
octyl nitrate were detected in all of the samples, and the
concentrations are shown in Table S4. Phenethyl nitrate was
145 (2018)
7.
Cao, X., Yao, Z., Shen, X., Ye, Y., Jiang, X.: On-road emission charac-
teristics of VOCs from light-duty gasoline vehicles in Beijing, China.
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Lee, C.-L.: Tracing atmospheric oxidation through organic nitrates. UC
Berkeley. (2014)
Lee, L., Wooldridge, P.J., Degouw, J., Brown, S.S., Bates, T.S., Quinn,
P.K., Cohen, R.C.: Particulate organic nitrates observed in an oil and
natural gas production region during wintertime. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15,
8.
9.
−
3
found at the highest concentration (3.23 ng m ). The mean
−
3
decyl nitrate concentration was 2.30 ng m . Total ion
chromatograms of some real samples are shown in
Figure 7. The peaks at 20.28, 23.87, 27.28, and 30.55 min
were assigned to C C , C , and C alkyl nitrates, respec-
10677–10708 (2015)
1
0. Aiko, M., Ziemann, P.J.: Yields of beta-hydroxynitrates and
dihydroxynitrates in aerosol formed from OH radical-initiated reactions
of linear alkenes in the presence of NOx. J. Phys. Chem. A. 113, 599
7
,
8
9
10
(2009)
tively, and the peaks at 21.56 and 25.11 min were assigned
to tolyl nitrate and phenethyl nitrate.
1
1
1. Lim, Y.B., Ziemann, P.J.: Products and mechanism of secondary organic
aerosol formation from reactions of n-alkanes with OH radicals in the
presence of NOx. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 9229–9236 (2005)
2. Rollins, A.W., Browne, E.C., Min, K.-E., Pusede, S.E., Wooldridge, P.J.,
Gentner, D.R., Goldstein, A.H., Liu, S., Day, D.A., Russell, L.M.: Evi-
dence for NOx control over nighttime SOA formation. Science. 337,
Conclusions
1210–1212 (2012)
A GC-MS/MS method for determining alkyl and aromatic
nitrates was established, and reliable and effective qualitative
and quantitative ions were identified by analyzing synthesized
ONs standards by GC-MS/MS. The method was used to deter-
mine ON concentrations in real PM2.5 samples collected in
Beijing. Phenethyl nitrate, heptyl nitrate, and octyl nitrate were
detected in all of the samples. The mean phenethyl nitrate
concentration was higher than the mean concentration of any
other ON. Light needed to be excluded during the sample
preparation process to achieve good recoveries and good de-
grees of precision and accuracy.
1
1
1
3. Wang, M., Shao, M., Chen, W., Lu, S., Wang, C., Huang, D., Yuan, B.,
Zeng, L., Zhao, Y.: Measurements of C1–C4 alkyl nitrates and their
3
relationships with carbonyl compounds and O in Chinese cities. Atmos.
Environ. 81, 389–398 (2013)
4. Wang, T., Xue, L., Brimblecombe, P., Lam, Y.F., Li, L., Zhang, L.:
Ozone pollution in China: a review of concentrations, meteorological
influences, chemical precursors, and effects. Sci. Total Environ. 575,
1
582–1596 (2017)
5. Day, D., Wooldridge, P., Dillon, M., Thornton, J., Cohen, R.: A thermal
dissociation laser-induced fluorescence instrument for in situ detection of
2 3
NO , peroxy nitrates, alkyl nitrates, and HNO . J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.
107, ACH 4-1–ACH 4-14 (2002)
1
6. Dambach, M.: Semivolatile long chain C6–C17 alkyl nitrates as trace
compounds in air. Chemosphere. 33, 393–404 (1996)
1
7. Luxenhofer, O., Schneider, E., Ballschmiter, K.: Separation, detection
and occurrence of (C2–C8)-alkyl- and phenyl-alkyl nitrates as trace
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Acknowledgements
3
84–394 (1994)
This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China [grant no. 91744206] and the Beijing
Science and Technology Planning Project [grant no.
Z181100005418016]. We also thank Dr. Gareth Thomas for
his help in grammatical editing of this paper.
1
8. Sato, K., Takami, A., Isozaki, T., Hikida, T., Shimono, A., Imamura, T.:
Mass spectrometric study of secondary organic aerosol formed from the
photo-oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Atmos. Environ. 44, 1080–
1087 (2010)
1
2
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tion. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1345–1358 (1997)
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