15925-18-5Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Base-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Nitriles to Amines and Esters to Alcohols
Clarke, Joshua A.,Nikonov, Georgii I.,van der Est, Art
supporting information, p. 4434 - 4439 (2021/08/30)
Base-catalyzed hydrosilylation of nitriles to amines and esters to silylated alcohols is reported. This protocol tolerates electron-rich and electron-neutral olefins and works in the presence of basic functional groups (e. g. tertiary amines) but fails for acidic substrates, such as phenols and NH anilines. This catalytic system does not tolerate carbonyl groups, such as aldehydes, ketones, esters and carbamides, which are reduced to corresponding alcohols and amines. With the exact amount of silane, esters can be selectively reduced in the presence of nitriles, but the selectivity drops for the pairs ester/carboxamide and carboxamide/nitrile. Through competition experiments, the following preference in functional group reactivity was determined: ester > carboxamide > nitrile.
Transition metal-free catalytic reduction of primary amides using an abnormal NHC based potassium complex: Integrating nucleophilicity with Lewis acidic activation
Bhunia, Mrinal,Sahoo, Sumeet Ranjan,Das, Arpan,Ahmed, Jasimuddin,Sreejyothi,Mandal, Swadhin K.
, p. 1848 - 1854 (2020/03/03)
An abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene (aNHC) based potassium complex was used as a transition metal-free catalyst for reduction of primary amides to corresponding primary amines under ambient conditions. Only 2 mol% loading of the catalyst exhibits a broad substrate scope including aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic primary amides with excellent functional group tolerance. This method was applicable for reduction of chiral amides and utilized for the synthesis of pharmaceutically valuable precursors on a gram scale. During mechanistic investigation, several intermediates were isolated and characterized through spectroscopic techniques and one of the catalytic intermediates was characterized through single-crystal XRD. A well-defined catalyst and isolable intermediate along with several stoichiometric experiments, in situ NMR experiments and the DFT study helped us to sketch the mechanistic pathway for this reduction process unravelling the dual role of the catalyst involving nucleophilic activation by aNHC along with Lewis acidic activation by K ions.
Primary amides to amines or nitriles: A dual role by a single catalyst
Das, Hari S.,Das, Shyamal,Dey, Kartick,Singh, Bhagat,Haridasan, Rahul,Das, Arpan,Ahmed, Jasimuddin,Mandal, Swadhin K.
supporting information, p. 11868 - 11871 (2019/10/11)
We report a manganese-catalyzed hydrosilylative reduction of various primary amides to amines (25 examples). On simple modification of the reaction conditions such as in the presence of a catalytic amount of secondary amide, the same catalyst can transform the primary amides into intermediate nitrile compounds (16 examples) in excellent yields. This is the first example where such a controlled catalytic transformation of primary amides to amines or nitriles with a single catalyst has been demonstrated.
Catalytic Reduction of Nitriles by Polymethylhydrosiloxane Using a Phenalenyl-Based Iron(III) Complex
Das, Shyamal,Das, Hari Sankar,Singh, Bhagat,Haridasan, Rahul Koottanil,Das, Arpan,Mandal, Swadhin K.
supporting information, p. 11274 - 11278 (2019/09/10)
The reduction of nitriles to primary amines using an inexpensive silane such as polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) is an industrially important reaction. Herein we report the synthesis of an earth-abundant Fe(III) complex bearing a phenalenyl-based ligand that was characterized by mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex showed excellent catalytic activity toward reduction of aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, and sterically crowded nitriles to produce primary amines using polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS).
Ru-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitriles, Aromatics, Olefins, Alkynes and Esters
Alshakova, Iryna D.,Gabidullin, Bulat,Nikonov, Georgii I.
, p. 4860 - 4869 (2018/10/02)
This paper reports the preparation of new ruthenium(II) complexes supported by a pyrazole-phosphine ligand and their application to transfer hydrogenation of various substrates. These Ru complexes were found to be efficient catalysts for the reduction of nitriles and olefins. Heterocyclic compounds undergo transfer hydrogenation with good to moderate yields, affording examples of unusual hydrogenation of all-carbon-rings. Internal alkynes with bulky substituents show selective reduction to olefins with the unusual E–selectivity. Esters with strong electron-withdrawing groups can be reduced to the corresponding alcohols, if ethanol is used as the solvent. Possible mechanisms of hydrogenation and olefin isomerization are suggested on the basis of kinetic studies and labelling experiments.
Selective Hydrogenation of Nitriles to Primary Amines Catalyzed by a Polysilane/SiO2-Supported Palladium Catalyst under Continuous-Flow Conditions
Saito, Yuki,Ishitani, Haruro,Ueno, Masaharu,Kobayashi, Shū
, p. 211 - 215 (2017/04/21)
Hydrogenation of nitriles to primary amines with heterogeneous catalysts under liquid-phase continuous-flow conditions is described. Newly developed polysilane/SiO2-supported Pd was found to be an effective catalyst and various nitriles were converted into primary amine salts in almost quantitative yields under mild reaction conditions. Interestingly, a complex mixture was obtained under batch conditions. Lifetime experiments showed that this catalyst remained active for more than 300 h (TON≥10 000) without loss of selectivity and no metal leaching from the catalyst occurred. By using this continuous-flow hydrogenation, synthesis of venlafaxine, an antidepressant drug, has been accomplished.
Cobalt-Catalyzed and Lewis Acid-Assisted Nitrile Hydrogenation to Primary Amines: A Combined Effort
Tokmic, Kenan,Jackson, Bailey J.,Salazar, Andrea,Woods, Toby J.,Fout, Alison R.
supporting information, p. 13554 - 13561 (2017/10/05)
The selective hydrogenation of nitriles to primary amines using a bench-stable cobalt precatalyst under 4 atm of H2 is reported herein. The catalyst precursor was reduced in situ using NaHBEt3, and the resulting Lewis acid formed, BEt3, was found to be integral to the observed catalysis. Mechanistic insights gleaned from para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) transfer NMR studies revealed that the pairwise hydrogenation of nitriles proceeded through a Co(I/III) redox process.
Boron-Catalyzed Silylative Reduction of Nitriles in Accessing Primary Amines and Imines
Gandhamsetty, Narasimhulu,Jeong, Jinseong,Park, Juhyeon,Park, Sehoon,Chang, Sukbok
, p. 7281 - 7287 (2015/07/28)
Silylative reduction of nitriles was studied under transition metal-free conditions by using B(C6F5)3 as a catalyst with hydrosilanes as a reductant. Alkyl and (hetero)aryl nitriles were efficiently converted to primary amines or imines under mild conditions. The choice of silanes was found to determine the selectivity: while a full reduction of nitriles was highly facile, the use of sterically bulky silanes allowed for the partial reduction leading to N-silylimines.
2-AMINOPYRIMIDIN-6-ONES AND ANALOGS EXHIBITING ANTI-CANCER AND ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITIES
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Paragraph 0222, (2014/09/29)
Described are compounds of Formula I which find utility in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases and metabolic bone disorders through inhibition of c-FMS (CSF-IR), c-KIT, and/or PDGFR kinases. These compounds also find utility in the treatment of other mammalian diseases mediated by c- FMS, c-KIT, or PDGFR kinases.
Transfer hydrogenation of nitriles with 2-propanol and Raney nickel
Mebane, Robert C.,Jensen, David R.,Rickerd, Kerry R.,Gross, Benjamin H.
, p. 3373 - 3379 (2007/10/03)
Raney nickel in refluxing 2-propanol containing 2% KOH is an effective catalytic system for reducing nitriles to amines.
