Termini Modifications Broaden Activity of Chex1-Arg20
1377
Table 2. Antibacterial activity, MIC (lM), against Gram-negative nosocomial pathogens and cytotoxicity (lM) against HEK-293 ATCC CRL-1573
and H-4-II-E ATCC CRL-1548 of PrAMP monomer (Chex1-Arg20) analogues
No activity was observed against Gram-positive, S. aureus ATCC 29213, and E. faecalis ATCC 29212
Peptide number E. coli ATCC 29222 K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 A. baumannii ATCC 19606 P. aeruginosa ATCC 47085
Cytotoxicity
HEK-293 H-4-II-E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2.6 ꢁ 0.7
3.6 ꢁ 0.1
6.5 ꢁ 2.6
5.6 ꢁ 1.8
5.8 ꢁ 2.2
6.7 ꢁ 1.3
4.0 ꢁ 1.5
1.6 ꢁ 0.1
0.8 ꢁ 0.0
2.0 ꢁ 0.2
2.2 ꢁ 0.4
2.1 ꢁ 0.0
1.5 ꢁ 0.4
2.0 ꢁ 0.1
1.7 ꢁ 0.1
1.2 ꢁ 0.3
.100
.100
.100
56.3 ꢁ 4.5
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
96.3 ꢁ 3.2
82.0 ꢁ 5.0
64.7 ꢁ 2.1
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
52.5 ꢁ 9.5
68.3 ꢁ 1.9
48.1 ꢁ 3.4
.100
.100
28.9 ꢁ 2.7
35.3 ꢁ 5.2
Conclusion
Agilent 400-MR (400 MHz) spectrometer with the deuterated
solvent as reference and sample concentration of
,10 mg mLꢀ1
a
In summary, various chemical synthesis strategies were
employed to produce a variety of N- or C-terminal analogues of
the potent PrAMP monomer, Chex1-Arg20. The N-terminal
modifications did not alter the antibacterial activity of Chex1-
Arg20. However, compared with natural C-terminal carboxyl
and carboxamide moieties, the hydrazide or alcohol C-terminal
modifications broadened the spectrum of activity of Chex1-
Arg20 while retaining the level of efficacy against Gram-
negative bacterial strains. Furthermore, none of these broader
spectrum and potent Chex1-Arg20 analogues displayed cyto-
toxicity in the presence of mammalian cell lines. These results
bode well for the further development of next-generation ana-
logues of Chex1-Arg20 as potential novel antibiotics.
.
Preparation of N-Fmoc-arginine-b-amino-alcohol 9
Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH (1.5 mmol, 1 g) was dissolved in dime-
thoxyethane (DME, 10 mL) in a 50 mL round bottom flask,
and then NMM (1.1 equiv., 1.65 mmol, 0.187 mL) and IBCF
(1.1 equiv., 1.65 mmol, 0.219 mL) were added to the mixture at
ꢀ158C. The reaction was left for 30 min and filtered into another
round bottom flask. NaBH4 (3 equiv.) was added to the filtrate at
ꢀ158C and stirred for 15 min. Saturated NaHCO3 was then used
to quench the reduction and the mixture was extracted three
times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was
washed with 0.5 M HCl and saturated NaCl solution. The
organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate and concen-
trated to afford the product 9 (0.8 g, 81 % yield) without further
purification (Fig. 3), mp 101.2–103.58C. nmax (KBr)/cmꢀ1
3439.9, 2926.7, 1552.0, 1450.2, 1251.5, 1104.7, 734.8, 568.5.
dH (CDCl3) 7.76–7.68 (2H, m), 7.54 (2H, d, J 7.3), 7.34 (2H, t, J
7.4), 7.22 (2H, d, J 7.0), 6.25 (3H, t, J 32.1), 6.08 (1H, s), 5.60
(1H, s), 4.34 (2H, d, J 6.4), 4.19–4.06 (2H, m), 3.75–3.55 (3H,
m), 3.39 (1H, s), 3.21 (2H, s), 2.89 (2H, s), 2.56 (3H, s), 2.49 (3H,
s), 2.06 (3H, s), 1.55 (4H, d, J 15.1), 1.41 (6H, s). dC (75 MHz,
CDCl3): 158.8, 156.9, 156.3, 143.8, 143.7, 141.2, 138.3, 132.6,
132.2, 128.7, 127.6, 127.0, 125.1, 124.7, 121.0, 119.9, 117.6,
86.4, 66.7, 47.2, 43.1, 41.0, 28.5, 25.2, 19.3, 17.9, 12.4, 0.0.
m/z 635.2942. HRMS (ESIþ) Anal. Calc. for C34H42N4O6S
[M þ H]þ 635.2825.
Methods
Peptide Synthesis
The peptides were synthesised by Fmoc/tBu solid-phase meth-
ods.[20] Peptide chains 1–5 assemblies were carried out on a
CEM Liberty microwave-assisted synthesizer using TentaGel
Rink amide resins (RAM). Standard Fmoc-chemistry was used
throughout with a 4-fold molar excess of the Fmoc-protected
amino acids in the presence of 4-fold (2-(6-chloro-1H-
benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethylaminium hexafluoropho-
sphate (HCTU) and 8-fold N,N-diisopropylethylamine
(DIPEA). Final N-terminal modifications were obtained by
incubating the N-terminally deprotected peptides with 10 equiv.
acetic anhydride/DIPEA for 2, 4 equiv. butyric acid/1-ethyl-3-
(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDCI)/triethylamine
for 3, 4 equiv. valeric acid/EDCI/triethylamine for 4, and
10 equiv. HBTU/N-methylmorpholine (NMM) for 5.
The assembly of peptide chains 6–8 was carried out by
using hydrazide or N-Fmoc-amino acid alcohol functionalised
2-chlorotrityl chloride resin followed by manual standard Fmoc/
tBu SPPS. The peptides were cleaved from the solid support
resin with TFA in the presence of anisole and triisopropylsilane
(TIPS) as scavenger (ratio 95 : 3 : 2) for 2 h at room temperature
(r.t.). After cleavage, the resin was removed by filtration, the
filtrate was concentrated under a stream of nitrogen, and the
peptide products were precipitated in ice-cold diethyl ether,
washed and centrifuged three times. The peptides were then
purified with moderate yield by RP-HPLC in water and aceto-
nitrile with 0.1 % TFA. The final products were monitored
and characterised by RP-HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS. 1H and
13C NMR spectra were obtained at room temperature using an
Antibacterial Assay
Antibacterial assays were undertaken to determine the MIC. E. coli
ATCC 29222, K. pneumoniae ATCC13883, A. baumannii ATCC
19606, P. aeruginosa ATCC 47085, S. aureus ATCC 29213, and
E. faecalis ATCC 29212 were grown and maintained at 378C on
Luria-Bertani agar plates. Single colonies from the agar plates
were used to inoculate MHB, and the growth was monitored at
650 nm using a spectrophotometer (model 275E; Perkin-Elmer,
Sydney, NSW) with culture purity checked by microscopic
examination and culture. Batch-grown cells were harvested
during late exponential growth phase and counted. Their via-
bility was determined using a BacLight viability kit (Invitrogen,
Sydney, NSW) and a QuantaSC-MPLflow cytometer(Beckman
Coulter Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW).
Viable cells were diluted to 2.5 ꢂ 105 cells mLꢀ1 in MHB at
378C immediately before the determination of MIC. The MICs