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Characterization
Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained at room tem-
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1.541 Å). The morphologies of all samples were observed on a ZEISS
SUPRA55 instrument operated at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV.
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images
were obtained on a JEM2100F operated at the accelerating voltages
of 200 kV. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were meas-
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h under vacuum before an adsorption measurement. The Brunauer-
Emmett-Teller (BET) method was utilized to calculate the specific
surface areas. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data were ob-
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Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) using 150 W Al Kα radiation and
for peak calibration adventitious C 1s was set at 284.9 eV. Tempera-
ture-programmed reduction with H2 (H2-TPR) was performed on a
Micromeritics ASAP-2020 analyzer (Micromeritics Instrument Corp.,
USA. In the H2-TPR measurements, catalyst samples were heated at
a rate of 10 K min–1 from 50 to 800 °C under 5 %H2/95 %N2 with a
flowing rate of 30 mL/min. The Ce contents of the samples and the
liquid after the catalytic test were obtained using inductively cou-
pled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
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Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for financial support from the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (51802015), the Key Re-
search Program of China (2018YFB0605900), the Fundamental
Research Funds for the Central Universities (FRF-BD-17-013A),
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Keywords: Heterogeneous catalysis · Nanoparticles · O-O
activation · Oxidation · Oxygen transfer
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