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Relevant academic research and scientific papers

t-BuOK promoted stereoselective isomerization of allyl aryl ethers

The t-BuOK promoted stereoselective isomerization of allyl aryl ethers has been developed. The reactions proceeded well in methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), providing the corresponding products in good to excellent yields (83–96percent). Most of the substra

Ruthenium(IV)-catalyzed isomerization of the C=C bond of O-allylic substrates: A theoretical and experimental study

A general mechanism to rationalize RuIV-catalyzed isomerization of the C=C bond in O-allylic substrates is proposed. Calculations supporting the proposed mechanism were performed at the MPWB1K/6-311+G(d,p)+SDD level of theory. All experimental observations in different solvents (water and THF) and under different pH conditions (neutral and basic) can be interpreted in terms of the new mechanism. Theoretical analysis of the transformation from precatalyst to catalyst led to structural identification of the active species in different media. The experimentally observed induction period is related to the magnitudes of the energy barriers computed for that process. The theoretical energy profile for the catalytic cycle requires application of relatively high temperatures, as is experimentally observed. Participation of a water molecule in the reaction coordinate is mechanistically essential when the reaction is carried out in aqueous medium.

Thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and density functional theory studies of allyl aryl and prop-1-enyl aryl ethers. Part 1. Thermodynamic data of isomerization

A chemical equilibration study of the relative thermodynamic stabilities of seventy isomeric allyl aryl ethers (a) and (Z)-prop-1-enyl aryl ethers (b) in DMSO solution has been carried out. From the variation of the equilibrium constant with temperature the Gibbs energies, enthalpies, and entropies of isomerization at 298.15 K have been evaluated. Because of their low enthalpies, the (Z)-prop-1-enyl aryl ethers are strongly favored at equilibrium, the Gibbs energies of the a→b isomerization ranging from -12 to -23 kJ mol-1. The entropy contribution is negligible in most reactions, but occasionally small positive values less than +10 J K-1 mol-1 of the entropy of isomerization are found. The equilibration studies were also extended to involve two pairs of related isomeric ethers with a Me substituent on C(2) of the olefinic bond. The Me substituent was found to increase the relative thermodynamic stability of the allylic ethers by ca. 3.4 kJ mol-1.

Convenient criterion for the distinction between electrophilic and electron transfer reactions of electron-rich alkenes

Both experimental and theoretical studies confirm that the formation of aryl vinyl ether and aryl vinyl sulfide cation radicals from the corresponding neutral substrates correlates with the Brown σ+ parameters as opposed to Hammett σ values. Peak oxidation potentials for both classes of substrates correlate preferentially with σ+, as do gas-phase ionization energies calculated by both semi-empirical and ab initio methods. In contrast, the protonation energies of the same substrates, which relate to carbocation formation, correlate preferentially with σ values, as do rates of protonation and other electrophilic additions. These observations permit a sharp distinction between electrophilic and electron transfer reactions of these two common classes of electron-rich substrates. Using this criterion, the cycloadditions of tetracyanoethylene to these substrates are found to proceed via an electrophilic mechanism, rather than by a previously proposed electron transfer mechanism.