126080-79-3Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Biomass conversion to diesel via the etherification of furanyl alcohols catalyzed by Amberlyst-15
Sacia, Eric R.,Balakrishnan, Madhesan,Bell, Alexis T.
, p. 70 - 79 (2014)
The etherification of furanyl alcohols produced from biomass-derived glucose and fructose has been a growing area of research for production of alternative diesel additives. We have determined that the Bronsted acidic resin catalyst, Amberlyst-15, is highly active and selective for the etherification of furanyl alcohols by both ethanol and butanol. The mechanism and kinetics of this reaction were investigated using 5-methylfurfuryl alcohol (MFA) as a probe molecule. Etherification of MFA was found to be first order in both the concentrations of furanyl alcohol and the acid sites. The mechanism of MFA etherification also holds for the etherification of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) furan (BHMF) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF). In the case of HMF, we find that acetalization of HMF precedes etherification in alcohol solutions. The apparent activation energy of furanyl alcohol etherification in ethanol and butanol solutions ranged from 17.0 to 26.3 kcal/mol. Electron donation/withdrawal at the 2 or 5 position of the furan ring in addition to solvent polarity was found to have significant effects on the rate of furanyl alcohol etherification.
Action of boron trifluoride etherate and stannic chloride on heterocyclic aromatic acetals
Raja, S.,Xavier, N.,Arulraj, S. J.
, p. 687 - 689 (2007/10/02)
Twelve heterocyclic aromatic acetals (1a-12a) have been synthesised and their reactions with Lewis acids, viz. boron trifluoride etherate (BTE) and stannic chloride (STC) have been studied.The acetals yield ethers, esters and aldehydes with BTE, but only esters and aldehydes with STC.Interestingly, pyridine-2-aldehyde acetal (12a), yields aldehyde alone, that too in low yield.Probable mechanisms have been suggested for the product formation.
