16751-02-3Relevant articles and documents
Engineering of a Plant Isoprenyl Diphosphate Synthase for Development of Irregular Coupling Activity
Gerasymenko, Iryna,Sheludko, Yuriy V.,Navarro Fuertes, Ismael,Schmidts, Volker,Steinel, Lara,Haumann, Elisabeth,Warzecha, Heribert
, (2021/11/09)
We performed mutagenesis on a regular isoprenyl diphosphate synthase (IDS), neryl diphosphate synthase from Solanum lycopersicum (SlNPPS), that has a structurally related analogue performing non-head-to-tail coupling of two dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) units, lavandulyl diphosphate synthase from Lavandula x intermedia (LiLPPS). Wild-type SlNPPS catalyses regular coupling of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and DMAPP in cis-orientation resulting in the formation of neryl diphosphate. However, if the enzyme is fed with DMAPP only, it is able to catalyse the coupling of two DMAPP units and synthesizes two irregular monoterpene diphosphates; their structures were elucidated by the NMR analysis of their dephosphorylation products. One of the alcohols is lavandulol. The second compound is the trans-isomer of planococcol, the first example of an irregular cyclobutane monoterpene with this stereochemical configuration. The irregular activity of SlNPPS constitutes 0.4 % of its regular activity and is revealed only if the enzyme is supplied with DMAPP in the absence of IPP. The exchange of asparagine 88 for histidine considerably enhanced the non-head-to-tail coupling. While still only observed in the absence of IPP, irregular activity of the mutant reaches 13.1 % of its regular activity. The obtained results prove that regular IDS are promising starting points for protein engineering aiming at the development of irregular activities and leading to novel monoterpene structures.
Structure-Function Studies of Artemisia tridentata Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase and Chrysanthemyl Diphosphate Synthase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Morphogenesis
Lee, J. Scott,Pan, Jian-Jung,Ramamoorthy, Gurusankar,Poulter, C. Dale
supporting information, p. 14556 - 14567 (2017/10/24)
The amino acid sequences of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPase) and chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CPPase) from Artemisia tridentata ssp. Spiciformis, minus their chloroplast targeting regions, are 71% identical and 90% similar. FPPase efficiently and selectively synthesizes the "regular" sesquiterpenoid farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) by coupling isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and then to geranyl diphosphate (GPP). In contrast, CPPase is an inefficient promiscuous enzyme, which synthesizes the "irregular" monoterpenes chrysanthemyl diphosphate (CPP), lavandulyl diphosphate (LPP), and trace quantities of maconelliyl diphosphate (MPP) from two molecules of DMAPP, and couples IPP to DMAPP to give GPP. A. tridentata FPPase and CPPase belong to the chain elongation protein family (PF00348), a subgroup of the terpenoid synthase superfamily (CL0613) whose members have a characteristic α terpene synthase α-helical fold. The active sites of A. tridentata FPPase and CPPase are located within a six-helix bundle containing amino acids 53 to 241. The two enzymes were metamorphosed into one another by sequentially replacing the loops and helices of the six-helix bundle from enzyme with those from the other. Chain elongation was the dominant activity during the N-terminal to C-terminal metamorphosis of FPPase to CPPase, with product selectivity gradually switching from FPP to GPP, until replacement of the final α-helix, whereupon cyclopropanation and branching activity competed with chain elongation. During the corresponding metamorphosis of CPPase to FPPase, cyclopropanation and branching activities were lost upon replacement of the first helix in the six-helix bundle. Mutations of active site residues in CPPase to the corresponding amino acids in FPPase enhanced chain-elongation activity, while similar mutations in the active site of FPPase failed to significantly promote formation of significant amounts of irregular monoterpenes. Our results indicate that CPPase, a promiscuous enzyme, is more plastic toward acquiring new activities, whereas FPPase is more resistant. Mutations of residues outside of the α terpene synthase fold are important for acquisition of FPPase activity for synthesis of CPP, LPP, and MPP.
Phosphorylation of Isoprenoid Alcohols
Davisson, V. Jo,Woodside, Andrew B.,Neal, Timothy R.,Stremler, Kay E.,Muehlbacher, Manfred,Poulter, C. Dale
, p. 4768 - 4779 (2007/10/02)
Procedures for the synthesis and purification of 20 isoprenoid diphosphates and methanediphosphonate analogues from the corresponding alcohols are described.The alcohols are activated for phosphorylation by conversion of homoallylic systems to tosylates and allylic systems to halides.The activated intermediates are treated with tris(tetra-n-butylammonium) salts of pyrophosphoric, methanediphosphonic, or difluoromethanediphosphonic acid to obtain the corresponding esters in yields 34-80percent.Chromatography on cellulose is a general method for purification of isoprenoid diphosphates, and procedures are decribed for compounds with C5 to C20 hydrocarbon moieties.The displacement by pyrophosphate occurs with inversion of configuration, and the procedure can be used to prepare isoprenoid diphosphates with chiral C1 methylene groups in high optical purity from the corresponding alcohols.
