DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805713
Full Paper
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Porous Aromatic Frameworks
Facile Synthesis of Ultrastable Porous Aromatic Frameworks by
Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction for Adsorption Removal of
Organic Dyes
[a]
[a]
[a]
[a, b]
[a]
[a, c]
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Abstract: Porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) with robust
structure, high stability, and high surface area have attracted
intense interest from scientists in diverse fields. However,
there are still very few reports on the adsorption of organic
dyes by PAFs. In this work, four new PAFs have been facilely
synthesized by the polymerization of a tetrahedral-shaped
725 m g for PAF-112B, and 598 m g for PAF-113. Rho-
damine B was selected as a model organic dye to test the
adsorption capacities of the obtained PAF materials. PAF-111
À1
showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 1666 mgg
(167 wt%) for Rhodamine B, which is among the highest
values reported to date for porous organic materials. It is
noteworthy that PAF-111 could be reused in at least ten
cycles under the adsorption conditions without any loss of
adsorption capacity. Our study has revealed the great poten-
tial and advantages of PAFs as ultrastable adsorption materi-
als for the removal of organic dyes.
(four-node) monomer with a series of three-node monomers
through Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. All the obtained
materials possess hierarchical porous structures and show
high thermal and chemical stability. The Brunauer–Emmett–
Teller (BET) surface areas of these PAFs were determined
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to be 857 m g
for PAF-111, 526 m g
for PAF-112A,
Introduction
POPs usually have high stability but suffer from flexible and
completely irregular pores. Thus, PAFs combine the advantages
of MOFs, COFs, and POPs. Therefore, since the seminal work
In recent years, porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs), as a new
type of porous organic materials, have attracted increasing at-
[2]
on PAF-1 developed by our group, a variety of PAFs have
been synthesized and many excellent applications of PAFs in
[
1]
tention from materials scientists and chemists. PAFs have a
high density of rigid aromatic rings within their frameworks,
and the aromatic building blocks are linked entirely through
stable carbon–carbon single bonds. This structural uniqueness
bestows on PAFs many great properties, such as robust struc-
ture, high surface area, and high chemical and thermal stability.
In particular, their unusual robust structure and super stability
make PAFs stand out from other recently developed porous
materials such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent
organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers
[
3]
[4]
[5]
adsorption, separation, sensing, and heterogeneous catal-
[6]
[7]
ysis, among others, have been reported. In particular, PAFs
have been used for the adsorption of gases (such as carbon di-
[
3a–f,i,k]
[3l]
[3g,o]
oxide),
pertechnetate-related oxyanions, ammonia,
[3h,m,n]
[3j,p]
metal ions,
and metallic oxide ions.
Considering their
absolute organic frameworks, high density of aromatic rings,
and high stability, PAFs are one of the best candidates for the
removal of organic dyes by adsorption. However, to date,
there are few reports on the adsorption of organic dyes by
PAFs.
(POPs). MOFs and COFs usually have robust structures and
highly ordered pores but suffer from low stability, whereas
It is well known that organic dyes are major environmental
pollutants originating from the wastewaters of the paper, food,
plastic, cosmetic, and textiles industries. Many organic dyes
can cause health problems and even increase the risk of
cancer in humans. Hence, the removal of organic dyes is of
great importance. Among the various methods available, ad-
sorption is one of the most effective, economic, and recycl-
[
a] L. Zhang, J.-S. Sun, Dr. F. Sun, Dr. P. Chen, Dr. J. Liu, Prof. Dr. G. Zhu
State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry
College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012 (P. R. China)
E-mail: pengchen@jlu.edu.cn
[b] Dr. P. Chen
[8]
able. In our previous work we successfully developed a new
Institute of Drug Discovery Technology
Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211 (P. R. China)
strategy for the preparation of a hierarchical PAF (PAF70-NH )
2
[6h]
[c] Prof. Dr. G. Zhu
by employing the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. In the
work described herein we synthesized several new PAF materi-
als by using a further improved Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reac-
tion and pioneered the use of the new PAFs in the removal of
organic dyes by adsorption.
Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of the Ministry of Education
Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University
Changchun 130024 (P. R. China)
Supporting Information and ORCID identification numbers for the authors
Chem. Eur. J. 2019, 25, 1 – 7
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ꢀ 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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