131438-79-4

Usage

Uses

Used in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research:
Amyloid Beta-Protein (Human, 1-40) Trifluoroacetate is used as a research tool for studying the molecular mechanisms and pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. It helps in understanding the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampus.
Used in Temperature-based Conformational Studies:
In the field of biophysics, this protein fragment is utilized as a subject for temperature-based conformational studies using Fourier transform infrared/differential scanning calorimetry (FT-IR/DSC) techniques. These studies provide insights into the structural changes and stability of the protein under varying conditions.
Used as a Reference Standard in Enzyme Immunoassays:
Amyloid Beta-Protein (Human, 1-40) Trifluoroacetate serves as a reference standard in sandwich-type enzyme immunoassays for quantifying amyloid A4 protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with head trauma. This application aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of brain injury and related conditions.
Used in Embryonic Stem Cell Medium:
In the field of regenerative medicine, this protein fragment is used as a component of embryonic stem cell medium to inhibit amyloid deposition in fibroblasts. This application supports the development of stem cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases and other conditions where amyloid deposition is a contributing factor.

Biological Activity

amyloid β-peptide (1-40) (human), (c194h295n53o58s1), a peptide with the sequence h2n-daefrhdsgyevhhqklvffaedvgsnkgaiiglmvggvvia-oh, mw= 4329.8. amyloid beta (aβ or abeta) is a peptide of 36-43 amino acids that is processed from the amyloid precursor protein. while best known as a component of amyloid plaques in association with alzheimer's disease, evidence has been found that aβ is a highly multifunctional peptide with significant non-pathological activity(1). aβ is the main component of deposits found in the brains of patients with alzheimer's disease. brain aβ is elevated in patients with sporadic alzheimer’s disease. aβ is the main constituent of brain parenchymal and vascular amyloid, it contributes to cerebrovascular lesions and is neurotoxic(2). aβ protein is generated by successive action of the β and γ secretases. the γ secretase, which produces the c-terminal end of the aβ peptide, cleaves within the transmembrane region of app and can generate a number of isoforms of 36-43 amino acid residues in length. the most common isoforms are aβ40 and aβ42; the longer form is typically produced by cleavage that occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, while the shorter form is produced by cleavage in the trans-golgi network(3).figure1 structure of amyloid β-peptide (1-40) (human)

Biochem/physiol Actions

Amyloid β-protein is neurotrophic and neurotoxic in vivo and in vitro in human and rat neuronal cell cultures. β-Amyloid peptides (amino acids 1-42 and 1-43) are the major constituents of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that occur in the hippocampus, neocortex, and amygdala of patients with Alzheimer′s disease.

references

1. Lahiri DK, Maloney B (September 2010). "Beyond the signaling effect role of amyloid–β42 on the processing of AβPP, and its clinical implications". Exp. Neurol. 225 (1): 51-4.2. Hardy J, Duff K, Hardy KG, Perez-Tur J, Hutton M (September 1998). "Genetic dissection of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: amyloid and its relationship to tau". Nat. Neurosci. 1 (5): 355-8.3. Hartmann T, Bieger SC, Brühl B, Tienari PJ, Ida N, Allsop D, Roberts GW, Masters CL, Dotti CG, Unsicker K, Beyreuther K (September 1997). "Distinct sites of intracellular production for Alzheimer's disease A beta40/42 amyloid peptides". Nat. Med. 3 (9): 1016-20.