17689-42-8Relevant articles and documents
Kinetics and mechanism of the formation of mono- and di-phthalate esters catalysed by titanium and tin alkoxides
Hinde, Nicholas J.,Hall, C. Dennis
, p. 1249 - 1256 (1998)
The kinetics and mechanism of the formation of phthalate mono-esters and phthalate di-esters from phthalic anhydride and a variety of mono- and di-hydric alcohols are reported and discussed. The kinetic work is extended to a mechanistic study of the same reactions using titanium tetra-n-butoxide and tri-n-butyltin ethoxide as catalysts. The results support a mechanism involving alkoxy ligand exchange at the metal as a crucial step in the catalysis.
Preparation of unsaturated polyesters using boric acid as mild catalyst and their sulfonated derivatives as new family of degradable polymer surfactants
Alemdar, Neslihan,Erciyes, A. Tuncer,Bicak, Niyazi
experimental part, p. 5044 - 5050 (2011/11/14)
Boric acid-pyridine mixture is presented as mild catalyst for polycondensation of semi-esters of ethylene glycol, in situ-generated by " cyclic anhydride-diol" reaction scheme from maleic, succinic and phthalic anhydrides. This catalyst system was demonstrated to give colorless polyesters in low molecular weights (Mn: 1650-1950 Da) within 4 h at 130 °C 1H NMR spectra of the polyesters derived from maleic anhydride revealed significant isomerization of maleate groups to fumarate units (~80 %) during the polyesterification. Maleate and fumarate double bonds of the unsaturated polyesters (USP) were demonstrated to add bisulfite ions quantitatively to give sulfonated polyesters. The resulting sulfonated polyesters with 50% and 70% succinate units exhibited relatively narrow size spherical and ellipsoidal micelles in aqueous solutions, as inferred from surface tension, DLS and ESEM measurements. The results showed that, this procedure allows preparing a new family of polymer surfactants with tunable hydrophilicity and degradable polyester backbones.