16984-48-8 Usage
Chemical Properties
Of the general formula FyMx or MxFy, appear ance, odor and properties vary with specific compounds.
Uses
Fluoride, Ion chromatography standard solution, Specpure|r, F|- 1000μg/ml is used as a standard solution in analytical chemistry and in ion chromatography. It is used for calibration of ion chromatography and other analytical techniques.
Definition
Any inorganic salt of hydrofluoric acid in which fluorine has a valence of ?1. Fluorides are major environmental pollutants released into the atmosphere
from aluminum reduction, steel manufacturing, and
coal-fired power plants. Fluoride pollution is assoc
Hazard
Highly toxic; poison; mutagen; can cause
convulsions, changes in the respiratory system, liver
and kidneys.
Health Hazard
Small amounts of fluoride appear to be an essential nutrient. People in the United States ingest about 2 mg/day in water and food. A concentration of about 1 mg/L in drinking water effectively reduces dental caries without harmful effects on health. Dental fluorosis can result from exposure to concentrations above 2 mg/L in children up to about 8 years of age. In its mild form, fluorosis is characterized by white opaque mottled areas on tooth surfaces. Severe fluorosis causes brown to black stains and pitting. Although the matter is controversial, the EPA has determined that dental fluorosis is a cosmetic and not a toxic or an adverse health effect. Water hardness limits fluoride toxicity to humans and fish. The severity of fluorosis decreases in harder drinking water. Crippling skeletal fluorosis in adults requires the consumption of about 20 mg or more of fluoride per day over a 20-year period. No cases of crippling skeletal fluorosis have been observed in the United States from the longterm consumption of 2 L/day of water containing 4 mg/L of fluoride. The EPA has concluded that 0.12 mg/kg/day of fluoride is protective of crippling skeletal fluorosis. Fluoride therapy, where 20 mg/day is ingested for medical purposes, is sometimes used to strengthen bone, particularly spinal bones.
Potential Exposure
Fluorides are used as an electrolyte in
aluminum manufacture; a flux in smelting nickel, copper,
gold, and silver; as a catalyst for organic reactions, a wood
preservative; fluoridation agent for drinking water; a
bleaching agent for cane seats; in pesticides, rodenticides,
and as a fermentation inhibitor. They are utilized in the
manufacture of steel, iron, glass, ceramics, pottery, enam els, in the coagulation of latex; in coatings for welding
rods; and in cleaning graphite, metals, windows, and glass ware. Exposure to fluorides may also occur during prepara tion of fertilizer from phosphate rock by addition of
sulfuric acid. Air pollution by fluoride dusts and gases has
done substantial damage to vegetation and to animals in the
vicinity of industrial fluoride sources. However, the contri bution of ambient air to human fluoride intake is only a
few hundredths of a milligram per day, an amount that is
insignificant in comparison with other sources of fluoride.
Operations that introduce fluoride dusts and gases into the
atmosphere include: Grinding, drying, and calcining of
fluoride-containing minerals; acidulation of the minerals;
smelting; electrochemical reduction of metals with fluoride
fluxes or melts, as in the aluminum and steel industry; kiln firing of brick and other clay products and the combustion
of coal.
Incompatibilities
Fluorides form explosive gases on con tact with strong acids or acid fumes.
Waste Disposal
Reaction of aqueous waste
with an excess of lime, followed by lagooning; and either
recovery or land disposal of the separated calcium fluoride.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 16984-48-8 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 1,6,9,8 and 4 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 8 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 16984-48:
(7*1)+(6*6)+(5*9)+(4*8)+(3*4)+(2*4)+(1*8)=148
148 % 10 = 8
So 16984-48-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/FH/h1H/p-1
16984-48-8Relevant articles and documents
Hierl, Peter M.,Ahrens, Anton F.,Henchman, Michael,Viggiano, A. A.,Paulson, John F.
, p. 3140 - 3142 (1986)
Latimer, W. M.
, p. 2868 - 2869 (1926)
Electron affinities and gas-phase acidities of organogermanium and organotin compounds
Brinkman, Elizabeth A.,Salomon, Karen,Tumas, William,Brauman, John I.
, p. 4905 - 4910 (1995)
The electron affinities have been measured for trimethylgermanium and trimethyltin radicals as 31.9 ± 0.7 and 39.2 ± 1.5 kcal/mol, respectively, using electron photodetachment spectroscopy. The acidities (ΔH°acid) for the corresponding hydrides
Fluoride Affinities of Perfluorobenzenes C6F5X. Meisenheimer Complexes in the Gas Phase and Solution
Dillow, Glen W.,Kebarle, Paul
, p. 4877 - 4882 (1988)
Measurements of gas phase fluoride transfer equilibria lead to ΔGo and ΔHo for the reaction F- + C6F5X = where the substituents X of the perfluorobenzenes are F, H, CF3, COCH3, CN, and NO2.The relative energy changes are found to lead to an approximately linear correlation with the electron affinities of C6F5X.The gas-phase ΔGo and ΔHo data are used in combination with rate measurements in solution from the literature for a comparison of the reaction coordinates in the gas phase and solution and for determinations of the solvation energy of the transition state occuring in solution.
Frost, D. C.,McDowell, C. A.
, p. 503 - 506 (1958)
McCaulay,Lien
, p. 2495 (1957)
Intentional hydrolysis to overcome the hydrolysis problem: Detection of Ce(iv) by producing oxidase-like nanozymes with F-
Wang, Yawen,Yang, Jianzhong,Zhao, Yilin,Liu, Juewen
, p. 13434 - 13437 (2019)
Polyvalent metal ions are susceptible to hydrolysis, making their reproducible detection by sensors and biosensors difficult. We herein turned this disadvantage into an advantage to develop a high selectivity colorimetric method for detecting Ce(iv) by intentionally hydrolyzing it through heating, where subsequent addition of F- recovered the activity, allowing a detection limit of 3.8 μM Ce(iv).
Nanopore enriched hollow carbon nitride nanospheres with extremely high visible-light photocatalytic activity in the degradation of aqueous contaminants of emerging concern
Yang, Yuxin,Hu, An,Wang, Xinyue,Meng, Jiaqi,Guo, Yihang,Huo, Mingxin,Zhu, Suiyi
, p. 355 - 365 (2019/01/28)
Construction of highly efficient hollow nanosphere photocatalytic systems has been strongly attracting the attention of researchers. In the present work, nanopore enriched hollow carbon nitride nanospheres (HCNNSs) with a smaller particle size (200 nm) and a thinner shell thickness (40 nm) are successfully fabricated by a silica-nanocasting strategy. Such unique structures possess many advantages such as large BET surface area (122 m2 g-1), high light-harvesting ability, fast charge separation and transfer efficiency, plentiful exposed active sites and enhanced oxidation ability of photogenerated holes (h+VB). Therefore, HCNNSs in smaller sizes (HCNNS-200) exhibit extremely excellent visible-light photocatalytic efficiency towards the degradation of contaminants of emerging concern, e.g. levofloxacin (LEVO), in comparison with bulk g-C3N4 and HCNNSs in larger sizes (HCNNS-500). And it takes less than 10 min to finish the degradation of LEVO. The experimental results including those from indirect chemical probing, electron spin resonance, ion chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry confirm that h+VB and O2- are the active species that are responsible for the mineralization of LEVO to NO3-, F-, H2O and CO2 under visible-light irradiation. Additionally, the degradation pathway of LEVO in the HCNNS-200 photocatalytic system is also proposed. It is expected that HCNNS-200 can be used as a promising photocatalyst for environmental remediation.
