Gadolinium

Base Information

• Chemical Name: Gadolinium
• CAS No.: 7440-54-2
• Deprecated CAS: 110123-54-1,87677-94-9,881842-03-1,87677-94-9,881842-03-1
• Molecular Formula: Gd
• Molecular Weight: 157.25
• Hs Code.: 2846902015
• European Community (EC) Number: 231-162-2
• UNII: AU0V1LM3JT
• DSSTox Substance ID: DTXSID5037234
• Nikkaji Number: J53.988K,J241.196B
• Wikipedia: Gadolinium
• Wikidata: Q1832,Q27117101
• NCI Thesaurus Code: C39765
• Mol file: 7440-54-2.mol

Synonyms:Gadolinium

Chemical Property of Gadolinium

Chemical Property:

• Appearance/Colour: metal foil, chunks or powder
• Melting Point: 1313 °C(lit.)
• Boiling Point: 3273 °C(lit.)
• Flash Point: 3266°C
• PSA: 0.00000
• Density: 7.886 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
• LogP: 0.00000
• Sensitive.: Air & Moisture Sensitive
• Water Solubility.: Soluble in magnesium and diluted acid. Insoluble in water.
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
• Rotatable Bond Count: 0
• Exact Mass: 157.92411
• Heavy Atom Count: 1
• Complexity: 0

Purity/Quality:

98% ^*data from raw suppliers

Gadolinium ingot (99.9% REO) ^*data from reagent suppliers

Safty Information:

• Pictogram(s): F;Xi
• Hazard Codes: F,Xi
• Statements: 15-36/38
• Safety Statements: 43-7/8-26-Neverusewater.

MSDS Files:

SDS file from LookChem

Useful:

• Chemical Classes: Metals -> Rare Earth Metals
• Canonical SMILES: [Gd]
• Recent ClinicalTrials: 18F-DCFPyL PET/MRI in Regional Nodal&Distant Metastases Detection in Intermediate &HR Prostate Cancer
• Recent NIPH Clinical Trials: Lymphedema diagnosis by lower limb lymphangiography using MRI and gadolinium contrast medium
• Description: Gadolinum is found in minerals bastnasite and monazite, always associated with other rare earth metals. It was isolated from yttria in 1880 by the Swiss chemist Marignac, and discovered independently in 1885 by Boisbaudran. It was named in honor of the Swedish chemist Gadolin. Its abundance in the earth’s crust is 6.2 mg/kg and concentration in sea water is 0.7 ng/L. Gadolinium is also found in alloys and special minerals known as yttrium garnets. An alloy is made by melting and mixing two or more metals. The mixture has properties different from those of the individual metals. Gadolinium alloys are easier to work with than alloys without gadolinium. Gadolinium yttrium garnets are used in microwave ovens to produce the microwaves. Gadolinium metal is not especially reactive. It dissolves in acids and reacts slowly with cold water. It also reacts with oxygen at high temperatures. The most important application of this metal is as control rod material for shielding in nuclear power reactors. Its thermal neutron absorption cross section is 46,000 barns. Other uses are in thermoelectric generating devices, as a thermoionic emitter, in yttrium-iron garnets in microwave filters to detect low intensity signals, as an activator in many phosphors, for deoxidation of molten titanium, and as a catalyst. Catalytic applications include decarboxylation of oxaloacetic acid; conversion of ortho- to para-hydrogen; and polymerization of ethylene.
• Uses: Gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) has multiple uses in medicine, chemical processes, electronics, and glass making. Gadolinium oxide is used in the creation of the phosphors used in television tubes as well as the creation of gadolinium yttrium garnets used in microwaves and materials used to absorb atomic reactions. Gadolinium has a shiny metallic lustre with a slight yellowish tint. It is both ductile and malleable. Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94uB) and in phosphors and scintillated material. When mixed with EDTA dopants, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. With its high magnetic moment, Gadolinium can reduce relaxation times and thereby enhance signal intensity. Gadolinium also possesses unusual metallurgic properties, with as little as 1% of Gadolinium improving the workability and resistance of Iron, Chromium, and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation. Gadolinium compounds are also used for making green phosphors for color TV tubes. Gadolinium is used for making Gadolinium Yttrium Garnet (Gd:Y3Al5O12); it has microwave applications and is used in fabrication of various optical components and as substrate material for magneto-optical films. Gadolinium Metal is ferromagnetic, ductile and malleable metal, and widely used for making speciality alloys, MRI(magnetic Resonance Imaging), superconductive materials and magnetic refrigerator. Gadolinium is also used in nuclear marine propulsion systems as a burnable poison. In X-ray systems, gadolinium is contained in the phosphor layer, suspended in a polymer matrix at the detector. It is used for making Gadolinium Yttrium Garnet (Gd:Y3Al5O12); it has microwave applications and is used in fabrication of various optical components and as substrate material for magneto-optical films. Gadolinium Gallium Garnet (GGG, Gd3Ga5O12) was used for imitation diamonds and for computer bubble memory. It can also serve as an electrolyte in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). Neutron shielding, garnets in microwave filters, phosphor activator, catalyst, scavenger for oxygen in titanium production Gadolinium’s main use is based on its ability to absorb neutrons, thus making it ideal as aneutron-shielding and neutron-absorbing metal. It is also used as an alloying agent for steel andother metals to make the metals more workable and to be able to withstand low temperatures.Gadolinium is used in the manufacture of electronics and can be combined with yttriumto make garnets used in microwaves. Gadolinium is used as a catalyst to speed up chemicalreactions, and to activate phosphor compounds in TV screens and cast filaments in electricaldevices. It is also used in high-temperature furnaces. Gadolinium is paramagnetic at normalroom temperatures (weaker than ferromagnetic) and becomes strongly ferromagnetic at verycold temperatures. Oxide of Gadolinium foil is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. It is used as nuclear control rod material. Neutron shielding, phosphor activator, catalyst, scavenger for oxygen in titanium production. A metal element that is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other imaging methods. It has been used in making gadolinium yttrium garnets, which have microwave applications.
• Physical properties: Gadolinium is silvery-white, soft, malleable, and ductile with a metallic luster. It is the secondof what is referred to as the dysprosium, subgroup in the middle of the lanthanide seriesof rare-earths. It tarnishes in air, forming the oxide (Gd2O3) on the surface, which flakes offthe surface, exposing a fresh metal that in turn oxidizes.Its melting point is 1,313°C, its boiling point is 3,273°C, and its density is 7.90g/cm3.

Refernces

MRI-visible polymer based on poly(methyl methacrylate) for imaging applications

10.1039/c5ra23646k

Mira Younis et al. detail the development of a new MRI-visible polymer for imaging applications. The study focuses on grafting a Gd-based DTPA contrast agent onto a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) derivative using free radical polymerization and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The researchers synthesized an azido mono-functionalized DTPA ligand and complexed it with gadolinium. This complex was then grafted onto an alkyne-functionalized PMMA backbone. The resulting polymer was coated onto a polypropylene mesh using an airbrushing technique and tested for MRI visibility at 7 Teslas. The study also assessed the polymer's cytocompatibility and stability, finding that low concentrations of Gd3+ (as low as 0.1% by weight) were sufficient for MRI visualization without cytotoxic effects. The results indicate that this new MRI-visible polymer has potential for long-term visualization of implanted medical devices and is suitable for biomedical applications.

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