128654-09-1Relevant articles and documents
The Metal-ion-promoted Water- and Hydroxide-ion-catalysed Hydrolysis of Amides
Przystas, Theodore J.,Fife, Thomas H.
, p. 393 - 399 (2007/10/02)
Rate constants have been determined for the hydrolysis of 8-trifluoroacetamidoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid and N-(6-carboxypicolinyl)-2,4-dinitroaniline in water at 70 deg C.The hydrolysis reactions of these amides in the absence of metal ions are OH- catalysed at pH values >7.Divalent metal ions (Co2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+) have a significant catalytic effect on the rates of hydrolysis.Binding of the metal ions to the amides is strong, and saturation occurs at low metal ion concentrations (-1).At saturating concentrations of the metal ions kobs ispH independent at pH- catalysed reactions are not observed.In contrast, the Ni2+ catalysed hydrolysis of the β-lactam, N-(8-quinolyl)azetidin-2-one, proceeds through a metal-ion-promoted OH- reaction.A 0.01 mol dm-1 concentration of Ni2+ (non saturating) provides a rate enhancement of 105 over that observed in the absence of metal ion.The tye of metal ion catalysis observed in amide hydrolysis, i.e., pH independent or OH- dependent, must be determined by the nature of the rate-determining step and the ease of C-N bond breaking.A metal-ion-promoted OH- catalysed reaction will occur att pH values near neutrality when C-N bond breakng is facile and nucleophilic attack is rate determining, whereas when C-N bond breaking is difficult, and therefore part of the rate-determing step, the reaction will be pH independent because of the requirement for protonation of the nitrogen leaving group.