121730-26-5Relevant articles and documents
Synthesis and Electrochemical Studies of Catenates: Stabilization of Low Oxidation States by Interlocked Macrocyclic Ligands
Dietrich-Buchecker, Christiane,Sauvage, Jean-Pierre,Kern, Jean-Marc
, p. 7791 - 7800 (2007/10/02)
The coordinating properties of a catenand, consisting of two interlocked 30-membered rings, have been studied.Several complexes, the catenates, have been prepared and fully characterized.The electron spectra of catenates have been measured, showing intense absorption bands in the visible for the Cu(I) and Ni(I) complexes.The strong color of copper(I) and nickel(I) catenates corresponds to a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transition.Many of the catenates studied are strong photoemitters, the excitation light being in the near-UV or visible region.Bothligand-localized or MLCT excited states are responsible for the emission properties observed, depending on the metallic species complexed.The two 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dpp) subunits, which form the complexing species of the catenand, adopt an entwined geometry in all the catenates isolated.This special shape was clearly demonstrated by (1)H NMR studies for copper(I), silver(I), zinc(II), and cadmium(II) catenates and for their corresponding acyclic analogues containing two 2,9-di-p-anisyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dap) chelates.The molecular topography of the system in solution is thus in perfect agreement with the solid-state structure of copper(I) catenate, as earlier determined by X-ray crystallography.A detailed electrochemical study of the various catenates prepared has been carried out.The very general trend is that low oxidation states of transition-metal catenates are strongly stabilized.Some one-electron reductive processes have clearly been shown to occur on the ligand without decomposition of the complex.This is the case for lithium(I), copper(I),and zinc(II) catenates.It is even possible to generate stablesolutions of the anionic copper complex by two-electron reduction of copper(I) catenate.In other instances, electron transfer takes place on the metal.The most straightforward situation is that of Ni(II), which is very readily reduced to Ni(I) (d9), this monovalent nickel catenate being surprisingly stable toward reoxidation.The nature of the orbitals involved in the reduction of Fe(II), Co(II), Ag(I), and Cd(II) (ligand or metal centered) is not certain as yet.In any case, the destabilizing effect toward high oxidation states was so pronounced that it turned out to be impossible to generate trivalent states like Fe(III) or Co(III).Rather, oxidation of the ligand part (E > 1.4 V versus SCE) was observed.