1405-97-6 Usage
Description
Gramicidin is a polypeptide antibiotic mixture of gramicidin A , gramicidin B, and gramicidin C originally isolated from B. brevis. It is also a component of the antibiotic tyrothricin . Gramicidin is active against the Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus but not Gram-negative E. coli. It also protects mice from Pneumococcus infection in vivo when administered at a dose of 0.002 mg/animal. Gramicidin inhibits growth of bacteria by forming pores and channels in the cell wall, which increases its permeability to monovalent cations. Formulations containing gramicidin have been used as topical agents in the treatment of bacterial skin infections.
Chemical Properties
White, crystalline platelets. Soluble in lower alcohols, acetic acid, and
pyridine; moderately soluble in dry acetone and
dioxane; almost insoluble in water, ether, and
hydrocarbons. Depresses surface tension, forms a
fairly stable colloidal emulsion in distilled water.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 1405-97-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Medicine (antibacterial).
2. Gramicidins are a family of linear pentadecapeptides isolated from Bacillus brevis by Dubos at the Rockefeller Institute in 1939. Gramicidin is a complex of six closely related analogues A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2 where A1 and A2 are the dominant components. Gramidicins act by forming channels in cell membranes causing ion leakage, and is an essential bioprobe for understanding the nature of the cell membranes.
3. Targets primarily the cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria and shows little effect against Gram-negative bacteria. Gramicidin is typically used as a topical antimicrobial agent because it also causes hemolysis of red blood cells.
Definition
An antibiotic produced by the metabolic processes of the bacteria Bacillus brevis. It is a polypeptide that is active against most Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. It is one of the two antibiotic components of tyrothricin but has been isolated and used
Brand name
Gramoderm (Schering).
Antimicrobial activity
Gramicidin is highly active against many Gram-positive bacteria.
Neisseria spp. are relatively resistant. Gram-negative bacilli including
Pseudomonas aeruginosa are susceptible although conflicting data exist
about the degree of susceptibility. Gramicidin has a bactericidal activity against Mycoplasma
spp. and several pathogenic fungi, including Candida albicans.
Interestingly, it also appears to have antiviral activity against HIV
and herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2).
General Description
Gramicidin is obtained from tyrothricin, a mixture ofpolypeptides usually obtained by extraction of cultures of B.brevis. Tyrothricin was isolated in 1939 by Dubos in aplanned search to find an organism growing in soil that wouldhave antibiotic activity against human pathogens. With onlylimited use in therapy now, it is of historical interest as thefirst in the series of modern antibiotics. Tyrothricin is a whiteto slightly gray or brown-white powder, with little or no odoror taste. It is practically insoluble in water and is soluble in alcoholand dilute acids. Suspensions for clinical use can beprepared by adding an alcoholic solution to calculatedamounts of distilled water or isotonic saline solutions.Gramicidin acts as an ionophore in bacterial cell membranesto cause the loss of potassium ion from the cell. Itis bactericidal.Tyrothricin and gramicidin are effective primarilyagainst Gram-positive organisms. Their use is restricted tolocal applications. Tyrothricin can cause lysis of erythrocytes,which makes it unsuitable for the treatment of systemicinfections. Its applications should avoid direct contactwith the bloodstream through open wounds or abrasions. Itis ordinarily safe to use tyrothricin in troches for throat infections,as it is not absorbed from the GI tract. Gramicidinis available in various topical preparations containing otherantibiotics, such as bacitracin and neomycin.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Gramicidin as used in topical formulations is a mixture of
several closely related compounds, of which about 80% is in
the form of gramicidin A. It is part of the tyrothricin complex
originally isolated from B. brevis.
It is active against most species of Gram-positive bacteria,
including mycobacteria. Gram-negative bacilli are completely
insensitive.
It is highly toxic to erythrocytes, liver and kidney, and is
used only in topical formulations, usually as one of several
components.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Linear polypeptide antibiotic mixture of gramicidin A, B, C, and D. Gramicidin A acts as neutral carrier and helps in the establishment of ion flux across the lipid bilayer.
Mechanism of action
The mechanisms of gramicidin’s bactericidal activity have not been
fully elucidated. Gramicidin is known to alter the function of the
bacterial cytoplasmic membrane by forming channels that destroy the
ion gradient and make it permeable for inorganic cations . It may also be a potent and
specific inhibitor of the transcription reaction and inhibit the binding
of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (transcriptase) to DNA .
Gramicidin appears to have antiviral activity against HIV, HSV-1,
and HSV-2 viruses and is also used as a
contraceptive due to its spermostatic properties.
Clinical Use
The use of gramicidin is restricted to topical applications on wounds or
as ear and eye drops. Currently, much research is being invested to
generate less toxic analogs that still exhibit the same wide range of
bactericidal activity. To date, no new gramicidin-like polypeptides are
available for clinical use.
Gramicidin is used in some countries as a topical contraceptive,
because it has spermostatic activity.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 1405-97-6 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 1,4,0 and 5 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 9 and 7 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 1405-97:
(6*1)+(5*4)+(4*0)+(3*5)+(2*9)+(1*7)=66
66 % 10 = 6
So 1405-97-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C60H92N12O10/c1-35(2)31-43-53(75)67-45(33-39-19-11-9-12-20-39)59(81)71-29-17-25-47(71)55(77)70-50(38(7)8)58(80)64-42(24-16-28-62)52(74)66-44(32-36(3)4)54(76)68-46(34-40-21-13-10-14-22-40)60(82)72-30-18-26-48(72)56(78)69-49(37(5)6)57(79)63-41(23-15-27-61)51(73)65-43/h9-14,19-22,35-38,41-50H,15-18,23-34,61-62H2,1-8H3,(H,63,79)(H,64,80)(H,65,73)(H,66,74)(H,67,75)(H,68,76)(H,69,78)(H,70,77)
1405-97-6Relevant articles and documents
Polar groups in membrane channels: Consequences of replacing alanines with serines in membrane-spanning gramicidin channels
Daily, Anna E.,Kim, Jung H.,Greathouse, Denise V.,Andersen, Olaf S.,Koeppe, Roger E.
, p. 6856 - 6865 (2010)
To explore the consequences of burying polar, hydrogen-bonding hydroxyl groups within the hydrocarbon core of lipid bilayer membranes, we examined the structural and functional effects of alanine-to-serine substitutions in bilayer-spanning gramicidin channels. A native Ala was replaced by Ser at position 3 or 5 in the gramicidin A (gA) sequence: formyl-VG2A 3LA5VVVWLWLWLW-ethanolamide (d-residues underlined). In the head-to-head dimers that form the conducting, membrane-spanning gA channels, these sequence positions are located near the lipid bilayer center (and subunit interface). The sequence substitutions at positions 3 and 5 were tested within the context of having either Gly or d-Ala at position 2, because d-Ala 2 causes the channel lifetimes to increase 3-fold relative to Gly2 [Mattice et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 6827]. Size-exclusion chromatograms and circular dichroism spectra show that the Ala → Ser replacements are well tolerated and have little effect on channel structure. In planar bilayers, the Ser-substituted gramicidins form well-defined channels, with cation conductances that are ～60% of those of the reference channels. The Ser-substituted channels are structurally equivalent to native gramicidin channels, as demonstrated by the formation of heterodimeric channels between a Ser-containing subunit and a native gramicidin subunit. These hybrid channels exhibit rectification, attributable to asymmetric placement of the single Ser hydroxyl group with respect to the bilayer center. Compared to the corresponding Ala-containing reference channels, the polar Ser residues decrease the analogues channel-forming potency by 3 orders of magnitude, indicating a substantial energetic penalty (～15 kJ/mol) for burying the polar Ser side chain in the bilayer hydrophobic core.
