The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 was divided, one half jointly to Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" and the other half to Jens C. Skou "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase".
 

ATP synthase is often in the form of protons moving down an electrochemical gradient, such as from the lumen into the stroma of chloroplasts or from the inter-membrane space into the matrix in mitochondria. ATP synthase is a general term for an enzyme that can synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate by using a form of energy.
 

Na+/K+-ATPase is an enzyme located in the plasma membrane in all animals. The Na+/K+-ATPase helps maintain resting potential, avail transport, and regulate cellular volume. It also functions as signal transducer/integrator to regulate MAPK pathway, ROS, as well as intracellular calcium. For most animal cells, the Na+/K+-ATPase is responsible for 1/3 of the cell's energy expenditure. For neurons, the Na+/K+-ATPase is responsible for 2/3 of the cell's energy expenditure.