188425-85-6 Usage
Fungicide
Boscalid is a kind of nicotinamide germicide first successfully developed by BASF of Germany. It has a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity and has a preventive effect, being active against almost all types of fungal diseases. It has excellent effects on the control of powdery mildew, gray mold, root rot disease, sclerotinia and various kinds of rot diseases and is not easy to produce cross-resistance. It is also effective against the resistant bacteria to other agents. It is mainly used for the prevention and control of diseases associated with rape, grapes, fruit trees, vegetables and field crops. The results have showed that Boscalid had a significant effect on the treatment of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with both the disease incidence control effect and the disease control index being higher than 80%, which was better than any of the other agents currently popularized. It has a significantly higher control efficacy than carbendazim. Apply 50% boscalid water solution dispersible granules to control rape sclerotia disease with a dose of 24 to 36 grams per acre medication per general year. In severe years, apply 36 to 48 grams per acre for medication.
Toxicity
(1) Mammalian toxicity: rat acute oral LD50> 5,000 mg/kg; Rat acute pertacuneous LD50 > 2,000 mg/kg, being non-irritating to skin and eyes of rabbits without sensitization to guinea pig skin. Rats inhaled LC50 (4 h)> 6.7 mg/L. NOEL: Rats, approximately 5 mg/kg (b. w.); Chronic NOAEL: 21.8 mg/kg (b. w.). [2003]; ADI/RfD (JMPR) 0.04 mg/kg (b.w.) [2006]; (EC) 0.04 mg/kg (b.w.) [2008]; cRfD 0.218 mg/kg (b.w.) [2003], (FSC) 0.044 mg/kg (b.w.) [2006]; other: no mutagenicity (Ames test, mouse), teratogenicity (rat, rabbit) and carcinogenic effects (dog, rat, mice); no adverse effects on reproduction (rat).
(2) Ecotoxicity: Birds: Quail LD50> 2,000 mg/kg (b.w.). Fish: Rainbow trout LC50 (96 h) was 2.7 mg/L. Daphnia: EC50 (48 h) was 5.33 mg/L. The algae: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata ErC50 (96 h) was 3.75 mg/L. Other aquatic organisms: Chironomus riparius NOEC 2.0 mg/L. Bee: NOEC (oral) is 166 μg /bee, (contact) is 200 μg/bee. Earthworm: Eisenia foetida LC50> 1,000 mg/kg (dry soil).
(3) Environmental toxicity: animal: biphenyl ring is first subject to hydroxylation, followed by glucosylation and sulfation reaction. Boscalid is rapidly and extensively subject to metabolism in the body and excreted rapidly through the feces. Plants: biphenyl and pyridine ring are subject to hydroxylation and further ring-opening reaction. However, the parent compound, which has not been structurally altered, remains to be a major part of the residue. Soil/environment: it has moderate degradation action in the soil with the soil DT50 being 108 d ~> 1 a (laboratory, aerobic conditions, 20 ℃); the DT50 of the field is about 28d~200d. It has a excellent degradation property in natural water/sediment systems.
Mechanism
Boscalid is a kind of mitochondrion respiration inhibitor, being the inhibitor of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI) that acts by inhibiting succinate coenzyme Q reductase (also known as complex II) on the mitochondrial electron transport chain, with its mechanism of action being similar as that of other kinds of amide and benzamide fungicides. It has effects on the entire growth period of the pathogen, especially having a strong inhibitory effect against the spore germination. It also has excellent prophylactic effects and excellent intra-leaf permeability.
Boscalid is a foliar application germicide, which can penetrate vertically and be transmitted to the top of the plant leaves. It has excellent preventive effect and has certain therapeutic effect. It can also inhibit the spore germination, germ tube elongation and attachment formation, and is effective in all other growth stages of the fungus, exhibiting excellent resistance to rain erosion and persistence.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 188425-85-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Boscalid is a broad-spectrum, systemic fungicide, which can effectively control the diseases that are resistant to sterol inhibitors, bisimides, benzimidazoles, benzopyrimidines, phenyl amides and methoxy acrylic esters germicide. This product can be transported to the top of the plant through the xylem to the tip and leaf margin; it also has a vertical penetration effect, being able to be transmitted through the leaf tissue, to the back of the leaf; however, the product has a very small redistribution action in the vapor phase. Boscalid is mainly through spraying through stem and leaf at a dosage of 100~1,200 g a.i. /hm2.
Boscalid can be used for the prevention and treatment of the powdery mildew (Monilinia spp), leaf spot (Mycosphaerella spp) as well as diseases caused by Alternaria spp., Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea, Botrytis cinerea, (Botrytis spp), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Sclerotinia spp) that have been found in grape, lawn, fruit trees, and ornamental plant. It can also be used in complex formulations for grain, grapes, peanuts and potatoes and other tillage crops.
Boscalid also owns single-dosage product such as Cantus, to be used in pear, grape and post-harvest kiwifruit to control gray mold with the usage amount of 1~1.2kg/hm2. It can be used in different growth stages of grape with however, spraying before the grapes form cluster yielding the best efficacy. It also has a wide range of complex products. For example, Bellis (25.2% piperacillin + 12.8% pyrizole) is a broad-spectrum fungicide, being able to be registered for watermelon and pear. The recommendation dosage for its water dispersible granules is 0.6-1.6 kg/hm2 for the control of many diseases, including anthrax, Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia spp and black spot disease. This product has been developed in Latin America and Italy.
Another example is that Signum (26.7% piperacillin + 6.7% pyrazole) has been registered for apricot, horticultural products and lettuce for the control of black spot, gray mold and sclerotinia. This product is also water dispersible granules with prevention effect. Furthermore, the germicide for fruit trees, Naria (Pyraclostrobin + boscalid) has been approved for registration in Japan in 2006 and listed in 2007. Naria is widely used in the control of many diseases in apple, Japanese pear, cherry and peach. It is especially suitable for the prevention of some refractory diseases in summer such as: leaf spot, black spot, scab, anthrax, ring rot and powdery mildew.
2. Boscalid is a fungicide belonging to the class of carboxamides. Boscalid acts by inhibiting spore germination, germ tube elongation and is also effective on all other stages of fungal development. Bos
calid is used in the agriculture to protect crops from gray mold, powdery mildew and other fungus.
3. Fungicide.
Preparation
1.? Take o-chloronitrobenzene as raw material, first have it react with chlorobenzene boronic acid to undergo Suziki reaction, followed by reduction, and finally condensation with 2-chloronicotinyl chloride to obtain Boscalid crude product.
2. Take o-iodine aniline as raw material, first have reaction with 2-chloronicotinyl chloride, followed by Suzuki reaction with chlorobenzene boric acid to obtain the finished product.
Patents
On November 7, 2012, the patent on the European patent expired.
On November 9, 2012, its patents in the United States expire.
November 9, 2012, the administrative protection period of the compound in China expires.
In 2003, Boscalid was registered in the United States and obtained a 10-year registration of data protection.
In August 1, 2008, Boscalid was listed in the Appendix 1 of the EU pesticide registration directive (91/414) with its registration information being protected to until July 31, 2018.
The patent and administrative protection in Europe and the United States and China will soon expire, but the EU data protein is far lagged behind from its patent protection. Non-patented products manufacturers, if needs to enter the European and American markets, must prepare a complete set of registration information, or consult the data owner. Alternatively, they can enter into the markets until the information protein is expired. However, boscalid will soon become a focus of those non-patented manufactures in China, which will lead to the escalation of the Chinese market completion of boscalid.
Chemical Properties
Light Beige Solid
Definition
ChEBI: A pyridinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-chloronicotinic acid with the amino group of 4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-amine. A fungicide active against a broad range of fungal pathogens including Botrytis spp.,
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 188425-85-6 includes 9 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 6 digits, 1,8,8,4,2 and 5 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 8 and 5 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 188425-85:
(8*1)+(7*8)+(6*8)+(5*4)+(4*2)+(3*5)+(2*8)+(1*5)=176
176 % 10 = 6
So 188425-85-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C18H12Cl2N2O/c19-13-9-7-12(8-10-13)14-4-1-2-6-16(14)22-18(23)15-5-3-11-21-17(15)20/h1-11H,(H,22,23)
188425-85-6Relevant articles and documents
Preparation method of acrylamido
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, (2022/01/04)
The present invention relates to a method for preparing a pyrimidine, 9-fluorenone as raw material, by open loop, acid chloride, amidation, chlorination, Hofmann (Hofmann) rearrangement degradation to give 2-(4'-chlorophenyl) aniline, and then condensed with 2-chloronicotinamide to give the product acetoimide, the present invention also relates accordingly to the intermediates 4'-chloro-2-bibenzamide and 4'-chloro-2-aminobiphenyl preparation method. The method of the present invention can obtain the target product with high yield, high purity, and can reduce costs while reducing environmental harm.
Synthesis and process optimization of Boscalid by catalyst Pd-PEPPSI-IPrDtBu-An
Xu, Jian,Lan, Xiao-Bing,Xia, Lin-Jian,Yang, Yi,Cao, Gao
, p. 247 - 256 (2021/05/06)
The purpose of this research was to reduce the amount of noble metal palladium catalyst and improve the catalytic performance in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, which is the key step in the synthesis of Boscalid. Taking o-bromonitrobenzene and p-chlorophenylboronic acid as raw materials, three kinds of Pd-PEPPSI-IPr catalysts were synthesized and employed in the Suzuki reaction, and then the biaryl product was subjected to reduction and condensation reaction to give Boscalid. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the result showed that the catalytic system exhibits highest catalytic efficiency under aerobic conditions, giving the 2-(4-chlorophenyl)nitrobenzene in over 99 % yield. Moreover, the Pd-PEPPSI-IPrDtBu-An catalyst was minimized to 0.01 mol%. The synthesis process was mild, the post-treatment was simple, and the production cost was reduced, which makes it suitable for industrial production.
A Sustainable 1-Pot, 3-Step Synthesis of Boscalid Using Part per Million Level Pd Catalysis in Water
Takale, Balaram S.,Thakore, Ruchita R.,Mallarapu, Rushil,Gallou, Fabrice,Lipshutz, Bruce H.
, p. 101 - 105 (2019/12/30)
Boscalid is an active ingredient in several fungicides marketed by the BASF. Literature approaches use multipot processes, organic solvents, and unsustainable levels of palladium catalysis. Herein is disclosed a 1-pot, 3-step route using nanomicelles in water as the reaction medium and a very low loading (700 ppm or 0.07 mol %) of costly and endangered Pd. The sequence developed involves an initial Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, the product from which is not isolated. The second step relies on a carbonyl iron powder (CIP) reduction of the aryl nitro group, followed by the third and final step involving an acylation with the required 2-chloronicotinyl chloride. The overall isolated yield for these three steps is 83%.
